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siones enim sunt P. Clodii. Tota familia occurret; hospitio invitabit propter familiaritatem notissimam.'

Etenim...concione, he used indeed repeatedly to say in public that although Milo could not be robbed of his consulship, he might of life: he often hinted as much in the senate; but actually said it at a public meeting.'

qua spe fureret,' what mad hope he was indulging.' In the next sentence translate quam vocem ejus, 'and this remark of his;' hunc Catonem, 'Cato here:' in Greek, Tòv KáTwvα TOUTOVÍ. Favonius bore the nickname of 'Cato's ape,' and is described by Plutarch as yλWTY'S Κάτωνος.

CHAPTER X.

§ 27. iter...necessarium, 'a state-journey, required by law, and unavoidable.' Sollennis, 'formal;' legitimus, according to law.'

Lanuvium, or, as it was sometimes written, Lavinium, was situated on a hill projecting from the western side of the Mons Albanus, and distant about seventeen miles from Rome (Appian, B. C. 11. 20). Its modern name is Civita Lavinia; see Gell's Topography of Rome and its Vicinity, art. Lanuvium.

ad flaminem prodendum, 'to nominate a Flamen.' The Flamen was a priest devoted to the service of some particular deity. This we learn from Cicero de Legg. n. 8: 'divisque aliis alii sacerdotes, omnibus pontifices, singulis flamines sunto.' Juno Sospita was the goddess principally worshipped at Lanuvium; comp. Liv. XXIII. 31: 'signa Lanuvii ad Junonis Sospita cruore manavere :' see also XXIV. 10. The phrase prodere Interregem also occurs in the speech pro Domo sua, c. 14, and Livy 111. 40.

dictator Lanuvii. There were sometimes two chief magistrates in Roman municipia,' called Duumviri; where there was only one, he was called either Dictator (as at Tusculum, see Livy 11. 18) or Prætor, as at Fundi; see Hor. Sat. 1. 5, 34:

Fundos Aufidio Lusco prætore libenter
Linquimus.

The chief-magistrate of Arpinum had the title of Edilis.

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quod re intellectum est, as was understood by the event.'

concionem turbulentam. This was a meeting at which the tribunes C. Sallustius Crispus and Q. Pompeius endeavoured to incite the people against the election of Milo to the consulship.

obire facinoris locum tempusque, to be exact to the time and

place appointed for his enterprize.' For this sense of the verb obire, compare Lælius, c. 2: tu non adfuisti, qui diligentissime semper illum diem et illud munus solitus esses obire.' See also Philipp. 111. c. 8, § 20.

§ 28. calceos mutavit. Senators wore buskins, fastened with four straps of black leather, and adorned with a small crescent (lunula). Comp. Hor. Sat. 1. vi. 27:—

Nam ut quisque insanus nigris medium impediit crus

Pellibus et latum demisit pectore clavum.

The phrase 'mutare calceos' meant also 'to become a senator:' thus Cicero, speaking of Asinius, says: 'est etiam Asinius quidam senator voluntarius...mutavit calceos; Pater conscriptus repente factus est.' Philipp. XII. c. 13. Some of the shoes worn by senators were called alutæ, because they were made of leather softened with alum; see Juv. Sat. vII. 192:

nobilis et generosus

Adpositam nigræ lunam subtexis alutæ,

paullisper...commoratus est, he waited a little time, whilst his wife was making the usual preparations.' Perhaps the speaker here indulges in a little humour at the expense of the female sex. Heumann compares Terence, Heautont. г. 2, 11: 'mulieres dum moliuntur, dum comuntur, annus est.' Quintilian adduces the whole of this passage beginning at Milo autem' as an instance of the skill of the orator in contrasting the composure of Milo with the hurried departure of Clodius (1v. 2, 57). Milo was married to Fausta, daughter of Sulla the dictator.

siquidem, 'if, as has been said.' In Greek eïπep.

expeditus, 'lightly equipped,' i. e. ready for action: comp. contra Rullum, c. 2: ad vim promptus, ad seditionem paratus, ad cædem expeditus.'

nulla rheda. The rheda was a family-coach on four wheels, used for travelling. Comp. Juv. Sat. 1. 3, 10:

Sed dum tota domus rheda componitur una,

Substitit ad veteres arcus madidamque Capenam.

nullis impedimentis, 'without any luggage: literally, 'with no encumbrances.' The 'Greek followers' mentioned in the next clause consisted probably of musicians, jesters, and others kept for his entertainment. Comp. ch. 20.

sine uxore.

ried Antonius.

Fulvia was the wife of Clodius; she afterwards mar-
See Introduction.

quum hic...comitatu, whereas this (supposed) conspirator, who (as we are told) had specially arranged that journey with a view to the

commission of murder, was riding with his wife in a coach, wrapped in his travelling-cloak, with a large and heavily-laden, effeminate and dainty train of waiting-maids and boys.' Comp. ch. 20. Observe the use of the subjunctive apparasset in adverting to the statements of others. Pœnulatus is opposed to expeditus in the preceding sentence. § 29. hora...secus, 'at about four o'clock in the afternoon, or not far off it.' See Dict. of Antiq. art. Hora.

in hunc, 'on the defendant.' In the next clause translate adversi, 'those in front:' so Cicero uses the phrase adversi dentes for 'the front teeth,' de Nat. Deor. 11. 54.

qui animo...præsenti fuerunt. Comp. Virg. Æn. v. 363:

Nunc si cui virtus animusque in pectore præsens

Adsit.

quum viderent...pugnari, as they saw that a fight was going on by the side of the coach.'

fecerunt...voluisset, 'the slaves of Milo did (and I shall not say this for the purpose of shifting the charge from him to others, but state the fact just as it took place), they did, I say, without the orders or the knowledge, or the presence of their master, that which every one of you would have wished his own slaves to do in like circumstances!' Comp. Demosth. in Mid. ¿yw d', öπeρ âv iμŵv EKασTOS ὑβρισθεὶς προείλετο πρᾶξαι, τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς ἐποίησα.

to

derivandi criminis. Derivare is, literally, 'to divert the course of a stream;' and hence turn off' an accusation from oneself, so as to make it fall on others. Comp. ad Att. iv. 3: 'Id poterat infitiari; poterat in alios derivare.'

CHAPTER XI.

§30. Hæc...audacia est, 'Such, judges, were the facts, which occurred precisely as I have stated them; a conspirator was overcome; force was repelled by force, or rather, I should say, effrontery was overpowered by valour.'

si non jure...defendam, 'if he could not rightfully do this, then I have no defence to offer.'

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ratio, right reason;' mos, 'custom;' præscripsit, 'has made it a rule.'

§ 31. Sin hoc...injuria, but if this is not the opinion held by any one of you, then it follows (jam) that the point to be decided is, not whether he was killed, which we admit, but whether he was rightly or wrongly killed.'

notavit. See notes on § 14.

si hic...solvamur, 'if the defendant plotted against the life of the deceased, let him not go unpunished; if deceased plotted against the life of the defendant, then let us be acquitted of guilt.' For the phrase ut ne sit impune, comp. Liv. 1. 58; ‘haud impune adultero fore' and Plautus, Merc. iv. 6, 4, 'id si rescivit uxor, impune est viro.'

CHAPTER XII.

§ 32. in illa tam audaci, tam nefaria bellua, ‘in the case of a monster of such daring impiety.'

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Itaque illud Cassianum...valeat, and therefore let the famous test of Cassius, "for whose advantage was it?" hold good in the case of the characters before us.' L. Cassius Longinus was famed for his severity as a judge, and according to Valerius Maximus his tribunal was called scopulus reorum (111. 7). The saying here mentioned is often referred to by Cicero; as in his speech pro Rosc. Amer. c. 84; 'Lucius Cassius ille, quem populus Romanus verissimum et sapientissimum judicem putabat, identidem in causis quærere solebat CUI BONO FUISSET. Hunc quæsitorem ac judicem fugiebant atque horrebant ii quibus periculum creabatur, ideo quod, tametsi veritatis erat amicus, tamen natura non tam propensus ad misericordiam quam implicatus ad severitatem videbatur.' For the use of the word persona, meaning 'character,' comp. pro Cluent. c. 29: hujus Staleni persona ab nulla turpi suspicione abhorrebat.'

emolumento, by interest.'

Emolumentum (derived from e and molere) means 'grist,' and hence 'profit.' Fraus is here used for 'a treacherous' or 'dishonourable act,' as in the speech pro Roscio Am. c. 21: hæc te opinio falsa in istam fraudem impulit.'

quo sceleris nihil facere posset, i. e. quo consule.

posse se eludere, he might have full swing,' or 'full play.' This reading is more forcible and better supported than the common reading rempublicam eludere, 'baffle the state.' Comp. de Legg. 11. c. 21 : 'sed quod iidem juris civilis estis peritissimi, scientia illa (others read illam), eluditis.' The metaphor is taken from the art of fencing.

corroboratam jam vetustate, 'now grown inveterate by time.'

§ 33. vestræ...inusturus, ‘are your ears out of town, and not familiar with the common talk of the whole state, about the laws for the commonwealth (if laws they should be termed, and not rather firebrands and scourges for the city) with which that man was on the point of saddling us all, and branding us indelibly?' For this use of the

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word peregrinantur, comp. Aristoph. Eq. 1120, ò vous dé σov Taρiv ἀποδημεῖ.

Exhibe...vestrarum, 'Out, out, I beg of you, Sextus Clodius, out with your portfolio of laws.'

tanquam Palladium. See Virg. Æn. 11. 162-170. A wooden image of Minerva, called Palladium, was preserved at Rome in the temple of Vesta, under the care of the vestal virgins. (Ov. Trist. III. 1, 29). Pliny mentions that a Roman named Metellus was struck with blindness in attempting to save it, when the temple of Vesta was on fire. Plin. H. N. vii. 43.

ut præclarum...posses, 'that you might, I suppose, present it to some one as a precious boon, and an engine of tribunitial power, if you could have got any body to hold the office of tribune on your own terms.' Instrumentum is used for 'a code' or 'repertory' of laws by Suetonius, Vespas. c. 8: 'undique investigatis exemplaribus, instrumentum imperii pulcherrimum ac venustissimum confecit, quo continebantur pene ab exordio Urbis senatus consulta.'

et adspexit...curiæ,-(turning to the judges), 'aye, and he has given me just that look which he used to give when he was breathing nought but menaces against every body and every thing. No wonder I am made uneasy by this luminary of the Senate-house!' The allusion is to the proceedings of Sextus Clodius after the death of Pub- · lius: see Introduction, § 3. In the use of the words lumen curiæ, there is what the French would call a 'double-entendre,' containing an allusion to the burning of the senate-house, as well as a bitter sarcasm against the character of Sextus Clodius. For this ironical use of quippe, comp. Virg. Æn. iv. 218:

nos munera templis

Quippe tuis ferimus, famamque fovemus inanem.

CHAPTER XIII.

punitus es. For other examples of the active signification of the verb punior, see Philipp. VIII. c. 2; Tusc. Disp. 1. c. 44.

tu in publicum abjecisti, 'you flung it into the open streets.' The usual custom was to wash the corpse and lay it out in the entrancehall of the house, with its feet towards the door. For other particu lars see Dict. of Antiq. art. Funus.

spoliatum imaginibus, 'robbed of its images: i. e. images of the deceased and his ancestors which were carried in procession before the corpse.

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