419, 42 seq.; objective, of Schell-
ing, 448 seq.; absolute or logical,
of Hegel, 489 seq.; the opposition
to constructive, 505 seq.; in Scho-
penhauer, 538 seq.; German, in
Great Britain, 580-581; of Green,
580-581; in America, 581-582;
ethical or teleological, of Lotze,
606 seq.; idealistic reaction in Ger-
many against the scientific spirit,
622 seq.; Falckenberg on (ethical)
idealism and the future, 632-633
Ideas, innate, in Descartes, Locke,
Leibnitz, the rationalists and the
empiricists, 92, 155-157, 283-285,
315; origin of, in Descartes, Locke,
Berkeley, Hume, the rationalists
and empiricists, and Herbart, 92,
157 seq, 217-219, 222, 315 seq.,
526 seq.; impressions and, in Hume,
222; unconscious ideas or repre-
sentations in Leibnitz, 271 seq.,
283 seq., 285; Ideas of reason in
Kant, 371 seq., 381-383, 391 seq.;
the logical Idea the subject of the
world-process in Hegel, 489 seq.
Identity, Locke on, 164, 169; Spino-
zism a system of, 127 seq.; Schell-
ing's philosophy or system of, 447,
456 seq.; the philosophy of, among
Schelling's followers, 470-472;
Hegel's doctrine a system of, 490
seq.; Fortlage's system of, 515;
philosophy of, in Schopenhauer,

540

Immortality, Hume on, 227; Vol-
taire on, 245; Rousseau on, 263;
Leibnitz on, 271, 282; Kant on,
374, 393; Schleiermacher on, 480;
Beneke on, 512; Herbart on, 525;
Hegel's followers on, 588; Strauss
on, 591; Fechner on, 603
Imperative, the Categorical, in Kan.,

384 seq.; in Fichte, 426, 428, 436;
in Beneke, 513
Induction, Kepler on, 57; Galileo on,

59; used before Bacon, 64; Bacon's
theory of, 66-70; in Hobbes, 73;

J. S. Mill's theory of, 564, 566-
568

Irwing, Von, 303

Jacobi, F. H., 117, 237, 302 note †,
305, 416, 446, 487, 628; system of,
226 note, 310, 312-314; and Fichte,
425, 429, 437 note; and the anti-
idealists, 505, 507, 510
Jacobson, J., 330
Jäger, G., 621 note ‡

James, William, 582, 605 note
Janet, Paul, 552 note *, 563
Jansenists, 143

Jastrow, J., 605 note
Jesuits, 47

Jevons, W. S., 566 note, 579
Jhering, R. von, 625

Jodl, F., 16, 221 note, 446 note ‡,
582

Joël, M., 118

Jouffroy, T., 562

Judgment, Descartes on, 106-107;
rationalists and empiricists both
mistake nature of, 319-320; Kant
on synthetic judgments a priori,
333 seq., 339; the categories and,
in Kant, 355 seq.; judgments of
perception and of experience in
Kant, 359; Kant on æsthetic and
teleological, 400 seq.

Jungius, 293

Kaatz, H., 547 note t
Kaftan, J., 628

Kaltenborn, C. von, 47 note t
Kant, I., 84, 85, 94, 114, 116, 235,
265, 285, 303, 482; position in
modern philosophy, 6, 7, 632-633:
and Locke, 160, 174; and the Illu-
mination, 309-310; system of, 315-
414; the development to Fichte, 414
-418; and Fichte, 419-444 passim;
and Schelling, 446–455 passim; and
Hegel, 487, 492; and Schopen-
hauer, 538-539; his influence, fol-
lowers, and opponents, 312, 313,
476, 505-535 passim, 563, 564, 580,

582, 608, 610, 614 seq. See also
Berkeley, Critique of Reason, J.
G. Fichte, Hume, Leibnitz, Locke,
Schopenhauer, Wolff

Kayserling, 302 note
Kedney, J. S., 488 note

Kent, G., 584

Kepler, J., 32, 35, 56, 72, 182, 293,

487; philosophy of, 57-58

Kielmeyer, 447, 451

Kierkegaard, S., 585
Kieser, 468

King, Lord, 154 note
Kirchmann, J. H. von, 601
Kirchner, 17
Klein, G. M., 468
Knauer, V., 16, 600
Knight, W., 221 note t
Knoodt, P., 600

Knowledge, theory of, in modern

thought, 10-11, 630 seq.; doctrine
of, in Nicolas of Cusa, 20-22; de-
clared deceptive by Montaigne,
48-49; mathematical basis of, in
Kepler and Galileo, 58, 60; in
Bacon, 66-68; in Hobbes, 73-75;
in Herbart, 79; the two views of,
80 seq., 315 seq.; Geulinex on,
114-115; Descartes on, 128 seq.;
Spinoza on, 131 seq.; Malebranche
on (we see all things in God"),
145 seq.; Locke's doctrine of, 155-
176; Berkeley on, 214 seq.; Hume's
skeptical doctrine of, 221 seq.;
Scottish doctrine of, 237-239; sen-
sationalistic doctrine of, in France,
245-251; Leibnitz's theory of, 282-
285; Kant on, 321 seq., 333 seq.,
341-383; Fichte's Science of, 424
seq.; Schelling's philosophy of,
448, 454 seq., 459-460; Baader on,
473-474; Schleiermacher's doctrine
of, 477 seq.; Hegel on philosoph-
ical, 492 seq.; J. F. Fries's doctrine
of, 507 seq.; Beneke on speculative,
510; Schopenhauer's doctrine of,
538 seq.; Comte's doctrine of, 553
seq.; Sir Wm. Hamilton's doctrine

of, 564; J. S. Mill's doctrine of,
566 seg.; Spencer's doctrine of,
569 seq.; T. H. Green's doctrine
of, 580; Feuerbach's doctrine of,
593-594; Lotze's doctrine of, 608-
609; Hartmann's doctrine of, 610
seq.; the neo-Kantians on, 615-
618; the German positivists on,
618 seq.; influence of recent science
on the theory of, 615, 620, 622;
Liebmann's doctrine of, 615, 624-
625. See also Agnosticism, Cri-
itque of Reason, Empiricism, Faith,
Faith and Reason, Nominalism,
Positivism, Rationalism and Em-
piricism, Relativity, Sensational-
ism, Skepticism
Knutzen, M., 300

Koch, A., 103 note

Koeber, R. von, 17, 538 note, 610

note

Koegel, F., 606 note

König, E., 17, 562 note †, 618
Koppelmann, 330, 618

Köstlin, Karl 442 note, 488 note,
589

Krause, A., 329, 331, 617
Krause, E., 621 note
Krause, F., 468, 471-472, 515, 583
Krauth, C. P., 214 note

Krohn, A., 557 note, 587 note, 606
note, 629

Kroman, K., 585
Krug, W. T., 516
Kuhn, 17

Kuntze, J. E., 602 note
Kvacsala, 29 note
Kym, A. L., 424 note, 601

Laas, E., 330, 618-619
Laban, F., 538 note
Labriola, 550
La Bruyère, 250 note
Ladd, G. T., 582, 605 note
Laffitte, P., 562
Lagrange, 254
Lambert, J. H., 300, 333 note t
Lamennais, F. de, 562

La Mettr', J. O. de, 242, 250 note,

251-253, 254

La Mothe le Vayer, 51, 149

Land, J. P. N., 112 note t, 117, 585,
586

Lange, F. A., 17, 150, 514, 615-616
Lange, J. J., 296

La Rochefoucauld, 250 note
Lasson, A. 51 note, 424 note, 589
Lasswitz, K., 27 note †, 331, 618
Last, E., 331
Lavater, 420

Law (or Right), early philosophy of,
39-48; Montesquieu on, 243-244;
Pufendorf on, 293-294; C. Tho-
masius on, 294; Kant's theory of
legal right, 398; Fichte's theory
of right, 437 seq.; Schelling's view
of, 455; F. Krause's philosophy
of right, 472; Hegel's philosophy
of right, 498

Lazarus, M., 536, 623
Lechler, 184 note

Leclair, A. von, 619-620

Leibnitz, Friedrich (the father), 267
Leibnitz, G. W., 7, 19 note, 24, 32,
35, 47, 96, 120, 181 note, 220, 246,
254, 447, 476, 505, 549, 583, 608;
position in modern thought, 6, 81,
85, 630 note, 631; and occasion-
alism, 109, 113, 274-275; system
of, 266-292; and the Illumination
(Wolff, Lessing), 295-305 passim;
and Kant, 316, 323, 324, 332 note,
333 note t, 369. See also Descartes,
Locke, Spinoza

Leonhardi, H. K. von, 472

Leopold, 583

Lessing, G. E., 47, 288, 304 note,

396, 458, 461; system of, 305-310
Lewes, G. H., 16, 569 note †, 579,
5S0

Liard, L., 579 note

Liberatore, M., 552

Lichtenberg, 303

Liebig, 599

Liebmann, O., 370 note *, 428 note,

615, 624-625

Linde, A. van der, 117 note
Lindemann, 472
Lipps, T., 626

Lipsius, Justus, 29

Lipsius, R. A., 398, 516 note, 628
Littré, E., 561, 562

Locke, J., 148 note, 189, 193, 199,
204, 236, 301, 511, 549, 580, 581.
583; position in modern philoso-
phy, 6, 14, 81, 83, 85, 631; system
of, 153-180; and Berkeley, 214
seq.; and Hume, 221-222, 230,
and the French Illumination (and)
Rousseau), 241-262 passim; and
Leibnitz, 266, 268, 282 seq.; and
Kant, 332 note, 369. See also
Bacon, Berkeley, Descartes, Em-
piricism, Kant
Lohmeyer, 35 note
Lombroso, C., 552
Lossius, 303

*

Marheineke, 589

Marcus, 445 note

Mariana, Juan, 47-48

Mariano, 552

Marion, H., 270 note

Marsh, James, 581
Marsilius of Padua, 39

Martin, B., 471 note
Martineau, Harriet, 553

Martineau, James, 117 note †, 580
Martini, Jacob, 118

Masson, David, 564 note
Materialism, in Hebbes, 72, 73;
Spinoza's tendency toward, 130; in
the early associationalists, 183-
184; in France in XVIII. cen-
tury, 251-260; Kant on, 374-375:
in Schopenhauer, 541-542; and
Spencer's philosophy, 573-574; in
Strauss, 592-593; of Feuerbach,
592-595; the controversy over, in
Germany, 598-599; Lange on,
615, 616

Mathematics, the philosophical use
of, advocated by Nicolas of Cusa,
22, by Kepler, 57-58; scientific
use of, ignored by Bacon, 70;
Hobbes's recognition of, 72, 74;
method of, adopted by Spinoza,
121-122; Kant on philosophy and,
325 seq., 334 seq, 343 seq.; Kant on
science and, 366-367; applied to
psychology by Herbart, 528 seq.,
and by Fechner, 603-604; recent,
and philosophy, 621
Maudsley, Henry, 580
Maupertuis, 242, 251
Mayer, F., 537

Mayer, R., 620

McCosh, J., 237 note, 565
Mechanism, in modern thought, 8,
630 seq.; in modern physical
science, 56-57, 181-182; the cen-
tral doctrine of Hobbes, 72; fun-
damental in Spinoza, 122 seq.; ap-
plied to mind by the associational-
ists, 183-184; of J. F. Fries, 508;
of ideas in Herbart, 527, 529 seq.; '

in Lotze, 608; in recent physical
science, 620-621. See also Natu-
ralism, Physical Science, Tele-
ology

Meier, G. F., 299

Meiners, 303, 414
Melancthon, 47
Mellin, 332

*

Melville, Andrew, 63
Mendelssohn, 302, 303
Mersenne, 61, 72, 87
Merz, J. T., 269 note
Metaphysics, Bacon on, 68 note; of
Descartes, 88 seq.; of Spinoza,
119 seq.; of Leibnitz, 269 seq.; the
Wolffian division of, 298; Kant
on, 325 seq., 333 seq., 340 seq.;
Hegel on, 491 seq., 495 seq.; of
Fortlage, 515; of Herbart, 517, 518
seq., 535; Comte on, 553 seq.; of
Fechner, 602-603; of Lotze, 606
seq.; of Hartmann, 610 seq.; re-
cent German views on, 624
Meyer, J. B., 330, 424 note, 599, 615
Meyer, Ludwig, 117
Michelet, C. L., 16, 589
Michelis, 600 note
Mill, James, 184, 566
Mill, J. S., 69 note *, 560, 562, 563,
564 note*, 566–569, 579, 618
Milton, John, 179
Mind and Body, Descartes on, 95-
96, 101 seq., 108 seq.; occasional-
istic view of, in Geulincx, 108 seq.;
Spinoza on, 122-123, 128 seq.;
Hartley and Priestley on, 183-184;
Leibnitz on, 275, 280 seq.; J. F.
Fries on, 508-509

Modern Philosophy, value of history
of, 6-7; characteristics of, 7-12;
relation to the church, II, 12; re-
lation to nationality, 13; begin-
nings of, 14; bibliography of, 15-
17; two main schools of, 80-85,
266, 315 seq.; future of, 629-632
Modes (of Substance), in Descartes,
95; in Spinoza, 128 seq.; in Locke,
162, 165-166