ments: First Assistant, Francis Amedée Bregy; Second Assistant, Charles Franklin Warwick; Third Assistant, John Lippincott Kinsey; Clerk, James Murray Rush Jermon. Mr. Bregy was assistant under Col. Mann. Charles F. Warwick having been elected city solicitor in 1884, J. L. Kinsey was appointed second assistant, and John A. Siner third assistant. 1 Ordinance repealed Dec. 28, 1815. Ordinance of April 10, 1817, authorized the mayor to appoint a solicitor, whose services were to be paid for according to their value. And this was the rule until the passage of the ordinance of Aug. 29, 1839, which authorized Councils, yearly, in January, to elect a solicitor. Judge James T. Mitchell, formerly assistant under Mr. Lex, has a letter signed by Jared Ingersoll, dated in 1798, as city solicitor. John Read, city solicitor in 1818, was the father of the late Chief Justice Read, city solicitor in 1830. 4 Mr. Olmsted held the office for twenty-one years. George L. Ashmead was first assistant city solicitor for Mr. Porter. The first assistant under Mr. King, and also under Mr. Lex, was David W. Sellers. The other assistants under Lex were the present Judges Finletter and Mitchell, and Simon Gratz. 7 Mr. Brewster was elected in 1862 for three years, re-elected in 1865, resigned in 1866, having been elected as associate judge of the Common Pleas. * Mr. Barger's election was successfully contested by Mr. Worrell, who was declared city solicitor in 1869. Henry R. Edmunds was assistant city solicitor from Feb. 25, 1870, to Feb. 14, 1871 William P. Messick, A. Atwood Grace, William H. Yerkes, William N. Ashman, Lorin Burritt, Joshua Spering, Joseph K. Fletcher, and John H. Seltzer, for the guardians of the poor, were also assistants under Mr. Worrell. 10 Assistants to Mr. West were Charles E. Morgan, Jr., John K. Mc Carthy, and Francis Alexander Osbourn solicitor for the guardians of the poor, and Abraham M. Beitler, Charles Barnsley McMichael, Robert W. Finletter, William H. Addicks, Robert T. Corson, John Scott, Jr., M. Verner Simpson, Thomas Corwin Cheston, and Thomas D. Finletter. 11 Attorneys for forfeited recognizances. 12 The reason why it is impossible to obtain a list of the solicitors of Southwark is because no such list was ever made out by any person. The minute-books of the corporation of Southwark, as well as of all other districts, were ordered to be placed in charge of City Councils after consolidation. This direction was but partially enforced. Many of the books were carried off by individuals. I saw some years ago a minutebook of the corporation of Southwark in the possession of a gentleman of this city, who claimed it to be his private property. It is said that for some years after consolidation a large number of books belonging to the district corporations, with other papers, were stored over the mayor's office at Fifth and Chestnut Streets, but I have not been able to verify this statement. 13 Appointed pro tem., vice Kneass, resigned. 14 Collector of outstanding debts, 1847-48. Philadelphia for any information he had on the subject. He replied as follows: "By an act passed in 1832 seven aldermen were to be appointed for the District of the Northern Liberties. John T. Goodman, Nathan Harper, John Laws, John R. Walker, Frederick Wolbert, Peter Hay, and John Conrad were appointed in 1833. Some one of these must have died, resigned, or declined, because Mordecai Y. Bryant was appointed April 17, 1833, in the place of somebody; John M. Cannon was appointed April 15, 1834; and Michael Andress, April 16, 1836. The three latter were probably in commission at the time the Recorder's Court was created, but we do not know which four of the seven first above named were in service at that time. The Spring Garden aldermen, by act of 1832, were four in number. There were appointed in 1833: Morton McMichael, Charles Souder, John L. Woolf, and Freeman Scott. June 20, 1836, Martin W. Alexander was appointed. We presume that he was the successor of Charles Souder, who died June 2, 1836. By act of 1832 four aldermen were to be appointed for the District of Kensington, and in 1834 the number was increased to five. In 1833 the four aldermen were Hugh Clark, Isaac Boileau, Robert Hodg son, and David Snyder. William B. Mott was appointed Dec. 7, 1835. On Dec. 9, 1836, Samuel Weyant replaced one of the foregoing, but we do not know who." Frederick Wolbert, an alderman of the Northern Liberties, died June 19, 1836. JUDGES OF THE VICE-ADMIRALTY SITTING IN PHILADEL PHIA. William Penn and Council. Robert Snead, deputy, 1 C. R.. 531.. James Biddle, deputy... JUDGES OF THE ADMIRALTY UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH FOR THE GUARDIANS OF THE POOR. James Milnor, in office.............. Richard Rush, in office....... ...................... Samuel Ewing, in office.. James A. Mahany, in office.. Joel B. Sutherland, in office.. John M. Scott, in office....... James Hanna, in office. Charles Gilpin, resigned... Henry S. Hagert, in office... 1809 1810 1815 Since the Act of Consolidation the city solicitor or his assistants represent all the departments of the city. THE RECORDER'S COURT OF THE NORTHERN LIBERTIES, KENSINGTON, AND SPRING GARDEN. Established by Act of June 16, 1836. This court was abolished by act of March 19, 1838, creating the Court of Criminal Sessions. It was irreverently called "The Flaxseed Court." PRESIDENT. Robert T. Conrad, commissioned.................July 16, 1836 ASSOCIATES. The Aldermen of the Districts. I have had no opportunity of examining the records of the districts; in fact, I believe they have all been destroyed, hence these imperfect lists. There were no City Directories printed in 1836 or 1838, and that of 1837 contains no lists of the aldermen, except those of the city proper. Being unable to find out the names of the gentlemen who sat as associates, application was made to the author of the history of 1 See his "Digest of the Ordinances." 2 See copy of "Ordinances," edited by him in 1851. 3 William Markham was appointed by Benjamin Fletcher, the viceadmiral, etc., "his Deputy or Surrogate in the sd office of Vice Admiralty, as far as it extended over sd province of pennsylvania & Countrey of New Castle."-1 C. R., 311 and 314. 4 Mompesson had arrived here at this date; 1 "Logan Papers," 200. His commission as judge of the Vice-Admiralty included Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, the Jerseys, and Pennsylvania; "Street's New York Council of Revision," 75; but Col. Quarry in some way got a commission as judge of the Admiralty for Pennsylvania and West Jersey.-1 "Logan Papers," 281, November, 1703. In 1 C. R., 575, Quarry is spoken of as judge of the Court of Admiralty of Pennsylvania and West Jersey on May 14, 1700, and Moore as advocate. 5 The inscription on the book-plate previously referred to is as follows: "William Assheton, of Gray's Inn, Esquire, Judge of the Court of Admiralty in Pennsylvania, 1718." See, also, 3 C. R., 182, May 18,1722, where he is stated to be "Judge of His Majesties Court of Vice Ad miralty for this Province." 6 See 2 Pennsylvania Magazine, 314. 7 In the history of the First City Troop it is stated James Mease was "Admiralty surveyor of the port of Philadelphia, 1796-1825." 8 The Continental Congress recommended the several Legislatures of the United Colonies to create Courts of Admiralty.-" Journal of Congress," i. vol., 260. An appeal being allowed to Congress in all cases, or to such person or persons as they should appoint for the trial of appeals. On Sept. 9, 1776, a committee, consisting of Richard Stockton, Samuel Huntington, Robert Treat Paine, James Wilson, and Thomas Stone were appointed to hear an appeal in the case of the schooner "Thistle." This committee appears never to have met but once, namely, on Sept. 16, Clement Biddle, appointed..... David Lenox, appointed... 1697 .April 1735 1770 1771 April 10, 1776 Nov. 10, 1780 .Sept. 26, 1793 11 Died May 4, 1869. 1776, in the State-House, to the appeal from the decision of Judge Ross. -See "Admiralty Docket," "Record in Prize," 1776, in which the committee are denominated commissioners. 1 There is a volume of reports of his decisions included in his works. * Appointed by the President, but not confirmed by the Senate. In the place of Horace Binney, who declined Jan. 31, 1842. 4 Died Jan. 26, 1879, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. 5 James Logan says of Lloyd, in a letter to Penn, 2d Eighth mo., 1702 (1 "Logan Papers," 139), "He is now made J. Moore's Deputy Judge of the Admiralty, Advocate at the said Court, and is now at New Castle upon a trial in it, notwithstanding his opposition to it before thy arrival occasioned so much trouble." This means that John Moore, who was the deputy judge, as we well know, made David Lloyd the advocate for the crown in his court. Died May 29, 1781, aged twenty-nine years. 8 Appointed United States marshal of the Pennsylvania District Sept. 30, 1789. This official is now styled the United States marshal for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 9 Died Sept. 10, 1826, aged eighty-seven. 10 Died Aug. 27, 1837. 12 Died Nov. 7, 1871. 13 Mr. Valentine was assistant district attorney from May, 1864, to the day of his appointment. Henry Hazlehurst and Hood Gilpin were appointed assistants by Mr. Valentine in 1875, Henry P. Brown in 1876, and James S. Nickerson in 1882. 14 These judges held the Circuit Court at the date specified, Cushing at York, Pa., Iredell and Chase at Philadelphia. As they were justices of other circuits, they were probably detailed for the occasion by the Supreme Court. Until the appointment of Judge McKennan, the only judges of the Circuit Courts were the associate justices of the United States Supreme Court, with the exception of the "Midnight Judges." The act of April 16, 1869, gives each circuit a judge. The bench of the Circuit Court consists of an associate justice of the Supreme Court, the circuit judge, and the judge of the United States District Court for the district in which the court is held. Any two of said judges sitting together constitute a full bench. 15 Judge Washington died Nov. 26, 1829, aged seventy. Judge Grier died Sept. 26, 1870. 16 Jared Ingersoll was appointed chief judge Feb. 18, 1801, but declined, and Mr. Tilghman was appointed, nominated, and confirmed by the Senate on March 3, 1801. These judges were facetiously called "The Midnight Judges." First Practitioners-Epidemics-Eminent Physicians and Surgeons If the city of Philadelphia was at an early period in possession of the ablest bar in the United States, the same may be said in regard to its physicians. It is a fact, not generally known, that this city takes precedence over all other cities in the United States in medical education. Here the first systematic and regular course of lectures in medical instruction in this country was given, which resulted in the foundation of the present University of Pennsylvania. It is not strange, therefore, that a city which first began medical instruction in this country, being so favorably located, should have gained pre-eminence over all rivals in this particular field, and secured to her medical schools a world-wide fame. As heretofore stated, the first settlers on the banks of the Delaware were the Swedes. We are not informed from what diseases they suffered during the period of their supremacy, and how they were mitigated by the hands of those skilled in the knowledge of the causes of human maladies, and the means of their relief. Noah Webster, in his history of epidemics and pestilential diseases, alludes to the fearful severity of the winter of 1641, and the great sickness that prevailed among the Swedes in the following summer. In 1647 the same colony was similarly visited by an epidemic that prevailed throughout all the colonies. From the remarks of this writer we must conclude that there were few, if any, whose skill was sufficient for the exigencies of that visitation. He says, "such as were bled or used cooling drinks died; such as used cordials or more strengthening things, recovered for the most part." Eight years afterward another fearful epidemic came on. Yet further on, the same his- | torian tells of another whose advent had been presaged by signs and wonders in the heavens. "In the year 1668 appeared a comet with a stupendous coma: this was attended by an excessively hot summer, and malignant diseases in America." : Mr. Justice Bradley is one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, assigned to the Third Circuit, as the circuit Justice, which he must visit at least once in every two years. The foregoing is about the extent of our knowledge of diseases and their treatment in this country prior to the arrival of William Penn. This absence of information may be regarded as evidence that these colonists, barring accidents from epidemics, were in the main a vigorous and healthy community. With the coming of a ruler like William Penn all the exigencies of a society destined to rapid development must be foreseen, and to some degree provided for. We have seen how he brought along Bradford and his printing-press, destined to become so notable in the history of the young commonwealth. All professions had their representatives among those related to him by blood or religious faith. Among those who joined their fortunes with him in this movement perilous for those times were Thomas Wynne and Griffith Owen, whom, for want of earlier the medical profession in Pennsylvania. Both were historic accounts, we must regard as the ploteers of Quakers, and, according to tradition, had been well educated in medicine, and been engaged in practice in the mother-country. Wynne was said to have followed his profession in the city of London. The proprietor, it seems, had other uses for his learned friend than the cure of the bodily infirmities of his merous and serious to engross all his time. We find people; or such infirmities were not sufficiently nuthat he was returned to the first Assembly that was elected for the province, and became its first Speaker. It is much to be regretted that these men did not leave some memorial of the career they led in the beginning of the scientific treatment of what few maladies befell the early colonists. What poetry is to prose, in new societies, surgery is to medicine. It goes before. They were mainly accidents by flood and field, great and small, from dangerous wounds to toothaches, that claimed the attention of these men of science, except, indeed, when an epidemic came along, and prostrated the multitudes with fevers and influenzas or other pestilences. Cases were not sufficiently numerous to keep even these two constantly employed. Dr. Wynne continued to take an active part in politics, while his brother of the lancet and the scalpel is said to have traveled much among the neighboring provinces. This habit grew upon him with years, until later he gave his practice over entirely to his son, and took his chief delight in going the rounds of meetings with the Quaker ministers, several of whom kept journals, in which Dr. Owen is frequently alluded to in terms of fond regard.2 has 2 Dr. Owen, we suspect, was as much a preacher as physician. This combination of the two professions, theology and medicine, is not uncommon, especially in newly-organized communities. The cure of souls among such as claim to have this as a gift from heaven, nearly always carries along as a handmaid the cure of bodies, and many a penny been turned in this line of practice that was at least as honest as those gathered from the other. Among the inducements of simple folk to emigrate to other climes, those founded upon religion are frequently among the most potent. Dr. Thatcher speaks with feeling upon this motive that impelled so many Quakers to leave their native country. "They Allusions are found here and there in old annals to the "Barbadoes distemper," so named, doubtless, from having been imported from that island. This was in 1697, beginning in August and lasting until near the last of October, when it suddenly subsided. It had been an intensely hot summer, during which several persons had died from sun-stroke. Vomiting and the discharge of blood were the most marked symptoms. Dr. Wynne had died some time before this epidemic. His practice devolved upon his sonin-law, Dr. Edward Jones. A son of Dr. Owen about this time became of age, and these two young physicians supported the burden of encountering this distemper. It is evident from the foregoing that the settlement must have been a remarkably healthy one for several years, in spite of its rapid growth and the necessarily abundant felling of timber. Deaths that occurred, except from epidemic causes peculiar to no locality, were very infrequent. Allusions are frequently made to this fact by English travelers who, upon their return to England, published accounts of the country. At the settlement of Philadelphia there were living those with whom the search for the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life was yet dear, sometimes avowedly so. One of these, whose descendants yet live in the State, some of them deriving profit yet from one of his nostrums, was very prominent in his day. There were many who fully credited his claim to have the secret of producing gold, and the doubting were confidently answered by those who had seen with their own eyes the precious metal in his hands. Among many of the uneducated in Pennsylvania to this day is often used the medicine "golden drops," of which the traditions of cures, some approximating the miraculous, are many and multifold. were restive and unhappy under the restrictions and even persecutions which emanated from the bigotry of the Church of England." The Puritan clergy of England were, for more than twenty years prior to the emigration of the first settlers, subjected to the sharpest persecution. Hence, as a precautionary measure in case of ejectment, a considerable number of clergymen of that period were educated to the medical profession, and not a few were eminent professionals before they crossed the Atlantic. When these professional men came to form connections in the colonies, it was found that the small congregations were unable to afford them a comfortable support; hence the convenience of their resorting to secular avocations." The clergy, at least in this country, have not been noted for back wardness in asserting their claims of recognition for whatever they may have regarded themselves as specially competent. From the pulpit they declaimed upon the sin of inoculation when it was first introduced. They wrote and published freely upon other subjects connected with the sanitary and moral principles involved in medical practice. Some interesting things are told of this mingling of the two professions. A descendant of one of these theological physicians used to exhibit, not very long ago, what evinced some absence of mind in his ancestor. The latter was on one occasion on a Sunday morning in the pulpit engaged in the dispensation of the solemn services of the hour, when he received a communication, stating that a negro girl needed his speedy medical attention. Unfortunately, he had no paper at hand on which to write his prescription. Whereupon he took the hymn-book and wrote on a fly-leaf this: "Let the wench be blooded, and wait until I come." The case being urgent, we suppose the reverend doctor hastened through his present duties in order to repair to those which, if not more important, needed more speedy attention. Dr. Griffith Owen died about 1717. His son and Dr. Jones, a son-in-law of Dr. Wynne, as far as can now be known, were the only two physicians of any claim to respectability until the coming of Dr. Kearsley and Dr. Graeme. The latter of those, we may suppose, was at least as fond of other pursuits as of his profession. At all events, he was often absent from the arena of professional labors, whiling away his time in establishing and continually adding adornments to his estate in Montgomery County, destined to become long notable under the name of "Graeme Park." The Graemes claim descent from William de Graham, who went to Scotland on invitation of David I., in 1128, and whose descendant in the tenth generation was one of the Scotch commissioners to treat with England in 1406 and 1411, from whom came in undoubted succession the Graemes of Montrose. Dr. Thomas Graeme was born in 1688, at Balgowan, the hereditary estate in Perthshire. He came to Pennsylvania in 1717, along with and under the auspices of Col. William Keith, who had been appointed Deputy Governor of the Province. He was by profession a physician, and is supposed to have received his education at the University of Leyden. His practice was small in a society where, as we have seen, men who had been regularly educated in medicine as well as law were regarded with less favor than those who consulted other dictates than those to be found in books. To compensate this insufficient progress of his protégé, Governor Keith put him at the head of the naval office, much to the disgust of Logan, whose friend Assheton had been removed for this purpose, and went so far as to intimate that Keith, without considering the question of the merits of Assheton. or Graeme, had appointed the latter from gratitude to his family for the security which he had enjoyed while hiding at Balgowan after the battle of Sheriff Muir. He was married to Miss Diggs, who was stepdaughter to the Governor, and this relation also enhanced his influence at the seat of power in the province. The Court of Chancery was established through |