of Snuff when taken, or fome Salts or Corpufcles in the Air, or the Steam iffued out of the Glands opened in the Nose, pafs down towards the Lungs, open the Glands, and make them fecrete, I am not certain. But when any Thing opens the Pores in the Nofe, the Steam makes a Stop, extends the Lungs, and breaks out with ftrong Efforts to remove the Agents which offend. When the Steam is weak, or heavy, Admiffion of Cold to any of the outward Parts, ftops the Steam there, and caufes it to prefs harder upon the Glands in the Nofe, and open them, and presently there fucceeds a Stoppage, and thofe Efforts in the Lungs, or upon them, which we call Sneezing, Shutting the outward Pores by Cold, makes a greater Quantity of Steam neceffary to be difcharged at the Lungs, which occafions Sneezing, by increafing Infpiration fuddenly, as is defcribed below, The Neck of the Wind-pipe is fo contrived, that when any Thing touches it, it huts, or when the Duct to the Stomach opens, it fhuts, elfe Fluids, &c. would get down to the Lungs. When any of the Parts about the Throat are fwelled, and the Glands ftraightened, they fecrete fharper Juices, which we call Rheum, which

wounds

wounds or tickles the Parts.

And when

any Thing touches or offends the Neck of the Wind-pipe, the Lungs extend, and the Air and Steam are pufh'd forth with strong Efforts, which we call Coughing, to remove the Agents which offend. When the Blood is too phlegmy or too fharp, that it ftops and offends the Lungs, it occafions like Efforts; for extending the Lungs, depreffes the Diaphragm, which returning fuddenly to its natural Situation, makes thofe Efforts, compreffes and jirks the Stomach, which heightens the Ferment, and by fudden Pufhes, forces the Matter downward, or into the Blood, and along every Paffage in the Body, and the like Matter out of the Lungs upward. Whether ftopping or ftraightning the Neck of the Wind-pipe makes the Wind and Steam in the Lungs make the Effort; or, whether fome Juices get

down, and obftruct the Steam from iffuing out of the Lungs, and its breaking out makes that Effort; or, whether upon offending the Mufcles they make that Effort, I am not certain.

A convulfive Refpiration occafions Sneezing, as from a violent and quick Return of the Diaphragm before depreffed, by a deep Infpiration, or a full Dilation of the whole Thorax.

Their general Ef

fects.

CHAP. XXXIV.

The Ufe of Alkalies, Abforbents, Aftringents, Sweetners, Opiates, &c.

THERE are abundance of Medicines which they call Alkalies, Abforbents, Aftringents, Sweetners, Opiates, &c. which either stop the Mouths of the Glands which fecrete the Juices into the Stomach, &c. or entangle or sheath the Agents, or adhere to and load them, fo that they cannot move, or move but flowly; and whenever any, or all of these are done, there is a Stop or Diminution, put to the natural Discharges of the Excrements, &c. and whether the Juices be ftopped in the Glands, or the Agents clogged in the Stomach, Guts, &c. tho' it be even by Jefuits Bark, the most powerful of them all, whenever a Purge or any Thing opens the Glands, or divides the Agents from their Clogs, the Fever or other Disorder returns. And if the Agents have been long ftopped, and their Number or Quantity increased, the Disorder is increased in Proportion. And if they be not fome Way discharged, they get loofe by Degrees, and do Mischiefs

of

tions and

on thefe

of other Sorts. Since we cannot fee the Operations in the Stomach, Obfervations and Experiments fhould be made, how Agents, which we fuppofe to be in the Stomach, Guts, &c. act upon fuch Matter as we put into the Stomach, where we can see them, before we make Expe- Obfervariments with them there. And Experi-Experiments should be made upon Brutes, to ments know what Effects the feveral forts offhould be made upDiet have upon their Stomachs, whether it be poffible to contract their Stomachs, Medicines. and cause the Glands in them to be replenished with Juices, and then take out their Stomachs before the Juices fecrete, to try what Effects thofe Juices will have, put into the Stomach of a living Brute of the fame Species. Thus to put the Juices in the Stomach of a Calf, of which they make Rennet, into the Stomach of another live Calf, &c. or to try what the Juices of the lower Guts would do, if they were injected like a Clyfter, or what the Gall, or other Juices put into the Stomach, &c, would effect.

CHAP.

ters.

CHA P. XXXV.

Conjectures about the Ufe of Bitters.

Our Juices AS our Bodies are framed to fecrete great Quantities of Juices into the Gall-bladder, Pancreas, and Glands in the Stomach, and store them there, 'tis very likely thofe Juices are neceffary Agents; and fince thofe in the Gall-bladder, and fome of thefe in the Glands of the Stomach, are extremely bitter, Experiments and Obfervations fhould be made, what Effects thofe Juices or Bitters have in Fermentation. The greateft Ufe we make of Bitters, is to prevent Fluids from turning acid by long keeping, or the repeated Fermentations occafioned by Change of Seafons, &c. and preferve fluid Juices fit for Nourishment, as Salt doth Flesh and other Solids. Whether thefe bitter Juices are intended, to prevent the Juices or Excrements within us, from turning too four by Fermentation, &c. or what other Ufes they are intended for; how they perform that, or their other Operations; what Effects they have when mixed with volatile Salts, acid Salts, Sea Salts, Oil, Phlegm, &c. in a fermenting

.

Fluid,