The names of Julius and Julia we have in LOUDON (Juliodunum), BEJA in Portugal (Pax Julia), TRUXILLO in Spain (Turris Julia, or Castra Julia), JÜLICH or JULIERS (Juliacum), the valley of ZSIL (Julia) in Hungary, pronounced Jil, ZUGLIO (Julium), ITUCCI (Victus Julius), and LILLEBONNE (Julia bona); while FRIULI, FORLI, and FREJUS are all corruptions of Forum Julii. ORLEANS, VALENCIENNES, GRENOBLE, and ADRIANOPLE, bear the names of the Emperors Aurelian, Valentinian, Gratian, and Hadrian, by whom they were respectively founded or rebuilt. Forum Aurelii is now FIORA, Aurelia or Aureliana is ORLEANS, Claudii Forum is KLAGENFURT, and PAMPELUNA and LODI (Laus Pompeii) bear the name of Pompey. TIBERIAS, in Palestine, was built by Herod Antipas in honour of his imperial friend and master. Constantius Chlorus gave his name to CONSTANCE OF CONSTANZ on the Boden See, and to COUTANCES (Constantia) in Normandy, where Roman antiquities are still occasionally found. The surrounding district, now called the CÔTANTIN, exhibits very curiously a parallel but independent corruption of the name Constantinum. KUSTENDJE is the Turkish corruption of Constantiana. CONSTANTINEH is the strongest place in Algeria. Constantine, the son of Constantius, had a palace a few miles from Trêves, at a place now called coNZ, a name which, after long obscurity, is again becoming audible among men, in the novel character of a great railway junction. I could not but think, as I once whiled away a tedious hour in the waiting-room at Conz, of the waiting-rooms on the same spot once thronged by the nobles of Western Europe, worshipping the rising sun who was afterwards to imprint his name on CONSTANTINOPLE, the new capital of the Roman world.

The successive rulers and conquerors of India have striven to stamp their names upon her cities. Thus we have AURUNGABAD, HYDERABAD, FEROZEPORE, SHAHJEHANPORE and RUNJEETGURH; together with hideous hybrid compounds belonging to the period of the English rule, such as CAMPBELLPORE, MORELLGUNJ, EDWARDESABAD, and FRAZERPET.

Of the modern cities which are thus inscribed with the dates of their foundation, ST. PETERSBURG, ADELAIDE, and VICTORIA, the capitals of three distant realms, occur at once

to the memory. EKATERINENBURG was founded by the great Empress Catherine. BONIFACIO, on the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, was built by Boniface, Lord of Pisa, in the ninth century. CHRISTIANIA, CHRISTIANSTAD, and CHRISTIAN; SAND, are memorials of the subjection of Norway and Sweden to the crown of Denmark in the seventeenth century, during the reign of Christian IV. of Denmark. The little kinglets of Germany, otherwise unknown to fame, have not been slow in endeavouring to rescue their obscure names from oblivion by a geographical immortality of this kind. As we fly past upon the railway, the names of CARLSRUHE, FRIEDRICHSHAFEN, 1.UDWIGSHAFEN, LUDWIGSBURG, or WILHELMSBAD may, perhaps, induce the traveller to endeavour to learn from his open Murray the deeds of the monarchs who have thus eagerly striven after fame.

A far more inconvenient practice prevails in the United States, where the names of popular Presidents have been bestowed so liberally on towns and counties as to occasion no little confusion. There are no less than 169 places which bear the name of Washington, 86 that of Jefferson, 132 that of Jackson, while Munroe and Harrison have respectively to be contented with 71 and 62 places named in their honour.1

1 On "Things," see Dasent, Story of Burnt Njal; Baring-Gould, Iceland; Worsaae, Danes and Norwegians; and Train, Isle of Man. On Eponymic names consult Pott, Mytho-Etymologie, in Kuhn's Zeitschrift, vol. ix; Lappenberg, Anglo-Saxon Kings; Haigh, Conquest of Britain Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus; Buttmann, Mythologus; Welsford, Origin of the English Language.

CHAPTER XIII.

SACRED SITES.

Local vestiges of Saxon heathendom-Tiw, Frea, Woden, Thor, BalderCeltic deities-Teutonic demigods-Wayland Smith-Old Scratch-Old Nick-The Nightmare-Sacred groves and temples-Vestiges of Sclavonic heathendom-The Classic Pantheon-Conversion of the Northern nations -Paulinus at Goodmanham-" Llan" and "Kil”—The Hermits of the Hebrides-The local saints of Wales-Places of pilgrimage-The monastic

houses.

DAY after day, as the weeks run round, we have obtruded upon our notice the names of the deities who were worshipped by our pagan forefathers. This heathenism is indeed so deeply ingrained into our speech, that we are accustomed daily, without a thought, to pronounce the once sacred names of Tiw, Woden, Thunor, Frea, and Sætere. These names are so familiar to us, that we are apt to forget how little is really known of the mythology of those heathen times. We have, it is true, Beowulf and the Traveller's Song, the verse Edda, and other parallel Norse and Teutonic legends, but the AngloSaxon literature dates only from the Christian period, and proceeds mostly from the pens of Churchmen, who naturally preferred to recount thaumaturgic histories of Christian saints, and willingly allowed the pagan legends to die away out of the memories of men. So small, in fact, are the materials at our disposal for an account of the Anglo-Saxon Pantheon, that the very name of Sætere is conjectural-it is not found in any literary document till long after the extinction of the AngloSaxon paganism-and it would almost appear as if the name, the attributes, and the culte of this deity had been constructed

in comparatively recent times, in order to illustrate the assumed etymology of the word Saturday.1 Our knowledge of AngloSaxon mythology being thus scanty, it will bear to be supplemented by the information which may be derived from local

names.

We may arrive at some vague estimate of the relative mythological importance of the various Anglo-Saxon deities by means of a comparison of the number of places which severally bear their names, and which were probably dedicated to their worship. Judging by this standard, we conclude that Tiw, Frea, and Sætere, had but a small hold on the religious affections of the people; for TEWESLEY in Surrey, Great TEW and TEW DUNSE in Oxfordshire, TEWIN in Hertfordshire, DEWERSTONE in Devon, FRATHORPE and FRIDAYTHORPE in Yorkshire, FRAISTHORPE in Holderness, FREASLEY2 in Warwickshire, three FRIDAYSTREETS in Surrey and one in Suffolk, SATTERLEIGH in Devon, and SATTERTHWAITE in Lancashire, seem to be the only places which bear their names.

But of the prevalence of the worship of Woden and Thunor we have wide-spread evidence. WEDNESBURY in Staffordshire, WISBOROW HILL in Essex, WANBOROUGH in Surrey, WANBOROUGH in Wilts, WEMBURY in Devon, two WARNBOROUGHS in Hampshire, woODNESBOROUGH in Wilts, the Kentish tumulus called WINSBOROUGH, and WOODBRIDGE in Suffolk, are all corruptions of the Anglo-Saxon word Wodnesbeorh, a name which indicates the existence of a mound or other similar erection dedicated to Woden. WANSTROW in Somerset was formerly Wodnestreow, and WANSDIKE in WiltIshire was Wodnesdic. WODEN HILL on Bagshot Heath, WONSTON in Hampshire, WAMBROOK in Dorset, WEDNESHOUGH in Lancashire, WAMPOOL in Cumberland, WANSFORD in Northamptonshire and in Yorkshire, WANSTEAD in Essex, WAMDEN in Bucks, WADLEY in Berks, two WANSLEYS and WEDNESFIELD in

1 That the worship of Sætere was very local, appears also from the fact that Saturday, as a name for the last day of the week, is found only in the Frisian, Anglo-Saxon, and other Low-German languages. Laugardagr, the Norse equivalent for Saturday, the Swedish Lördag, and the Danish and Norwegian Löversdag, mean the washing-day, or laving-day; if, indeed, they do not refer to the Scandinavian deity Loki.

2 Fraisthorpe and Freasley are more probably Frisian settlements.

Staffordshire, WENDON in Essex and in Somerset, WEDESLEY in Derbyshire, WEDNESHAM in Cheshire, WANTHWAITE in Cumberland, and WONERSH in Surrey, with other more doubtful names of the same class, enable us to form some estimate of how wide was the diffusion of Woden's worship.

The Scandinavian Thor was worshipped by the AngloSaxons under the name of Thunor, a name identical with the English word thunder and the German equivalent Donner. A laborious comparison of the Teutonic and Indian myths has enabled Mannhardt to establish the original identity of Thunor and Indra. The names also of Indra and Thunor, different as they may seem, are, no doubt, ultimately identical. We have seen (p. 138, supra) that udra and udan are related Sanskrit words, meaning water. The first gives us the name of Indra, the second that of Donnor or Thunor, both of whom are the storm and rain gods; both were born out of the water, both fill the rivers, and pour the milk of the cloud-cows of heaven upon the earth. We find traces of the worship of this deity in the names of THUNDERSFIELD in Surrey, two places called THUNDERSLEIGH in Essex and one in Hants, as well as THUNDRIDGE in Herts and THUNDERHILL in Surrey. To the name of Thor we may assign THURSLEY in Surrey, THURLEIGH in Bedfordshire, KIRBY THORE in Westmoreland, THURSCROSS in Yorkshire, THURSTON in Suffolk, THURSTABLE and THURLOW ir. Essex, THURSFIELD in Staffordshire, THURSFORD in Norfolk, TURSDALE in Durham, THURSHELTON in Devon, THURSBY in Cumberland, THURSO in Caithness, TORNESS in Shetland, and THORIGNY in Normandy, all of which, as we have seen, are in regions settled more or less by Scandinavian colonists. In some of these cases it is probable that the name may have been derived from some Viking who bore the name of Thor. The Anglo-Saxon names, however, are not liable to this ambi guity, since it does not appear that any Anglo-Saxon-more timid, or more reverent than the Northman-ever dared to assume the name of the dreaded Thunor.

The curious fact that no names of Saxon heathendom are to be found in Salop or Herefordshire shews that the conquest of those counties was not effected till after the adoption of Christianity.