quæ tot annos...pateretur, 'which for so many years beheld him trampling on this commonwealth, and suffered him to do it:' comp. Catull. 29, 5: hæc videbis, et feres.'

religiones, i. e. the worship of Bona Dea: see § 72.

vexarat...senatum, viz. by assigning provinces to Piso and Gabinius see $73.

omnium ordinum...resciderat, he had annulled measures that had been passed for the security of the commonwealth with the consent of all orders in the state.' This refers to the law obtained by Clodius for setting aside the proceedings of the senate in the case of Catilina's party, and declaring it penal to take the life of a citizen without trial. Cn. Pompeio...indixerat. See § 18.

domum mei fratris incenderat. This happened on the eleventh of November, B. c. 57, as we learn from a letter to Atticus (Iv. 3. § 2) : 'armatis hominibus ante diem tertium Non. Novemb. expulsi sunt fabri de area nostra, disturbata porticus Catuli...Quinti fratris domus primo fracta conjectu lapidum ex area nostra, deinde inflammata jussu Clodii.'

vastarat Etruriam.

See § 26.-multos...ejecerat. See §§ 74, 75. capere, 'to contain;' (in Greek, xwpeîv): comp. Demosth. Philip. 111. p. 118: οὔθ ̓ ἡ Ἑλλὰς οὔθ ̓ ἡ βάρβαρος τὴν πλεονεξίαν χωρεῖ τἀνθρώπου.

incidebantur jam...addicerent, laws were already being engraved at his house which were to hand us over to our own slaves.' Asconius says that amongst the other projects of Clodius was one to allow sons of freedmen, (libertini) who could only vote in the city-tribes, to vote also as members of the country-tribes.-incidebantur. Laws, when passed, were engraved on bronze tablets: comp. Philipp. 1. c. 10. § 26: 'quid tum? quod erit ita gestum id lex erit; et in æs incidi jubebitis, credo, illa legitima: CONSULES POPULUM JURE ROGAVERUNT POPULUSQUE JURE SCIVIT.' Cicero here speaks rhetorically, meaning to say that Clodius felt quite sure of obtaining his object as prætor. adamasset, 'had taken a fancy to.'

§ 88. ipsum illum. Pompeius. See ch. 8. § 21.-devinctum, 'bound hand and foot.'

CHAPTER XXXIII.

ut supra dixi. See ch. 31. § 84.

suo jure, by its own jurisdiction:' comp. Philipp. 1v. 4 : enim in consulis jure et imperio debent esse provinciæ.'

omnes

eum circumscripsisset,' would have set limits to his power;' comp. Philipp. 11. 22: 'circumscriptus a senatu Antonius.'-Credo is here used ironically, 'I suppose."

ne quum...profecerat, ‘even when it was in the habit of so doing, it had been of no avail in dealing with this very man, before he was in office.' In the text, for id facere in privato eodem hoc, aliquid profecerat, read id facere, in privato eodem hoc aliquid profecerat.

$ 89. suos consules, 'consuls of his own side;' viz. Hypsæus and Scipio. Comp. pro Quint. c. 6: 'utebatur populo sane su o.' Horace also uses non suus in the sense of 'unfavourable;' Epod. 9. 30: Aut ille centum nobilem Cretam urbibus, Ventis iturus non suis;

Exercitatas aut petit Syrtes Noto,

Aut fertur incerto mari.

per quem.....meminisset, 'when he remembered that it was through him as tribune that consular worth had been most cruelly persecuted.' He here alludes to the conduct of Clodius towards himself in the year when he procured his banishment for the proceedings against Catilina and his party, during the consulate of Cicero, B. c. 63. For the use of virtus in the abstract, comp. Hor. Od. 111. 24, 30:

quatenus (heu, nefas!)

Virtutem incolumem odimus,

Sublatam ex oculis quærimus invidi.

lege nova...suos fecisset. See notes on § 87 and § 33.

homo...virum. The difference between vir and homo is here strongly marked, a difference as great as that between 'gentleman' and 'man' or 'fellow,' in English.

$ 90. ille vero consul, aye, and as consul too.'-ille denique vivus, 'would he, in short, if alive at all:' comp. Tac. Ann. vi. c. 22: 'non initia nostri, non finem, non denique homines diis curæ.'

curiam. The senate held its sittings at this time in the Curia Hostilia, built by king Hostilius; see Liv. 1. 30.

Templum sanctitatis. Comp. Virg. Æn. 1. 422 :

Jura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum.

mentis, 'of intelligence.' Comp. de Harusp. Resp. c. 27 : 'senatum ipsum, principem salutis mentisque publicæ,... pervertit.'

aram sociorum, 'the asylum of our allies.' Comp. Ov. Heroid. 1. 110: tu citius venias portus et ara tuis.'

portum, 'the harbour of refuge.' Comp. de Off. 11. 8: 'regum populorum nationum portus erat et refugium Senatus.'

funestari, 'contaminated;' i. e. by a dead body. Comp. pro C. Rabir. Perduell. c. 4: uter nostrum tandem, Labiene, popularis est: -tune qui...crucem ad civium supplicium defigi et constitui jubes, an ego qui funestari concionem contagione carnificis veto?' See also pro Font. c. 10. § 31.

ustor, 'as torch-bearer.' This was the technical term for a person employed in burning the corpses of the poor previously to burial, the place where they were burnt being called ustrina. The occupation was considered low and menial, as appears from the following passage of Lucan, vIII. 736 :

Da vilem Magno plebeii funeris arcam,

Quæ lacerum corpus siccos effundat in ignes;
Robora non desint misero nec sordidus ustor.

Comp. Catullus, LIX. 2 :

Uxor Meneni, sæpe quam in sepulcretis

Vidistis ipso rapere de rogo cœnam,

Cum devolutum ex igne prosequens panem

Ab semiraso tunderetur ustore.

Joseph Scaliger, in his note on this passage, remarks that convicts and galley-slaves had one side of their heads shaven (semirasi). Some MSS. and Edd. read ultor, but the reading ustor is far preferable, as better preserving the antithesis between ustor pro mortuo and signifer pro vivo, the occupation of a standard-bearer' (signifer) being deemed an honour. Hence there is here an 'argumentum a minori ad majus.’ § 91. et sunt qui...querantur, ‘yet there are those who appeal to our feelings about the Appian Road.' See § 18. For this use of et comp. Philipp. 1. c. 8: 'et vos acta Cæsaris defenditis, qui leges ejus evertitis!'

et qui ab eo...curia,' and who fancy that the Forum could have been defended against the breathing form of him, against whose corpse the chamber of the Senate was not proof!'

cujus vix...insepulti, 'when you find it hard to withstand the demon of his uninterred remains.'

cum falcibus,' with bills.' The fulx was an instrument employed in sieges, for the purpose of tearing down walls; see Cæs. B. G. III. 14. VII. 22. Falces are mentioned by Cicero among the arms sent by Lentulus to Catilina; pro Sulla, c. 5. § 17. They appear to have been used on the present occasion in breaking into the temple of Castor. Some edd. read facibus in this as well as the preceding clause, but there is no evidence that any attempt was made to burn the temple.

ad Castoris, 'to the temple of Castor,' ædem being understood, as when we speak of 'St Paul's.' This temple was used for various purposes, and amongst others as a treasury; comp. pro Quint. c. 4. § 17: hoc eo per te agebatur quod propter ærariam rationem non satis erat in tabulis inspexisse quantum deberetur, nisi ad Castoris quæsisset quantum solveretur.' The object therefore of the assailants was, probably, plunder. For a description of this temple see in Verr. I. c. 49, 50.

volitarunt, hovered about the Forum in all directions.' Comp. in Pison. c. 12: 'cum vis latrocinii vestri tota urbe volitaret ;' de Orat. 1. c. 38: 'nam volitare in Foro, hærere in jure ac prætorum tribunalibus, judicia privata magnarum rerum obire...insignis est impudentiæ.'

concionem gladiis disturbari, ‘a public meeting broken up and dispersed at the point of the sword.' See Introduction, § 4.

M. Calius. Cicero thus speaks of Cælius in his Brutus, c. 79: 'talis tribunus plebis fuit, ut nemo contra civium perditorum popularem turbulentamque dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa steterit constantius.' See Introduction, § 4.-in suscepta causa firmissimus, most determined in his attachment to any cause he had espoused:' see Introduction, § 7.

in hac...singulari, 'in Milo's present peculiarly odious position,-or, if you please, his extraordinary luck.' In the text the comma should be placed after singulari, instead of fortuna.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

§ 92. ego etiam...exposco, which I, however, in spite of his reluctance, sue for and urgently entreat you to bestow.'

Nolite...ei parcere. Plutarch, in his life of Cicero, 35, says that Milo's carelessness about the trial contributed greatly to his condemnation: εὐθαρσῶς καὶ ἀνδρείως παρίστασθαι τῷ ἀγῶνι καὶ κόμην θρέψαι, καὶ μεταβαλεῖν ἐσθῆτα φαιὰν ἀπαξιῶσαι· ὅπερ οὐχ ἥκιστα δοκεῖ συναίτιον AvT@ YÉVEOĐAI TŴs kaTadikηs.—hoc,' on this account;' probably an elliptical expression for propter hoc; comp. Hor. Sat. 1. 1, 46:

Millia frumenti tua triverit area centum;

Non tuus hoc capiet venter plus quam meus.

Haud scio an...magis, I am not sure that he does not even deserve your aid a great deal more in consequence.' Haud-scio-an is a phrase equivalent to 'perhaps,' when, as in the present instance, the three words coalesce into one; but they are also sometimes used in a negative sentence and with their literal meaning, 'I know not whether,' as in the following passage: atque haud scio an malim te videri nullo pudore fuisse...quam aut te videri pudentiorem fuisse quam soleo, aut, &c. ;' in Pison. c. 17.

in infimi...fortuna, 'where the standing and fate of men belonging to the lowest classes is concerned :' i. e. of captives, slaves, and convicts. Comp. de Off. I. c. 13: est autem infima conditio et fortuna

servorum.'

timidos...odisse solemus. The spectators decided the fate of a fallen

gladiator by pressing down their thumbs, if they admired his courage and wished his life to be spared, or turning them up and ordering him to submit to the sword (ferrum recipere), if they were dissatisfied and wished him to be killed. Comp. Juv. Sat. 1. 3, 36:

Munera nunc edunt et verso pollice vulgi

Quemlibet occidunt populariter.

eorumque...efflagitant, and we feel more pity for those who do not look for our commiseration than for those who beg hard for it.'

§ 93. me quidem...quotidie, as for myself, these remarks of Milo, which I am continually hearing, and which he utters in my presence daily, take all life and spirit out of me.'

incolumes, 'safe,' in the sense of 'unharmed' or 'in good condition :' thus it is opposed to victus in the speech de lege Manil. c. 9: itaque tantum victus efficere potuit quantum incolumis nunquam est ausus optare.' Tutus is 'safe from danger.'

quoquo modo...de me, however she shall deserve of me.' perfruantur, 'let them have full enjoyment.'

at carebo mala, ́ I shall not, at all events, have anything to do with one that is bad;' see notes on § 18. For at after si non in the sense of 'at any rate,' comp. pro Quint. c. 31: 'Quintius Nævium obsecravit ut aliquam, si non propinquitatis, at ætatis suæ, si non hominis, at humanitatis rationem haberet.'

bene moratam, 'well-ordered.'

§ 94. cogitationes inanes meæ. See notes on § 79.

me senatui dedissem, 'had devoted myself to the Senate.'

qui omnem...abjecerant, who had abdicated all their influence as useless in consequence of the armed force of Clodius. Comp. de Orat. 11. c. 52: 'si quam gloriam peperisse videatur, etsi ea non sit iniqua merces periculi, tamen ea non delectari totamque abjicere atque deponere.'

tui, 'your best friends:' or perhaps, 'your own brethren,' as Cicero himself belonged to an equestrian family.

Italiæ voces.

See § 39.

CHAPTER XXXV.

§ 95. omnia circumspicientibus pericula, 'who are on the look-out for every danger:' comp. in Catil. IV. c. 2: 'quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad reipublicæ salutem; circumspicite omnes procellas quæ impendent nisi providetis.'

Plebem...deleniret, 'he reminds us that with respect to the plebs and the lowest masses of the people, which under the guidance of