since the organization of the club: Thomas Balch, A. Lardner Brown, Henry Armitt Brown, Theodore Cuyler, Hon. Thomas Bradford Dwight, Asa I. Fish, LL.D., Professor William Newton Meeks, Samuel B. Wylie Mitchell, M.D., Hon. Morton McMichael, Hon. Joseph T. Pratt, B. Lincoln Ray, M.D., Lewis Sylvester, and Charles H. Addicks. Among the present members of the club are George H. Boker, Professor George F. Barker, Judge Craig Biddle, Anthony J. Drexel, Judge Hanna, Robert P. Dechert, George DeB. Keim, J. Vaughn Merrick, Walter E. Rex, George W. Childs, Fairman Rogers, A. J. Cassatt, H. Howard Furness, and Professor Charles J. Stillé. THE CATHOLIC CLUB, which has a house on the east side of Broad Street, below Walnut, was originally founded, in 1870, under the name of the De Sales Institute. It was named in honor of St. Francis De Sales, and the object was to give aid to Catholic charities and support the faith. The club was chartered on the 7th of April, 1875, and two years later an amendment was added, by which the name was changed to the Catholic Club. In March, 1877, the building in Broad Street was leased, and after extensive improvements the club moved in. The club is accustomed to give annual art or musical receptions, as well as entertainments in honor of prominent persons. On Wednesday evening, June 13, 1877, one of the finest receptions ever given by the club was tendered to its venerable ex-president, Joseph R. Chandler. A sumptuous banquet was served in the dining-room of the club-house, at which President Robins occupied the head of the table, with Mr. Chandler at his right hand. Speeches were made by George D. Wolff, Pierce Archer, Jr., Charles Phillips, Mr. Chandler, President Robins, S. Edwin Megargee, and others, together with an original poem, written and read by John I. Rogers. In August of the same year a fine reception was also tendered to Archbishop Wood, upon his return from Europe, which was largely attended, and proved a very enjoyable occasion. Two years later a reception was given to Monsignor Chatard, formerly president of the American College at Rome. Numerous other receptions have been given from time to time by the club, which have always proved highly successful. From October to the following April, in every year, Sunday nights are used for the purpose of delivering lectures and interesting essays before the club. Daniel Dougherty has several times delivered lectures at the Academy of Music, and concerts have also been given, the proceeds of which have been devoted to various charitable institutions. THE MERCANTILE CLUB, composed principally of members of the Jewish faith, was organized on Nov. 10, 1853. Among the original members were Mayer Arnold, Lazarus Mayer, H. Gunsenhauser, Michael Moyer, B. Greenewald, Moses A. Dropsie, and others. For ten years the club occupied the premises Nos. 410 and 412 Crown Street, and on the 17th of April, 1869, it was incorporated by the Legislature. The

members applying for the charter were Hyman Gunsenhauser, David Teller, Benjamin F. Greenewald, Israel Weil, Gabriel Baum, Charles Stein, Henry Koshland, Levi Mayer, Arnold Vogel, Morris Rosenbach, Jacob Louer, Thomas S. Sterr, and E. G. A. Baker. In November, 1879, the club leased the large double brick house No. 864 North Seventh Street, owned by Edwin H. Fitler, and fitted it up at a cost of fifteen thousand dollars. The property has a frontage on Seventh Street, including a large garden of eighty-nine feet. The depth of the club building is one hundred and ten feet, connecting with a handsome new brownstone and pressed-brick hall fronting on Franklin Street, between Parrish and Poplar Streets. The club-house and hall are so arranged that they can be thrown into one at any time it is desired, and this is generally done at the entertainments given by the organization.

THE RIDING CLUB, which is located on Sixteenth Street below Walnut, was formed about thirty years ago by a number of prominent lawyers. Among the gentlemen who rode on horseback together at that time were the late St. George T. Campbell, Charles Peterson, Benjamin Gerhard, John D. Bleight, Judge Cadwalader, and others. After some little time the equestrians desired to procure a place to exercise their horses without going out on the road. It was necessary to have a large room not too far from the courts, as the lawyers might be sent for at any time. They therefore obtained permission to use a room on Sansom Street above Eighth, where they remained for several years. While located there Judge Hare, Samuel A. Rulon, Anthony J. Drexel, Dr. John Neill, Evans Rogers, and his son Fairman Rogers, R. C. McMurtrie, and George W. Biddle, were frequent attendants. Afterward they moved to their present location, No. 215 South Sixteenth Street, below Walnut. In 1868 the gentlemen who were in the habit of riding at this place procured articles of incorporation for an organization under the name of the Philadelphia Riding Club. Among the incorporators were John D. Bleight, Evans Rogers, Fairman Rogers, S. A. Rulon, A. J. Drexel, F. A. Drexel, S. H. Horstman, Joseph Patterson, Israel Morris, Benjamin Perkins, George W. Childs, J. T. Kille, and George W. Biddle.

THE CLOVER CLUB, which has its headquarters at the Hotel Bellevue, where its table in the shape of a four-leafed clover is only seen upon the occasion of its monthly dinners, was organized in January, 1882. It is an association of prominent men who like a good dinner, and who also like to see their friends enjoy one. Some of the most notable men in America have been entertained at its hospitable board. The following gentlemen comprise the membership:

Active Members.-John M. Ashmead, W. R. Balch, vice-president; Dr. Edward Bedloe, George W. Boyd, Col. F. A. Burr, William M. Bunn, James T. Bingham, J. L. Carncross, Joel Cook, C. R. Deacon, sec

retary and treasurer; Col. Thomas Donaldson, Judge Thomas R. Elcock, M. M. Gillam, M. P. Handy, president; J. H. Heverin, T. M. Jackson, B. K. Jamison, W. H. Lex, president of Common Council; Col. William Ludlow, U.S.A., and chief engineer Philadelphia Water-Works; R. W. Merrill, W. B. Merrill, W. O. Hensel, A. K. McClure, Louis N. Megargee, Thomas Potter, Jr., George G. Pierie, Charles Emory Smith, Edward J. Swartz, J. R. Wood.

Non-Resident Members.-Capt. R. C. Clipperton, British Consul; Charles Burdett Hart, Wheeling, W. Va.; Paymaster M. C. MacDonald, U.S.N.

Honorary Members. Daniel Dougherty, Hon. Henry M. Hoyt, Harrisburg, Pa.; Sol. Smith Russell.

THE JOURNALISTS' CLUB, which occupies a handsome five-story building on Walnut Street above Ninth, is composed entirely of editors and reporters, and numbers one hundred and fifty members. It was organized Nov. 20, 1882, and incorporated March 30, 1883. The object of the club is to promote fraternity among journalists, and with this view social entertainments are given fortnightly. The club-house includes a large restaurant, parlor, library, smoking-, billiard-, reading-, card-, and lodging-rooms for members. The officers are: President, M. P. Handy; VicePresident, George E. Mapes; Secretary, James Hoyt; Treasurer, John Norris; Managers, M. P. Handy, James Hoyt, W. C. Ruch, John Norris, L. N. Megargee, T. M. Jackson, T. J. Lindsay; House Committee, Albert H. Hoeckley, chairman, G. H. Shearer, J. B. Lane, G. R. Morse, and W. R. Lester. The club possesses a number of valuable paintings and engravings, as well as odd bric-a-brac and furniture.

THE LIBERAL CLUB, which occupies a handsome marble building on Broad Street, above Chestnut, was organized in 1876, by a number of members of the Union League and the Reform Club, the latter of which has since dissolved. The club was incorporated in 1878 by D. F. Houston, Stephen Flanagan, S. F. Donaldson, William Warnock, George W. Thompson, D. L. Flanagan, Charles I. Cragin, and E. F. Poulterer. THE UNIVERSITY CLUB, to which only college graduates are eligible, occupies a handsome house on Walnut Street, above Thirteenth. The Right Rev. William Bacon Stevens is the president, and the organization is in a flourishing condition.

THE STYLUS CLUB is an organization restricted to editors, reporters, and contributors to or publishers of newspapers or magazines. It was organized in 1877, and its object is the promotion of social intercourse between its members. It is composed of the following gentlemen: James M. Ferguson, Stephen N. Winslow, Robert A. Welsh, Albert W. Frick, Edward J. Swartz, Alexander J. McCleary, Thomas J. Lindsay, James McConnell, William H. Smith, William B. Kinsey, Louis N. Megargee, Hermann Dieck, William F. McCully, George S. Ferguson, H.

J. Murdoch, George G. Pierie, William Arthur, James R. Young, William Perrine, Robert S. Menamin, Franklin Dundore.

Political Clubs.-Besides the many social organizations in Philadelphia there are numerous political clubs. Prominent among these is the UNION LEAGUE, which is the leading club of the Quaker City. It is an outgrowth from the Union Club, which was organized Nov. 15, 1862, by Morton McMichael, chairman, J. I. C. Hare, Charles Gibbons, Benjamin Gerhard, and George H. Boker, secretary. Articles of association were drawn up, and the organization was named "The Union Club of Philadelphia." The articles provided, after reciting loyalty to the United States, that the club should meet every Saturday evening at the house of a member, who should provide a moderate entertainment not later than ten o'clock. Not more than three dishes of various kinds could be served, and the wines were limited to sherry and Madeira and one other. Meetings were afterward held at the residences of James W. Paul, John Ashhurst, Bloomfield H. Moore, and Dr. Wilson C. Swann. On Dec. 27, 1862, a meeting was held at the residence of Dr. John F. Meigs, at which the Union League of Philadelphia was organized from the members of the Union Club. The large house No. 1118 Chestnut Street was taken, and after being thoroughly furnished was thrown open to the members. In the mean time the Union Club was continued as a purely social organization until Nov. 4, 1865, when the weekly meetings were superseded by an annual dinner, which was to be held on December 27th in each year, the anniversary of the foundation of the Union League.

The League rapidly assumed a commanding position in the politics of the nation, and printed circulars were prepared and sent out to every city, town, and village in the country, giving plans for instituting similar Leagues to uphold the Union cause. A board of publication was appointed, and the sum of thirty-five thousand dollars was soon subscribed for the purpose of printing and issuing patriotic pamphlets. They were sent from Maine to California, and probably did much toward the success of the Republican party. A committee was also appointed for the purpose of securing employment for disabled Union soldiers and sailors, which accomplished much good. During this year (1863) a committee was appointed to enlist and send into the field as many regiments of soldiers as its means might warrant, In a few days eighty thousand dollars were collected and three regiments were armed, equipped, and sent forward. In August, 1864, the lease of the building No. 1118 Chestnut Street expired, and could not be renewed, as the late Matthias W. Baldwin desired to occupy the premises as a residence. A lot of ground had been previously purchased at the corner of Broad and Sansom Streets, upon which it was determined to erect a suitable building for the club.

During its erection the League moved temporarily into a building on the south side of Chestnut Street, between Twelfth and Thirteenth, opposite where Concert Hall was formerly. While located here the League opened a recruiting-office for colored soldiers in the premises next door, which created considerable excitement among the residents of the vicinity. At

postpone the affair. The building, which is one of the finest club-houses in the world, was built by John Crump, and cost in the neighborhood of two hundred thousand dollars.

The Union League has always been noted for the beauty and elegance of its receptions, which have invariably been attended by the highest society in Philadelphia. Many prominent men have been entertained within its walls, and to all who have partaken of its open-handed hospitality the memory is a pleasant one. The fine art receptions have been eagerly hailed by those who desired to get a peep at the treasures of paintings and statuary in the building, and the dancing receptions are the delight of the fair sex of the Quaker City. The first reception given in the building was tendered to Lieut.-Gen. Grant in 1865, and proved highly successful. In

1867, Maj.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan was entertained, and at the same time Maj.Gen. Daniel E. Sickles was present. On Dec. 14, 1868,

this time the League numbered nearly one thousand members, and when a meeting was held Concert Hall was hired for the occasion, as the premises were much too small for them. Up to the close of the war the League sent into the field nine regiments, two battalions, and a troop of cavalry, all armed and equipped at the expense of the club.

On May 11, 1865, the Union League took possession of their magnificent new building at Broad and Sansom Streets. It had been intended to inaugurate the moving with a grand reception, but on account of the assassination of President Lincoln it was decided to

the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, was the guest of the League at an entertainment given in this house. On the 11th of May, 1870, the first reception was given to the families of the members and many invited guests. A committee of one hundred was appointed to look after the details, and everything passed off successfully. The club-house was magnificently decorated with flowers and plants, and an admirable orchestra furnished appropriate music. On the 22d of December, 1871, a grand reception was tendered to George H. Boker upon his appointment as minister to Turkey, which was largely

attended, and on July 10, 1876, Mr. Boker, having returned from Russia, to which country he had been appointed minister, was entertained a second time. On October 26th in the same year, Hon. Rutherford B. Hayes, at that time Governor of Ohio, was the guest of the League. Two years later President Hayes and his wife were given a grand reception by the club, at which the decorations were notable for their elegance. Governor Hoyt was received April 15, 1879, and on December 23d, of the same year, Gen. Grant and his wife were entertained after their journey around the world. In addition to these more prominent receptions, there have been innumerable social entertainments. There are generally two receptions to the families of members and invited guests every winter. THE AMERICUS CLUB is the leading Democratic organization of Philadelphia, and has a house on Broad Street above Chestnut. On the 30th of April, 1867, a meeting was held at the residence of Dr. Judah Isaacs, No. 513 Pine Street, having for its object the formation of a social club to be composed of Democrats. There were present at the time John Welsh, John Kelsh, John P. Delaney, Dr. J. Isaacs, William B. Hood, George Concannon, William W. Dougherty, Lewis C. Cassidy, David A. Nagle, James Stewart, John White, John O. Grady, and Andrew J. McGrath. Since that meeting John P. Delaney, William B. Hood, David A. Nagle, James Stewart, John White, and Andrew J. McGrath have died. John White acted as temporary president, William B. Hood as secretary, and Dr. Isaacs as treasurer. It was agreed that the membership should be limited to thirty, and that the meetings should be held in the third story of the building at the northeast corner of Fifth and Walnut Streets. A committee was appointed to rent and furnish the premises, and they were fitted up in comfortable style.

On the 11th of the following month a constitution and by-laws were reported by the committee appointed for that purpose. The name was adopted as the "Americus Club of Philadelphia," and the object was stated to be to have a room or rooms open at all times, furnished with books and newspapers of the day, for the discussion of all questions and the social enjoyment of the members. It was stipulated that the members of the club should be adherents of the Democratic party, and must be citizens of the United States. On the 15th of May, 1867, it was agreed to increase the membership to thirty-five, and a permanent organization was effected by electing the following officers: President, John Welsh; Vice-President, William Conway; Secretary, Andrew J. McGrath; Treasurer, Dr. J. Isaacs; Trustees, John P. Delaney, George Concannon, Matthew S. Farrell, John Kelsh, and James Stewart.

During the early part of the war, just after the

Union League had been started and was progressing favorably, several of the members thought a club modeled after the same pattern, but conducted upon more economical principles, would be a great success. Accordingly they met and formed the National Union Club, having its headquarters on Chestnut Street, above Eleventh, in Girard row. At that time the Union League occupied the large double mansion on the south side of the same square. The object of the National Union Club was to sustain the government of the United States, to check disloyalty by every legitimate method, and at the same time to take an active part in national, State, and municipal politics. The club was a purely political organization, and among its original members were John E. Addicks, John L. Hill, William R. Leeds, Henry C. Howell, and Robert P. King. After the war had closed the members began to lose interest in it, and about 1872 the club was dissolved. As the years rolled on the members became desirous of forming another political club, and about 1874 the UNION REPUBLICAN CLUB of Philadelphia was formed. The object of the new club was to sustain and aid the Republican party, and also to take an active part in all political campaigns. Applicants for membership were restricted to citizens of the United States over twenty-one years of age, who were Republicans.

As soon as the club was organized it moved into the fine building northeast corner of Eleventh and Chestnut Streets, which it still occupies. At that time the president was John E. Addicks, who held that position until his death. M. Hall Stanton was vicepresident, Henry C. Selby was secretary, and James N. Kerns treasurer. On Oct. 12, 1878, application was made for a charter by the following members, to whom it was granted: John E. Addicks, M. Hall Stanton, Henry C. Selby, James N. Kerns, and John McCullough. These members at one time held all the property of the club in their own name, but afterward transferred it to the organization.

THE COMMONWEALTH CLUB, a Democratic organization, and the UNITED REPUBLICAN CLUB occupy the southwest and northwest corners of Broad and Chestnut Streets respectively.

THE YOUNG REPUBLICANS' CLUB is at Twelfth and Chestnut Streets, and the PENNSYLVANIA CLUB, an independent political organization, on Walnut Street below Thirteenth.

THE SATURDAY CLUB, organized on Oct. 13, 1871, may be considered almost lineal in succession from the Wistar Parties and Wistar Club, established in the early part of the century. Its first president was Hon. Morton McMichael; George H. Boker, secretary. It succeeded the Union Club, which was founded in 1862, and continued during the civil

war.

CHAPTER XXXV.

AUTHORS AND LITERATURE OF PHILADELPHIA.

THE development of the literature of Philadelphia has been to the author a very entertaining study. The simplicity of its original, the means of its publication, the inspirations of its first ideas, contrasted with the excellent height to which it has attained, are things in the contemplation of which any person, whether he be a Philadelphian or not, who is fond of historical investigations, could not fail to become much interested. The school-master and the printer must begin this benign work, and it is amusing to consider the scale upon which these two plied their vocations in this early society. The name of Enoch Flower heads one list, that of William Bradford the other. The former would be unknown to fame but

for a leaf in the journal of the Council in 1683, whereon appears a modest schedule of prices, which would seem to have put out of view of this wielder of the rod and ferule all prospect of great earthly riches. But children were not numerous, and their hands, when strong enough to wield an axe or hoe, or follow a plow and wagon horse, were thought to be more profitably employed in the forest or the field than in thumbing even the rudiments of any sort of lore. Mr. Enoch Flower, who is thought to have been a Wiltshire man, had this entry on the Council journal:

"Tenth Month 26th, 1683, Enoch Flower undertakes to teach school in the town of Philadelphia, on the following terms, viz.:

"To learn to read English, four shillings by the quarter; to write, six shillings by ditto; to read, write, and cast accounts, eight shillings by the quarter; boarding a scholar, that is to say, diet, lodging, washing, and schooling, ten pounds for one whole year."

This last sum, we observe, was half that of Dotheboys Hall, in Yorkshire, and we must allow it to be possible that the rector, like Mr. Squeers, was wont to make some of his practical lessons available in domestic economy. Six years after this date the first public school, called "Friends' Public School," was begun. In 1697 this school had become considerable enough to be incorporated in a charter by LieutenantGovernor Markham. Some distinguished names appear in the petition for this purpose, David Lloyd, Edward Shippen, Samuel Carpenter, Anthony Morris, James Fox, William Southbee, and John Jones. This action was confirmed by patents from William Penn in 1701, 1708, and 1711. This institution, the first of its kind, was entirely of Quaker origin, and was "forever thereafter to consist of fifteen discreet and religious persons of the people called Quakers, by the name of the Overseers of the Public School, found in Philadelphia, at the request, cost, and charges of the people called Quakers." In it the poor were to be taught without price. Already the side of the question of public against private schools, destined, it appears, never to be settled, was decided by these founders in favor of the former, as appears in the preamble of the amended charter of 1711: Whereas, The prosperity

and welfare of any people depend, in great measure, upon the good education of youth, and their early introduction in the principles of true religion and virtue, and qualifying them to serve their country and themselves, by breeding them in reading, writing, and learning of languages, and useful arts and sciences, suitable to their sex, age, and degree, which cannot be effected, in any manner, so well as by erecting public schools," etc. The words "sex, age, and degree," though so fitly spoken here, would be of little avail with founding of some later public institutions of the kind wherein the differences among all three of these conditions appear to be of little importance.

The first head-master was one destined to give trouble to the peaceful society that employed him, and finally, after involving them in many a dispute, abandon them, as so many others did afterward, and return to the English Church. George Keith, of Aberdeen, Scotland, lately of East Jersey, had a provision quite ample, compared with Enoch Flower, who worked in his own small independent way. He was to have fifty pounds a year, to be increased to one hundred and twenty in two years, a house to live in, and the school profits. But his restless spirit was tired out with one year's service. He was ambitious to become known as founder of a new sect, which he called Christian Quakers. But he deserted them in a very short while, and after officiating as missionary clergyman of the English Church in Boston and New York, went to England, where he died rector of Edbarton Church, Sussex. A man of considerable gifts and culture was Keith. He published two works, "New Theory of Longitude" and "Journal of Travels from New Hampshire to Caratuck." His continued reputation has depended upon that of William Bradford, who has become immortal in the defense of a great principle, which, however incredible it seems, required a very long time to obtain recognition and acceptance. We shall speak of them in connection presently. For we should not omit entirely the mention of Thomas Makin, who, having been chief of the ushers during Keith's administration of the Friends' public school, became the head-master on his retirement. This person, if not of great, was of versatile talents, at least he was versatile in occupations. He served as clerk of the Provincial Council, and then, after a fashion, he was a poet, even a poet in Latin hexameter verse. We know not how judicious or how munificent James Logan may have been in his encouragement of the muse, but the bard, whether in his rôle of prothonotary or pedagogue, inscribed to him two poems," Encomium Pennsylvania" and "In Laudes Pensilvaniæ, Poema, seu Descriptio Pensilvaniæ,"" both which," says Proud, "were found among James Logan's papers, many years after his decease." They seem to have been written chiefly for amusement in his old age. As specimens of this last production in alternate hexameter and pentameter, we give the opening and the closing four lines: