The horses, but keeps the books and muster-rolls of reserve and furlough men, and is employed in taking charge of clothing, arms, equipment, and ammunition. It will thus be seen that to enable a regiment to take the field an addition of only 33 non-commissioned officers and men, and 60 horses, some of them draught, is required. Of the additional men required a large number are drivers. Austrian cavalry may, therefore, for all practical purposes, be considered as permanently on a war footing, the bulk of the augmentations being incorporated in the depôt and reserve squadrons. These augmentations are taken from the reserve and furlough men, of whom there must be an ample supply, seeing that service with the regiment does not last longer than three years. The additional officers for the depôt and reserve squadrons are obtained from the officers belonging to the cavalry reserve list. The cavalry drill is of the most simple and practical description, nothing whatever being sacrificed to effect. We cannot, however, go into the details of drill and training without dealing with technicalities which would possess but little interest for the readers of this journal. We may, however, point out that a principle never lost sight of is that the squadron should, when in front of an enemy, always follow its leader without waiting for specific words of command. Altogether, we are induced to believe, from a perusal of the book before us, that great progress has, during the last few years, taken place in Austria as regards the organization, training, and tactical handling of cavalry, and that in any future wars the individual excellence of officers and men may lead to happier results than those which have hitherto been attained. DR. DAVIES, the compiler of Other Men's Minds; or, Seven Thousand Choice Extracts on History, Science, Philosophy, Religion, &c., is evidently expert in the use of the scissors; but why he should have inflicted this bulky volume upon us, we do not know. A large number of his extracts are trash, and Dr. Davies's remarks on the authors from whom he has quoted are not remarkable for sense or accuracy. Of Dr. Davies's own "thoughts," the following may serve as a specimen :-"As Xerxes stood on a lofty eminence, and his eagle eye swept over the immense army in the plain beneath him, brilliant in attire, courage ous in spirit, and panting, like himself, for martial glory, the thought that not one of that vast multitude would be alive one hundred years after, so oppressed his great soul, that he burst into a flood of tears. But that thought and those tears neither curbed his towering ambition, nor softened the awful hardness of his heart. Both together might have transformed him into an angel; alas! they left him the very reverse!" Messrs. Warne & Co. publish the volume. The Popular Recreator, despite its hideous title, seems to be a serviceable manual of amusement, both in-door and out-door. Messrs. Cassell, Petter & Galpin publish it. L'Espagne Politique, 1868-1873, by M. Victor Cherbuliez, published by Messrs. Hachette, of Paris, is a valuable book on the political state of Spain, rendered half useless, however, by the rapidity of the changes which occur in that country. ALIPH CHEEM has published, through Messrs. Thacker, Vining & Co., of Bombay, a second series of his amusing, but not particularly artistic, Lays of Ind. The volume will please the public for which it is intended. WE have three excellent books of reference before us-Crockford's Clerical Dictionary, the most complete book of its kind, published by Mr. Horace Cox; May's British and Irish Press Guide (May & Son), a singularly neat and wellarranged little volume; and Lacton's Builder's Price Book, published by Messrs. Kelly, a work of established reputation. Church of England Magazine, Vol. 75, roy. 8vo. 5,6 cl. Constable's (H.) Duration and Nature of Future Punishment, 4th edit. cr. 8vo. 3/6 cl. &c., 18mo. 2/ cl. Neale's (Rev. J. M.) Sermons in Sackville College Chapel, Vol. 1, 2nd edit. cr. 8vo. 7/6 cl. and F. Pincott (Allen),-The Modern Avernus, The Descent of England: How Far? by Junius Junior (Hatchards),-An Episode in the Life of Maclear's (Rev. G. F.) Manual of Instruction for Confirmation, Rene, by G. Grey (Tweedie), Saints' Days for the Year, Poems, by H. Dodds (Provost),Memoir of the Life and Writings of the Persian Poet Nizami, and Analysis of the Second Part of his Alexander Book (Williams & Norgate),-St. Chad's Day in Lichfield, A.D. 1643, and other Poems, by the Rev. R. J. Buddicorn, M.A. (Parker), Squire Hardman's Daughter, by J. M'Laughlin (Tweedie),-Le Verbe, a Complete Treatise on French Conjugation, by E. Wendling, B.A. (Simpkin),-The Climate and Resources of Upper India, by Lieut.-Col. A. F. Corbett (Allen), The Prostrate State, South Carolina under Negro Government, by J. S. Pike (New York, Appleton), -Collins's Elementary Science Series: Building Construction, Timber, Lead, and Iron Work, by R. Scott Burn, 2 vols. (Collins),-Collins's Elementary Science Series: Building Construction, Brick, Stone, and Slate, by R. Scott Burn, 2 vols. (Collins),-Responsibility in Mental Disease, by H. Maudsley, M.D. (King), The A B C Universal Commercial Electric Telegraphic Code, by W. C. Thue (Spon),-On the Modified Turkish Vapour Bath, by J. L. Milton (Hardwicke),-On Beer, a Statistical Sketch, by M. Vogel (Trübner),—The Three Venerable Ladies of England on Church Politics, by the Rev. S. Kettlewell, M.A. (Simpkin),— The Colonial Church Chronicle, Vol. 1873 (Mozley),— The Children's Hymn and Chant Book, compiled by a Committee of Parents and Teachers (Marshall), -The Book of Ecodus, by H. Morris (Longmans), Newman's (J. H.) Tracts, Theological and Ecclesiastical, 8/ cl. Church's (R. W.) Sacred Poetry of Early Religions, 1/ cl. limp. Erskine's (R.) Gospel Sonnets, new edit. 12mo. 1/6 cl. swd. Carstares (W.), a Character and Career of the Revolutionary Festus's (J.) French Construction, 5th edit. 12mo. 5/ cl. German Accidence for the Use of Rugby School, 4to. 2 6 cl. Gowland's (E.) Notes and Vocabulary to Souvestre's 'Philosophe,' &c., 12mo. 1/2 swd. Grenfell's (E. F.) Elementary German Exercises, Pt. 1, 12mo. 1/6 cl. swd.; Pt. 2, 12mo. 2/6 cl. swd. Sohl's (J.) Forty-Eight Lessons in German, 8vo. 3/ swd. Taine's (H. A.) History of English Literature, Vol. 3, 7,6 cl. Science. Lyell's (Sir C.) Student's Elements of Geology, new edit. 9/ cl. Oliver's (Prof.) Illustrations of the Principal Natural Orders of the Vegetable Kingdom, royal 8vo. 16/ cl. Parkinson's (S.) Elementary Treatise on Mechanics, 5th edit. cr. 8vo. 9/6 cl. General Literature. Annual Register for 1873, 8vo. 18/ cl. Borrow's (G.) Romano Lavo-Lil, post 8vo. 10/6 cl. Circuit Rider, a Tale of the Heroic Age, by E. Eggleston, 2/ Copner's (J.) Hero of Elstow, 12mo. 3/6 cl. Dasent's (G. W.) Balf a Life, 3 vols. cr. 8vo. 31/6 cl. De Vere's Report of Fashions for Spring and Summer, 1874, 5/ Latour's Histoires pour les Enfants, 2nd edit. 16mo. 2/6 cl. Lewis's (M.) John Fenn's Wife, cr. 8vo. 7/6 cl. Macaulay's (Lord) Reviews and Essays from the Edinburgh,' 2/ Paget's (J.) Paradoxes and Puzzles, 8vo. 12/ cl. Phelps's (E. S.) Gipsy's Sowing and Reaping, 12mo. 1/ swd. Proby's (Rev. W. H. B.) Stories about the Great King, 2nd edit 18mo. 3/6 cl. Rambles After Sport, by Oliver North, cr. 8vo. 6/ cl. Shingleborough Society, a Novel, 3 vols. cr. 8vo. 31/6 cl. Sayings Ascribed to Our Lord, by J. T. Dodd, B.A. (Parker),—and Kirchliche Zeitfragen in Vorträgen, by M. Baumgarten (Rostock, Kuhn). Among New Editions we have An Elementary Treatise on Quaternions, by P. G. Tait, M.A. (Oxford, Clarendon Press), The Prose Works of Calthrop's (Kev. G.) Lost Sheep Found, 2nd edit. 16mo. 3/cl. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, edited by the Author of Tennysonia' (Chatto & Windus),The Life and Times of Daniel O'Connell, by T. C. Luby (Cameron & Ferguson),-An Account of the Township of Iffley, in the Deanery of Cuddesdon, Oxfordshire, by the Rev. E. Marshall, M.A. (Parker), Albert Lunel, by the late Lord Brougham (Clarke),—What Katy did at School, the Many and the One, by W. A. Garratt, edited, by Susan Coolidge (Ward & Lock),-Churches, with Additional Notes, by his son, S. Garrett, M.A. (Seeley),-The Changed Cross, by the Hon. Mrs. C. Hobart (Gardner),—and A Simple Way to Pray, by Martin Luther (Wesley). Also the following Pamphlets: Familiar Notes on Modes of Teaching English, by W. S. Lean, M.A. (Longmans),-Notes and Vocabulary to Emile Souvestre's Philosophe sous Les Toits, by E. Gowland (Simpkin),-The Labour and Money Questions, a New Catechism on Political Economy, by W. Brown (Montreal, Lovell),-How to Save Fuel, by the Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A. (Chapman & Hall),-On the Ventilation of Schools, Hospitals, Law Courts, and other Public Buildings, by G. Ross, M.D. (Collingridge), Atmospheric Life Germs, by W. N. Hartley,-Lectures addressed to Officers of Volunteer Corps (Mitchell),-The Royal Horticultural Society, as it is and as it might be, by G. F. Wilson (Gilbert),-Spalding's Cambridge Almanack for 1874 (Cambridge, Spalding),-St. Stephen's Ark,-Remarks on Pall Mall Scepticism and other Forms of Infallibility, by a Barrister (Reeves & Son),-Remarks upon the Jurisdiction of the Inns of Court, by F. Calvert, Q.C. (Ridgway), Discipline in County and Borough Gaols, by J. A. Bremner, Stefan Poles v. The Times Newspaper Action for Libel (Poles),-A Plea for the entire Suppression of Patronage, the Bane of Her Majesty's Civil Service, by Lynx (Smart & Allen),-Lecture on Instinct and Reason by J. Colquhoun (Blackwood),-and Prophetic Thoughts humbly submitted for Christian Consideration, by B. W. Tracey (Guest). ROMAN LIBRARIES. I CANNOT say much in praise of the libraries of Rome. They are poor beside the British Museum or the Bodleian, not to speak of those belonging to several colleges in Oxford and Cambridge. Soon after my arrival I was told, on good ecclesiastical authority, that Biblical literature is not much cultivated here; and a few months' stay has confirmed the truth of the statement. Having occasion to refer to several books in that department, which I could not conveniently bring from home, I inquired for the best libraries in Rome, hoping But to find some at least of the needful volumes. my success has been small, for recent literature is poorly represented in the libraries. I wished to get some help towards the history of opinion about Antichrist, but soon discovered that I must wait for the wished-for light, even on that formidable With the person, till my return to London. Apocalypse, one can easily see who or what is meant by the name; but it is hard to trace, without certain books, the varying views of scholars as to the great adversary of Christ. I went first to the Casanatensian, so called from the Neapolitan Cardinal Casanata, who bequeathed it to the Dominicans. This has more printed books 9 than any library in Rome. One may say, however, that after 1750 it is all but a blank, very few works having been added since that date. The funds of the fraternity must have been spent on monks rather than books. In the convent to which the library is attached, the General of the Dominicans lived till very recently; Galileo was forced to kneel there; and thence issued the most cruel sentences, as the fires once lighted in the Campo di Fiore, which I can never pass without thinking of Giordano Bruno, could abundantly testify. As the Government still allows two or three monks to remain and attend to the library, females are unjustly excluded. After turning over the volumes of the Catalogue (mostly in MS.) for several names, I gave up the pursuit, not without telling the librarians that there is a sad deficiency in modern, especially German works. The reader will form a better idea of the deficiency from a list of the authors or works I was in search of-Bruder's Concordance to the Greek Testament'; Fürst's 'Concordance to the Hebrew Bible '; Stephens's 'Thesaurus Linguæ Græcæ,' by Hase and Dindorf; Meyer's German Commentary on the New Testament; De Wette's 'Handbuch' to the New Testament; De Wette's German translation of the Bible; Lucke's Commentary on the Johannine Writings; Jahn's Einleitung to the Old Testament; Ewald's Writings on the Scriptures; Manning's Sermons and Pastorals; Lachmann's Greek Testament; Tischendorf's Greek Testament; Renan's 'Antichrist.' None of the above could I find, except the first edition of Stephens's 'Thesaurus,' now antiquated, and three works of Jahn-his Hermeneutics,' and the Appendix to them in another volume; the Latin compendium of his 'Archæology,' published in 1814; and his 'Hebrew Grammar. His large Archæology,' in German, which is his best book, his edition of the Hebrew Bible, and his 'Einleitung' to the Old Testament, are absent. It is singular that no leading edition of the Greek Testament since Wetstein's (I do not include Bengel's in the list) is in the library, neither Griesbach's, nor Lachmann's, nor Tischendorf's. The result of my visit to the Angelica Library, kept by the Augustinian monks of the adjoining church, was similar. Taking the same list of authors, I looked for them all. The blank there was almost identical with that of the Minerva or Casanatensian. I found the first edition only of Stephens, the compend of Jahn's 'Archeology,' and what is styled in the Catalogue his 'Introduction to the Pentateuch.' After Wetstein's, none of the leading Greek Testaments, not even Bengel's, is there. But the edition of Tischendorf's (1842) dedicated to the Archbishop of Paris, the least valuable of all that scholar's Testaments, is in the library. I was told by some of the Roman priests that the Angelica is good in Biblical works; but experience did not justify the assertion. Curiously enough, I saw there a copy of James's 'Bellum Papale,' which aims a deadly blow at Papal infallibility. On my first visit to the Angelica, I noticed a Republican copy of Walton's 'Polyglott' (without Castle's Lexicon) entered in the Catalogue "prima et correctissima editio"! and old Grabe spelt Grabbe-mistakes which I pointed out to the monkish librarians, saying they should be corrected. I did not expect, however, that they would; and found, at my next visit, that the entries were untouched. The libraries of which I have been speaking are extensive, and in some respects valuable. The Minerva is said to have more printed books than the Vatican, above 120,000 in all; while the Angelica has 80,000. In the interests of literature, I am glad that the Government has appropriated both; for there is hope of their being utilized and improved. It is high time that they should be transferred to those who will consult the requirements of modern readers, and move along with the spirit of the age, a thing which ecclesiastics are slow to do. The Library of the Propaganda is very much of the same character as those already named. It has a large stock of old books, good editions of the Fathers, and works on scholastic divinity. Since it got the library of Gregory the Sixteenth, few additions of importance have been made to it. Of recent German works on the Bible it has none. Meyer's Commentary on the New Testament, De Wette's excellent Handbook on the same, De Wette's German translation of the Bible, Lücke on John, Bleek on the Epistle to the Hebrews, and all such are absent. The writings of the Tübingen school are naturally wanting also. The critical editions of the Greek Testament, published by Lachmann and Tischendorf, are unknown; but the latter's Paris edition is there. I was pleased to find a copy of Fürst's Hebrew Concordance; but not Bruder's Greek one. None of Jahn's important books is there, neither his 'Einleitung' nor his large Archæology.' Ewald finds no place on the shelves. Even the Paris edition of Stephens's Thesaurus' is imperfectly represented; nothing after the first two volumes given by Gregory the Sixteenth is to be seen. Want of funds is alleged as the reason of the deficiency in works published since A.D. 1800, and I am not disposed to question the statement. Yet the present state of the Library may be taken as an index of the progress which Biblical studies have made in the Propaganda. I thought that the heads of the institution were alive to all movements in the theological world, that they watched German rationalism, French infidelity, and English liberalism with a steady eye, ready to confront them one and all with the old weapons of the Church; but my opinion is now altered. The works of Protestants, and even some of Roman Catholics, are simply ignored. New knowledge is suspicious or dangerous. At all events, it is useless. The Council of Trent did enough to fix the canon and the authentic text. Disappointed in my search for, libraries having modern, and especially German, books connected with the criticism and interpretation of the Bible, I was referred by a Very Rev. Monsignor, to whom I owe many thanks for his great courtesy, to the Professor of Dogmatic Theology in the Propaganda. He possesses, so I was told, the modern Biblical works I was in quest of. But though this amiable scholar has a very good private library at San Calisto, he has not German commentaries in their original language. I was pleased to find, however, that he possesses all Clark's translations, and such expensive volumes as Fürst's Hebrew Concordance and Bruder's Greek. He is also familiar with Renan, Reuss, and Colani. De Wette, Meyer, and Lücke on the New Testament he does not know. But he is the most scholarly Romanist ecclesiastic I have met with-an honest Benedictine. As soon as he saw me, he held up the volume of Horne's Introduction' which I wrote, but knew nothing of the three-volume 'Introduction to the Old Testament' which followed and superseded it. I did not expect to find in a private library all that I wanted; yet it was a pleasure to make the acquaintance of such a man, who exhibits some of the best characteristics of the Irish, not the least of which is their disposition to oblige. The Vatican is so poor in printed works that I never dreamt of seeking in it what I wanted. All that I wished to see there was the Codex Vaticanus, which I expected to find, at least in part, at the Propaganda, because of its being recently printed. Subsequently I visited Signor Cozza, who succeeded Vercellone as editor, a young man, agreeable and kindly, who promises an Isagoge, or critical introduction. Neither had he the Codex. It is, as he told me, at the Vatican, a few leaves at a time having been brought thence to the Propaganda, and carried back as soon as they were used. Thus the treasure, once precious, now much less so, is still rigidly looked after as one of the Vatican MSS. But though printed, and accurately so for the most part, there are still peculiarities and niceties which scholars who have an opportunity desire to examine for themselves. Bearing in mind several of its readings, and knowing Tischendorf's criticisms on the first volume of the fac-simile edition, it was my intention to see whether certain places have been exactly reproduced. Some spaces too in the SO There text of the Codex are not without importance. Fortified with the recommendation of one of St. John Lateran's Canons to Monsignor Martinucci, I wended my way a second time to the Vatican (for the first day I happened to go was a festa, and nobody was there that could take out a book or MS. from its locked case), in order to pore over such parts of B relating to the New Testament as concern nice points or difficult readings. Informing the Monsignor of what I had come for, he summoned to his side a reverend father, who is looked up to among the Roman ecclesiastics as a great Oriental scholar, and to whom I had a letter of introduction from a brother Jesuit in England. When asked to specify the Codex I wanted, I said B, but they did not appear to know B; I must give the number, which I did, 1209. Neither was that enough, so that I named farther Codex Vaticanus, an epithet which was recognized. Neither B nor 1209 seemed familiar to their ears; though I fondly cherished the idea that everybody who had seen a critical edition of the Greek Testament knew what B means. I was then told that the MS. had been printed, to which I answered that I knew that already, but wished to inspect the Codex itself. The use of the MS. was bluntly refused, because it is in leaves, not bound. Such was the excuse alleged by the Jesuit father. In some little conversation with him immediately after, when he said I had published an 'Introduction to the Old Testament,' he began to decry the similar Introductions of his countrymen, which were all "antiquated and rationalistic." was no good in them. On my remarking that Eichhorn had done good service, the father did not at all agree; and when I mentioned that even Roman Catholics had some rationalism in their works on the Old Testament, instancing Jahn and Movers, he affirmed that they were not at all good Catholics, and were not held in repute. I knew, however, that these men were scholars, and had done good service to the cause of Biblical literature, more so than any two Jesuit writers that can be named. Thinking it a curious way of proceeding for one to attack my book on the Old Testament, which he had not read, through German scholars, his own countrymen too, but most of them unfortunately Protestants, like myself, I took my leave of the Vatican Library, declining to look at the MS. through a glass case, which I was told I could do, and also to confer with Signor Cozzi about it. The same obstructive policy in relation to this MS., which was followed toward my dear friend Tischendorf, and to others before him, is still practised. How Von Tischendorf was treated he has himself narrated. He was thwarted and stopped in his work. Yet he was the means after all of bringing about the present fac-simile edition of the Codex, lending the Propaganda the types used for the great Sinaitic Codex. It is not my province to inquire why Jesuit influence prevails in the Vatican Library, or why a father of that order should commence, without provocation, an indirect attack on a foreign scholar, to whom he was personally recommended. But it is praise rather than blame, in my estimation, to be classed with the German authors of Introductions who have done so much for the elucidation of the Old Testament, even though they be styled Rationalists. It is not too much to say that they have done more for the right interpretation of the Biblical books than all the disciples of Ignatius Loyola. Indeed, it is impossible to name a single commentator of excellence on the Bible belonging to the Society of Jesus. Cornelius a Lapide wrote on the whole Scriptures, but nobody now thinks of looking at what he said, except such as live in the past. Having undertaken too much, he failed. Though he lived after Calvin, he was far inferior to him in exposition. And as to Bellarmine, he was a poor Hebrew and Greek scholar. His explanation of the Psalms possesses no value; and his 'Institutiones Linguæ Hebraica' is a meagre compilation, "ex optimo quoque auctore collectæ," as the title-page states. No Jesuit has produced either a good Introduction to the Scriptures or a good commentary. In both departments German Protestants are masters. The plain fact is palpable, however much the Jesuits may thank God they are not like those Rationalists. I have instanced the two most prominent names among Jesuit theological authors, Cornelius a Lapide and Bellarmine, because they would probably be adduced first, by the members of the same order, as examples of celebrated expositors belonging to the Society of Jesus. In Rome just now, the Jesuits, as far as I can learn, are in little esteem. The Government has borne hard upon them, having appropriated some of their possessions. Driven from the Collegio Romano, they have lost the library there, which is said to contain many works on the Scriptures. The royal seal is now upon it. It is time that the Vatican Library, too, should be converted into national property, as it was declared to be in a debate of the Italian Parliament. It needs to be made accessible with ease to all who wish to consult its books or MSS. There is no catalogue of the printed books, and only some of the MSS. have been described in print. Few know what it contains, for the treasures in it are like prisoners secured by lock. Perhaps it will be the duty ere long of the Government to take formal possession. The best scholars in Italy, however, must first be employed to examine and catalogue the treasures, which will be no light task. With the help of the Germans, probably, they are able for it. I should be glad to see that distinguished scholar, Prof. Amari, employed upon the Arabic MSS. and books, and other learned Italians upon Sanskrit productions. From all that I have heard and seen, I am persuaded that every intelligent Italian would hail the opening of the Vatican; while foreigners, especially those who have found the obstructive measures of those connected with its management a barrier to their use of it, would welcome the event. Too long have suspicion and jealousy pervaded the counsels of its officials, to the detriment of learning. I understand that the late Minister who had charge of this nation's public instruction, had a scheme by which the city would have been largely benefited. It was in contemplation to make out of all the existing public libraries two or three, each having books of one class. For example, one might be devoted to law, another to philosophy, another to theology, &c. Different quarters of Rome were to have these establishments. The scheme was a good one, but would have required time for execution. It showed that one member at least of the Italian Government was alive to its best interests, and that the country is on the road to advancement. When the rulers of a people are concerned about education, and promote it by inaugurating important reforms, they deserve the warmest praise. Italian unity will be strengthened by Italian education, the secular education of the people at large, leaving clerics to wrangle about their peculiar dogmas, but checking all attempt on their part to prejudice the widest toleration, or to monopolize libraries. The common weal demands the largest freedom compatible with justice. Perhaps it would be better to weed all the existing libraries of worthless works, leaving the remainder as the nucleus of one. The produce of the old books would get new ones, and then a considerable sum should be voted out of the national revenue to make a library adequate to the wants of the age. An extensive central depository of literature might be most convenient for readers in general. While I write, I regret to see that Scialoia has ceased to be Minister of Public Instruction, and that the post is vacant. Changes of ministers, when they have learned the duties of their office, and are desirous of fulfilling them honourably, are undesirable. It may be that the Roman ecclesiastics are superior to Englishmen in their knowledge of Latin, and ability to write it well, but I have doubts even of this, though I have been otherwise instructed. When Dr. Newman was here, his Latin is said to have been stiff. Doubtless, practice gives greater facility in the use of Latin to these Roman priests, who are necessarily familiar with it in a degree next to that of their native tongue. But I do not find their written specimens of Latin always classical or excellent. Some of them are awkward enough. In St. Peter's, the centre of Romanism, I observed on the wall a tablet with an inscription beginning, "ad augendam rei divinæ religionem et ornandam principis," &c., which would make Cicero stare. In knowledge of Greek, the ecclesiastics here are confessedly inferior. The Vatican borrows men from England and Scotland to prepare the texts of Greek MSS. for such as intend to publish books requiring a superior acquaintance with that tongue. In this respect Cardinal librarians themselves show a wise condescension. I cannot conclude these remarks without saying that I have met with great kindness at Rome among the ecclesiastics. My access to libraries was easy and unimpeded. I was allowed to see the Propaganda Library, and might have used any of the books there. The way to the Holy Father himself was smoothed for me by men who had never seen me before. In the Vatican alone was I stopped, receiving the same sort of treatment as others experienced before me. Whether the policy of incivility is to prevail there long rests with the Italian Government. But it is plain that the example of the British Museum has had no influence even upon men who availed themselves of its MSS. without impediment, or rather with the kind help of scholars connected with that noble institution. S. D. as GREENE'S YOUNG JUVENAL. My good friend, Dr. Ingleby, has unintentionally attributed to my observations on the identity of Nash with the "byting satirist" and the offended play-maker a positiveness which they were not intended to convey. I merely said that, to my mind, the probabilities were much in favour of Nash being the individual represented by Greene 66 young Juvenall"; adding, that if it be established he was that person, we might reasonably presume him to have been "the other" alluded to by Chettle. I am still of that opinion, in spite of my friendly critic's objections to it. The question whether Lodge or Nash is the more likely to have been addressed as "young Juvenall" is much more difficult to determine than Dr. Ingleby appears to believe. I am, of course, aware of the "clue" he mentions, and have been any time these five-and-thirty years, but I no longer attach great importance to that clue. It strikes me as in the highest degree improbable that A Looking-Glass for London and England' was Greene's last comedy. That piece was first played, so far as we know, early in 1591; and Greene's memorable admonition to his brother play-wrights was written late in 1592. Is it likely that so copious, so versatile and rapid a writer, who depended on his pen for bread, should for eighteen months have written nothing, however ephemeral, for the stage? To infer, because no dramatic piece written by him of a later date than 1591 is known, he produced none, is a great mistake. We know that many writings of his friend and contemporary, Peele, were destroyed in the great fire of London; and it has been conjectured, with much probability, that many of Greene's shared the same fate at the same time. His best editor, Mr. Dyce, tells us:-"Only five dramas, the undoubted works of Greene, have come down to posterity. But it is plain that, during the series of years when he was a regular writer for the stage, he must have produced a much greater number of plays; in all probability many of them were never published, and, perhaps, of some which were really printed not a single copy has escaped destruction." We must bear in mind, too, that plays of a light and satirical description were as plentiful as blackberries at that period. Every topic of popular interest and every individual of popular dislike were exhibited upon the stage, when practicable, regardless of decorum. "Better anger an hundred others than two such as have the stage at commandment," says Gabriel Harvey. Of such "comedies," owing to their too truculent invective, scores were every year pro hibited from being played at all, and, perhaps, not more than one in a hundred that appeared upon the stage was ever printed. Besides all this, we have the testimony of Greene himself in the very letter under consideration, that up to the time of his last illness, only a month before his death, "those burs," the actors, had clung to him, and then, in his misery, had deserted him, clearly proving that his connexion with the theatres continued almost to the last. If, then, Greene did write pieces for the stage after the production of A Looking-Glass,' &c., what is more probable than that his young and brilliant "fellow-writer," Nash, assisted him in one or more of them? In other respects, the evidence, such as it is, all leans to the side of Nash, as a very few words will show. Greene's address is manifestly to young man, which Nash then was. It is manifestly to an intimate companion, which Nash appears to have been up almost to the time of the miserable man's last illness. "As Archesilaus Prytaneus," says Meres, "perished by wine at a drunken feast, as Hermippus testifieth, in Diogenes, so Robert Greene died of a surfet taken at pickeld herrings and Rhenish wine, as witnesseth Thomas Nash, who was at the Fatall banquet."-"Palladis Tamia,' 1598, fol. 286. It is evidently to one notorious for the bitterness of his satirical powers, which Nash was, beyond any writer of the time. On the other hand: firstly, Lodge, in 1592, was not what in those days people called a young man. There is some uncertainty about his age, but he could not have been less than thirty-four or thirtyfive years old. Secondly, he could not have been at that time a boon companion of Greene, or dependent in any way on the players for support. He started with Capt. Clarke on a long voyage in 1587; and on the 26th of August, 1591, he left England on a still more distant one with the famous circumnavigator, Sir Thomas Cavendish, from which he is said not to have returned before 1593. The improbability of Greene addressing an admonition of the kind to a man whom he had not seen for such a length of time is too evident to need enforcing. Thirdly, we have no proof whatever that Lodge made himself obnoxious by the severity of his writings. 'A Fig for Momus' is the only production of his which can properly be termed satirical, but that, compared with the scurrilous pamphlets of Nash, is as mild as milk. Besides, A Fig for Momus' was not published before 1594. There is another circumstance in relation to this question, which has not hitherto been noticed, but which appears to me to strengthen considerably the probability of Nash, rather than Lodge, being Greene's "sweet boy." In the very pamphlet, 'Kind-Harts Dreame,' wherein Chettle tells of the trouble Greene's letter to divers play-makers had brought upon him, he introduces a supposititious epistle of Greene to Nash; the inspiration of which appears to be unmistakably derived from the admonitory address in the 'Groatsworth of Wit.' This epistle is too long to give here, but the following extracts can hardly fail to show a resemblance between the two :-"For my revenge, it suffices that every half-eyed humanitian may account it, instar belluarum immanissimarum sævire in cadaver. For the injury offred thee, I know I need not bring oyle to thy fire. And albeit, I would disswade thee from more invectives against such thy adversaries (for peace is now all my plea), yet I know thou wilt return answere that since thou receivedst the first wrong, Awake, thou wilt not endure the last." secure boy, revenge thy wrongs, remember mine, &c." Upon the second question, who was "the other" of Chettle, as Dr. Ingleby pledges himself to establish that he was not Thomas Nash, I forbear to say more than that the fact of Lodge being at sea during the whole of 1592 renders it, apparently, impossible for him to have been "the other," since he could never have heard of Greene's letter at the time when Chettle made the statement prefixed to 'Kind-Harts Dreame.' ... H. STAUNTON. MISSALE AD USUM SARUM AND WILLIAM CAXTON. 11, Abchurch Lane. By the courtesy of Mr. Rye, Keeper of the Printed Books, British Museum, I am enabled to send you an account of a most interesting volume at present under his care, but belonging to W. J. Legh, Esq., M.P. The book is entirely unknown to bibliographers, and is in folio, double column, black letter. It is noteworthy in two aspects :1. It is the earliest known impression of the Salisbury Missal, and has a plain colophon, dated December 4, 1487, which is about five years earlier than the celebrated Rouen edition, dated October 1, 1492, hitherto looked upon as the editio princeps. : In the Hereford Missal, printed at Rouen in 1502, they appear in print as follows:"IN vnderfyngeye N for my wedded wyffor beter for worse for richer for porer yn sekenes & yn helye tyl dey us dep'te as holy churche hay ordeyned & yerto y plyzth ye my trowye." "I N underfynge ye N for my wedded housbunde for betere for worse for richer for porer yn sekenes & yn helye. to be boxum to ye tyl dey us dep'te as holy churche hay ordeyned. & yerto Y plyzt ye my trowye." "Wyy yys ryng y ye wedde. and yys gold i seluer ych ye zeue. and wy myne body ych ye honoure." NOTES FROM BERLIN. "O FORTUNATE adulescens, qui tuæ virtutis Homerum præconem inveneris." von 2. It gives a new fact in the typographical history of England's prototypographer, William Caxton, having been printed for him at Paris by William Maynyal, to whom Caxton must have lent his large device, which appears prominently Such is the somewhat artificial yet well-grounded at the end of the volume. That Caxton's successors compliment Alexander is said to have paid to employed foreign printers to assist them is well | Achilles; and in truth, if, as Schiller says, known; but it was not suspected until now that den Erdengütern allen der Ruhm das höchste ist," Caxton had initiated the custom. From May, the hero without the rates sacer would lose the 1487, the date of "The Book of Good Manners,' best part of earthly advantages. Only the poet to May, 1489, when Caxton finished 'The Doc- and the artist give the full, the highest expression trinal of Sapience,' nothing is known to have to great deeds. The words of the one, the works issued from the press at Westminster. Was it of the other, bequeath to after-generations unbecause at this time Caxton was employed abroad tarnished the picture of a great past. "Of course and, among other things, passed through the press it was so," says Mr. Dryasdust, "in those old times, this very Missal? The following is the colophon: but now-a-days, now-a-days, when we have a "Missale ad vsum Sarum cunctitenentis dei dono/ thousand voices to wake the echo in the marble magno conamine elaboratum finit feliciter. Exa- halls of Fame, and keep it awake into the bargain, ratum Parisius (sic) impensa optimi viri Guillermi-now-a-days, in the age of telegrams, newspapers, Caxton. Arte vero et industria Magistri Guillermi illustrated journals, and 'own' correspondents, what Maynyal. Anno domini M.cccc.lxxxvii., iiij is the use of the poet, the singer, or the artist? Decembris." They have been superseded, thrust aside, stowed in the lumber-room, like the mail-coaches. Just ask Bismarck. He will tell you what he thinks of journalists: People who have mistaken their vocation, my dear sir: nothing but that'; and I believe, if the great Chancellor were once really to unbosom himself, we should learn that, in his heart of hearts, he has no better opinion of poets, artists, and hoc genus omne, Shakspeare alone, of course, excepted, because to him he owes his best quotations. Facts, sir, facts. All else is more Very little is known of William Maynyal, the Parisian printer. In 1480, working in conjunction with Ulric Gering, he printed, in small 4to., 'Speculum aureum,' as well as 'Summa de virtutibus cardinalibus,' folio, both in Roman types. Panzer erroneously styles him George Maynyal. Caxton issued more works connected with the Church than is generally supposed, as some interesting discoveries just made prove, the particulars of which from the pen of another correspondent will, I hope, be published shortly in the pages of the Athenæum. WILLIAM BLADES. P.S. The following extracts are interesting :From the Sarum Missal, Paris, 1487. "I N. take the N. to my wyfe to have & to hold from yt tyme forth for bett'r for wers for fayrer for fowler for ric'r for por'r ye to love & w'rshypp & kepe i sekenes & i helth tyll deth us dep'te yf holy chyrch will suffr' &c." "IN. take the N. to my weddyt husbond to have & to hold from this tyme forth for bett'r for wers for fayr'r for fowler for richer for porer i sekenes & helth to be obedient & buxom at bed & at borde till deth us dep'te & yf holy chirch will suffr' &c." "Wt. this ryng I the wedde & this gold & sylu I the gyffe & wt my body I the wurshyppe & wt all my worldly [obliterated] I the indow &c." The above are from the ceremony of Espousals, and are not printed like the rest of the volume, but inserted in MS., space being left for the purpose, by a contemporary hand, perhaps because the printer did not understand English. In the Rouen Sarum Missal, 1492, hitherto considered the first edition, the corresponding forms are left blank. They are, however, printed in the Sarum Missal, 1497 (on vellum in B. M.), as follows:"I N. take the N. to my weddid wyfe to have and to hold fro this day forward for bettir for wurs for richer for porer, yn syknys ad yn helth till deth us depart yf holi chirch wult it ordeyn ad therto y plicht the mi trowth." "IN take the N tho my weddid husbond to have & to hold fro thys day forward for bitt. for wurse for richer. for porer. yn syknys and yn helth to be boner ad buxsom yn bed ad at bord till deth us dep't. if. holi church it wul ordeyn an ther to y plicht the my trowth." 66 Wythys ring y the wed and wyth my body. y. te honowr. and with all my gold y the endowe &c." or less nonsense." This opinion was not shared by the thousands who, on the 16th of June, 1871, and the following days, stood in crowds from morning to night "unter den Linden," past which the EmperorKing, at the head of his victorious army, made his entry into the capital, in front of a large picture which, as a velarium, adorned the via triumphalis. It was one ornament among many. There were, too, the improvised statues of heroic size of Germany and Borussia, the busts and the portraits of the King and his paladins; and there hung in the via triumphalis four or five more velaria quite as large. Yet why did the crowd press to gaze at this one, even after they were tired of sight-seeing, as in Catholic towns one sees the crowd throng to a single shrine which contains the miracle-working bones of some martyr or other? There was, indeed, something miraculous in this picture. It showed the deeply-stirred spirit of the people a reflection of their feelings, what shape they had assumed at that eventful moment, when the news came to Berlin, and sped through the land to the last house with lightning speed: "War is declared." A wonderful moment, which only those who lived through it, not those who were conscious of the quiet security of their neutrality, but those who, in their own persons, felt the anger and rage the news excited, saw the excited looks of the thousands who hung round the grey-haired king, when, on that hot July evening, he returned from Ems simultaneously with the news of the war, and who heard the shouts of thousands upon thousands who offered the monarch their fortunes and lives for the most righteous of all wars. One who has lived through all this might hope to be able to reproduce and depict in a poem, or a picture, what he saw and felt, at least so that our descendants may be able to say, "So it was so it must have been." The picture I am speaking of did this. What What was was it? What did it represent? the scene? Hic et ubique. Upon earth, among Upon earth, whose truest sons the clouds. are these mighty warriors, who, eager for the fight, throw themselves upon a foe who recoils before their weighty blows; in the clouds, upon which, drawn by two white horses, a chariot comes thundering along, which, strong as it is, seems scarcely able to bear the female figures, whose eyes have but one expression, whose swords and lances all point one way-after the eagle which flies, in front of the war-car, into the darkest clouds, strikes with its talons the Gallic cock and strips it of its plumage. That these words are quite inadequate to describe the picture, I am fully conscious, even when I look at the large photograph that lies upon my desk before me; and I feel so still more when I think of the huge original and its splendid colouring, on which the rays of the July sun fell. Who could describe it: how the wind curls the manes of the white steeds; how, with dilated nostrils, the horses scent the carnage of the battle-fields; and how the two naked youths who ride the white horses draw their swords, so that we seem only to see the lightning flashes which burst from the black clouds? And then the fight below of the German Landwehr against the Turco and the Guard; a pair of figures, and yet one seems to see a whole battle; indeed, much more than that; in fact, the spirit of those great days is brought before us in the stalwart rider, and we behold in him our Crown Prince leading his followers to the holy fight. This was the feeling of all who saw the picture. Who was the fortunate painter who could conceive this great design, and could address his countrymen in language that found an echo in the hearts of the educated as well as in those of the poorest? His name had never been heard before by the thousands who gazed on his work, and all felt that they could never forget it-Anton von Werner. Who was Anton von Werner? People inquired of those who know ex officio what goes on in the world of Art, and learned what I will proceed to tell you. Anton von Werner was born on the 9th of May, 1843, at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, and so is now at the enviable age of thirty-one. When seventeen years of age, he repaired to the Berlin Academy, then, and, I am sorry to say, now, in a deplorable state, and by no means fitted to be an Alma Mater to a child who needed such strong food as Werner. So he gladly accepted an invitation to Carlsruhe, which came from Prof. Ad. Schroeder. Schroeder, who is best known by his pleasant Don Quixote pictures, had rightly recognized great talents in the youth, and wished to train up a worthy pupil. The pupil has surpassed the master: that is the world's way. "Dem grossen Talent folget ein grösserer nach." But the master has not taken it amiss. He remains his pupil's friend, and has given him his eldest daughter in marriage. But that was ten years later. At the time I am speaking of, the youth had other things to think of. He had to study zealously in the studio of Schroeder and other masters, such as F. Lessing and Hans Gude, and to educate himself by friendly intercourse with celebrated writers, such as Scheffel, the illustration of whose works was one of the first tasks the pupil undertook when he was becoming a master himself. But larger pictures also followed. A 'Luther before Cajetan' (1865), Conradin of Hohenstaufen and Friederich of Baden hearing the Sentence of Death '(1866), with figures life-size. I have not seen these pictures, but they cannot be bad: Genius does nothing ill; and they are, probably, good, for with them the young artist won the Michael Beer prize for historical painting, and thereby the means of going to France and Italy to continue his studies, of furnishing still further illustrations to the works of his friend (among them the celebrated 'Trompeter von Säckingen), and of painting a large pic beɓre the Diet of Worms,' and 'The National Uprising of 1813.' There is a beautiful old German proverb, "Gott füht seine Heiligen wunderbar." And is it not wonderful that at that time such subjects occupied the artist, whom our nation has chosen as the painer of its greatest deeds? and does it not also seem a providential arrangement that the Prince, at whose court the young artist was a welcome guest, the Grand-Duke of Baden, should be the brother-in-law of the man whom the eyes of his people followed with fear and joy amid the smoke of Wirth and Sedan, and who, when he lay with his army before Paris, invited to his head-quarters the young painter, whom his brother-in-law had warmly recommended to him? There Anton von Werner stayed till the 7th of May, 1871, and we know now where he caught the inspiration which showed itself so powerfully in the great picture of the velarium. Since that day, the 16th of June, 1871, the name of Werner has been held in grateful remembrance by the nation; and when, two years later, it was a question who should execute the great fresco in the Hall of the Triumphal column in the Königsplatz, every one, from the Emperor downwards, agreed that Werner was the man. You know the history of the monument, which has grown to its present significance, like a young man to his father's clothes. The column was originally to be a memorial of the Sleswick-Holstein war, which we waged along with Austria; then it was to celebrate, also, the victories which we won over that very Austria two years after; and finally, the triumphs of the war of 1870, which silenced the echoes of the cannon of Düppel and Königsgratz as the roar of the lion does the yelps of the smaller animals in the menagerie. Whether it be owing to the wearisome length of time during which people have entertained the idea of this monument, or its complicated and confused origin, it has not turned out a work of art such as the countrymen of Schinkel, Cornelius, and Rauch, have a right to claim. Be that as it may, the inner wall of the round hall, supported by sixteen pillars, which is built upon the granite foundation, is to be adorned with a picture which will again bring the "Siegesspargel" into repute, and will form an object of pilgrimage for the patriotic multitude. This picture is 'The Struggle with France for German Unity.' I have been obliged to forego an exact description of the velarium, which consisted of a dozenand-a-half figures upon a proportionately small canvas. How can I attempt to describe a work which occupies more than a thousand square feet, and contains I do not know how many figures, yet not so many as one would expect? The wonderful thing about Werner is, that by means of a bold symbolism he tells us more through a pair of figures than others in whole pictures. He is thoroughly acquainted with the great secret of the great masters to give only "representative men," and, of course, also women. In this gigantic picture we have a figure of Germany, rising in a threatening attitude on this side of the Rhine, while on the bank a fisherman is anxiously drawing his nets. From the clouds on the other side floats a pale figure of the Cæsars, who has in his train Pestilence, Famine, and Death. From this side rush the German youth on foot and on horseback; in front is a figure that can be no other than the bold cavalry leader, Prince Friederich Karl. In the next scene the Rhine is gone. On the battle-field, among corpses and ruins, North and South Germany shake hands in token of brotherly union, under the guise of two men on horseback, of whom one is our Fritz," and the other the Bavarian General, Von Hartmann. Next we are in the palace of Versailles, indicated by two columns. The German Princes and the Paladins of the Empire, Bismarck, Moltke, &c., salute Wilhelm I. as German Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871, exactly 170 years after Friederich I. made himself King of Prussia. Old Barbarossa wakes in his Kyffhäuser, and the ravens, which for centuries have hung round the hill, fly away. Some have objected to this introduction of sym list. bolical and allegorical incidents; but I maintain THE Monthly Lists of Parliamentary Papers, that the artist has happily avoided the dangers issued during the months of January and which really do beset this mode of proceeding. February, 1874, have reached us together. Allegory is only dangerous to those who have no other mode of expression; but one who, like Von They are, naturally, of meagre dimensions, Werner, has completely at his disposal all modes containing, together, eighteen Reports and of expression, may, without hesitation, have recourse Papers, and twelve Papers by Command. to allegory. Werner has long ago shown what he is Lists of the valuable Commercial and Trade capable of doing as a realist. His magnificent por- Reports, by H.M. Secretaries of Embassy and trait, Moltke in his Study at Versailles,' brings be-Legation, and by H.M. Consuls, published during fore us the man of silence as he is; and in his 'Moltke the year 1873, are subjoined to the January on Horseback with his Staff Reconnoitering Paris,' in which the cheering artillerymen and the mud which falls in clumps from the gun-carriages are enough to satisfy the most exacting realist. Finally, there is the painting at which I had a glance in the studio of the artist, and which occupied a whole of one side of the room, another representation of the scene at Versailles, without Barbarossa and the ravens, and other allegorico-symbolical apparatus; but instead, we have the stately figure of our grey-haired Emperor, who, from too great modesty, makes way, in the picture on the monument of Victory, for Borussia. This last work the German Princes present to the Emperor, and it will be placed in the White Hall of the palace,-the same hall in which the first German Reichstag was opened. So Emperor, Princes, and people have unanimously chosen Von Werner as the herald of their glorious deeds, and the Muse of History will not veto the election, but will, on her side, inscribe his name on the tablets of fame. When I think of this, I may apply the adage of antiquity, "Oh fortunate youth, who hast found such Homeric deeds on which to display thy genius." FRIEDERICH SPIELHAGEN. Literary Gossip. MR. WINWOOD READE, who, as the special correspondent of the Times, had opportunities of seeing the whole operations of the Ashantee War, is writing a complete account of the Campaign. It will be published by Messrs. Smith, Elder & Co. OUR Scotch readers will be glad to learn that the second series of Lord Cockburn's Memorials,' which we mentioned some time ago, will appear in a week or two. In the new volume, Lord Cockburn adopts the "NonIntrusion" view of the ten years' conflict which ended in the "Disruption." The "Moderate" lawyers (Judges and counsel) are, we hear, severely treated. Lord Cockburn, when Solicitor-General, gave it as his opinion that the Veto Act was not beyond the power of the Church of Scotland. A DEPUTATION from the Council of the Royal Geographical Society waited upon Lord Derby at the Foreign Office last Monday, to ask the Government to contribute towards the defraying of the remaining liabilities of Dr. Livingstone's last expedition, and of the Search Expedition under Cameron, which is now putting its finishing touch to its work, by a journey to Ujiji-to recover the remainder of Livingstone's papers. At present the Government have undertaken only to defray the expenditure attendant on the conveyance home of Livingstone's body. Fears are entertained, we may add, that Lord Derby's instructions may have arrived too late to prevent the dispersion of the deceased traveller's followers. WE learn that M. Alexandre Dumas contemplates collecting Mdlle. Aimée Desclée's letters, and publishing them with a Preface and a portrait of the unfortunate artiste. All those who knew her, will remember how gifted she was with wit in conversation and letterwriting. The Reports contain matter of more than usual gravity and value, and their appearance is some indication of the programme of the late Ministers for the Session of 1874. There is a return of the Receipts and Expenditure of Local Authorities, accompanied by a return showing the dates to which such amounts are made up, by whom they are audited, &c. There are returns of Local Taxation in England and Wales, for 1871-72; return of the Treasury grants in aid of Local Taxation in 1843, 1853, 1863, and 1873; and returns as to Poor Rate and Pauperism. Some of the points that excited no little contention during the Session of 1873 are recalled to mind by the list. There is a return of the number of Prisoners on Summary Commitment, for each year from 1868 to 1872 inclusive, which is significantly accompanied by a return of all Clerks in Holy Orders in the Commission of the Peace in any County in England or Wales. There is also a return of Formal or Official Enquiries on Wrecks, Casualties, and Collisions between the 1st day of January, 1856, and the 31st day of December, 1872. The words, "by Sea," are not added, but must, of course, be understood. MR. W. R. S. RALSTON is preparing for the Press the lectures on Early Russian History which he lately delivered at Oxford. MR. ROSS NEIL has a new volume of plays in the press, to be published shortly by Messrs. Ellis & White. Mr. Philip Bourke Marston, of whose first venture also we were able to speak in favourable terms about three years ago, is going to bring out a second volume of poems. WE hear that on the day of the entry of the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh into London the British Museum was open to the public, when, in spite of the show, perhaps also in consequence of the inclemency of the weather, as many as three hundred persons found their way to the Reading-Room. MRS. MACQUOID, author of 'Miriam's Marriage,' 'Patty,' and other novels, has in the press a work on Normandy, Historical and Descriptive, with numerous illustrations by the writer's husband, Mr. T. R. Macquoid. SIR W. STIRLING - MAXWELL, Bart., has been at the expense of reproducing, in facsimile, a series of woodcuts, done from drawings made at Constantinople early in the sixteenth century. The title of this work is "The Turks in 1533. A series of drawings made in that year at Constantinople by Peter Coeck, of Aelst, and published from woodblocks by his widow at Antwerp in 1553; reproduced in fac-simile, with an Introduction by Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, Bart." Only 100 copies of this reproduction have been printed, the fac-similes being lithographed from a perfect copy in the Print-Room in the British Museum. Sir William tells us that this is The title the only perfect copy he has seen. |