ВІСKERS & SON'S LIST OF STANDARD AND POPULAR MODERN BOOKS. NEW LIBRARY EDITIONS OF STANDARD AUTHORS. In the press, will be ready shortly, in 9 vols. medium 8vo. 51. 58. The WORKS of BEN JONSON. With Notes, Critical and Explanatory, and a Biographical Memoir, by W. GIFFORD, Esq. *** This will be a faithful reprint of the now very scarce edition issued in 1816, so ably edited by William Gifford, and will contain all the Critical and Explanatory Notes and Biographical Memoir of that most accomplished Commentator. It will range in size and appearance with Pickering's famous Reprints of Spenser, Milton, &c.-the type and ornaments heading each Play being in the modern antique style, executed at the Chiswick Press by Messrs. Whittingham & Wilkins. The Chiswick Press Reprints of Standard Authors. SPENSER'S COMPLETE WORKS. With Life, Notes, and Glossary, by JOHN PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., F.S.A. 5 vols. medium 8vo. published at 32. 158. HERBERT'S POEMS and REMAINS. With S. T. COLERIDGE'S Notes and Life by IZAAK WALTON. Revised, with Additional Notes, by Mr. J. YEOWELL. 2 vols. published at 218. BISHOP BUTLER'S ANALOGY of RELIGION. With Analytical Index. By the Rev. EDWARD STEERE, LL.D. Published at 128. BISHOP JEREMY TAYLOR'S RULE and EXERCISE of HOLY LIVING and DYING. 2 vols. medium 8vo. published at 218. BISHOP JEREMY TAYLOR'S The WORTHY COMMUNICANT. A Discourse of the Nature, Effects, and Blessings consequent to the Worthy receiving of the Lord's Supper. Pickering, 1853. Medium 8vo. published at 108. 6d. MILTON'S WORKS in PROSE and Verse. Edited by the Rev. J. MITFORD. 8 vols. medium 8νο. published at 51. 58. ***Only 20 copies remain unsold. No Handsomer Library Books have ever issued from the Press. BICKERS & SON, Leicester-square, W.C. EARLY IN APRIL, THE AUCHINLECK BOSWELL'S JOHNSON. BOSWELL'S LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON. WITH A TOUR TO THE HEBRIDES. A Reprint of the first Quarto Edition; the Text carefully Collated and Restored, all Variations marked, and the New Notes embodying the Latest Information. The whole Edited by PERCY FITZGERALD, M.A. F.S.A. 3 vols. demy 8vo. cloth, 278. From the Athenæum of March 28th. "Mr. Percy Fitzgerald is editing a new edition, in three volumes, of Boswell's 'Life of Dr. Johnson.' Boswell issued two editions of his book, the first in 1791, the second in 1793. At his death, when the preparation of a third edition had just begun, Malone took up the task, and under his supervision no less than four editions were issued. The sixth, or fourth from the author's death, was issued in 1811, and was the last superintended by Malone, who died in that year. From the date of his death this edition remained the standard one, until the year 1831, when it was supplanted by Croker's edition in five volumes, which under various forms has held its place until the present moment. Malone's and Croker's are substantially the groundwork upon which all succeeding editors have worked. Malone seriously exceeded the privileges of his literary exeсиtorship in converting notes into text and vice versd, in shifting the place of notes, and 'revising' the text itself. These changes were not very material as to substance, but still such a mode of 'settling the text,' as it was called, pursued through a whole series of editions, could only result in a serious departure from the original. Malone, indeed, announced in his advertisements, that 'every new remark, not written by the author,' together with 'the letters now introduced, are carefully included within crotchets, that the author may not be answerable for anything which has not the sanction of his approbation.' This system, however, has long since been abandoned, and in the modern editions we find the author jostling with a crowd of intruders-Croker, Malone, Blakeway, Kearney-his annotations being also labelled with his own name, as though he had been introduced, like them. Even the decency of 'enclosing between crotchets' had been dropped. Croker's performance was nearly unique in the annals of editing. Not only did he make interpolations in the text on a vast scale, but he overloaded the whole with elaborate notes. Obscure allusions explained, biographies furnished, blanks filled up, mistakes corrected, opinions, either of Boswell or of Johnson, refuted in controversial style, contemporary authors largely quoted, and political opinions and prejudices duly ventilated -these were but a tithe of the Crokerian contribution. This extraordinary treatment of an author was long ago exposed by Mr. Carlyle. Croker admitted his mistake, and in a later edition withdrew the bulk of the intruded matter. Yet he could not bring himself to sacrifice the whole of the foreign element; and the work still includes masses of Thrale and other letters, diaries, and the like. But he did not stop there, and a diligent examination warrants us in saying that he has tampered with the text. Letters have been transposed, and shifted here and there, on account of some assumed inconsistency; dates have been altered, notes re-written, cut up, and distributed, or altogether omitted; while, with an overstrained delicacy, adjectives, of a somewhat coarse flavour, have been struck out, and others substituted. In this new edition, the reader will have the original text of Boswell's first edition exactly as it was printed, with the old spelling, punctuation, paragraphs, &c. Text, notes, and alterations will now, for the first time, be given complete, distinct, and fenced off, as it were, from such notes and illustrations as are supplied from other sources. Many of these additions are from original MS., and a large portion have never made their appearance in any edition of Boswell's 'Johnson." BICKERS & SON, Leicester-square, W.C. NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS. JUST PUBLISHED, Fourth Edition, enlarged to 1,000 pages, with most important Additions, royal 8vo. cloth, 428. MARKS and MONOGRAMS on POTTERY and PORCELAIN. With Historical Notices of each Manufactory. By WILLIAM CHAFFERS, Author of 'The Keramic Gallery, Hall Marks on Plate, &c. Fourth Edition, containing a vast amount of additional Information on the Foreign Potteries, and a general Revision of the Work, as well as important Historical Accounts of the principal Potteries of Europe and Asia, from the Earliest Times to the Present. The Staffordshire and other English Manufactories have been more fully described; and in connexion with the subject generally, the Author's aim has been to ascertain correctly Facts, Names, and Dates. The number of Potter's Marks and Illustrations are in this Edition increased to 3,000, many of which are hitherto unpublished. IN A FEW DAYS, The COLLECTOR'S HANDBOOK of MARKS and MONOGRAMS on POTTERY and PORCELAIN of the RENAISSANCE and MODERN PERIODS. Selected from the above Work. By WILLIAM CHAFFERS. 1 vol crown 8vo. 68. *** This will form a most complete and comprehensive Guide to the knowledge of all the varieties of the Keramic Art, a veritable multum in parvo. IN THE PRESS, COUNTY EDUCATION: a Contribution of Experiments, Estimates, and Suggestions. By the Rev. J. L BRERETON, Prebendary of Exeter. 1 vol. demy 8vo. cloth. READY THIS DAY, "The BOYDELL SHAKESPEARE." COWDEN CLARKE'S EDITION of SHAKESPEARE, Complete, with Life and Glossary. 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"These letters, the work of a pure and devout spirit, deserve to find many readers. They are greatly superior to the average of what is called religious literature."-Athenœum. TERESINA PEREGRINA; or, Fifty LIFE of the Rt. Hon. SPENCER PER Thousand Miles of Travel Round the World. By THERESA YELVERTON, Lady AVONMORE. 2 vols. post 8vo. 218. Including Visits to Salt Lake and the Yosemité Valley, the Sandwich Islands, China and Siam, the Straits Settlements, Sarawak, the Indian Archipelago, Ceylon, India, &c. "As we have observed already, the authoress is an adventurous and indefatigable traveller, and saw sufficient in the course of her wanderings to furnish material for a dozen ordinary books of travel. In the general scheme of her volumes, she sets a praiseworthy example to nose merciless writers who reprint their prosy diaries verbatim. She skips all commonplace bits of journeying from place to place, and only dwells upon the scenes that were best worth describing. quite out of the beaten track, and has much to tell that is ew, and her volumes make lively reading."-Pall Mall Gazette. She went fresh and of The LIFE and LABOURS ALBANY FONBLANQUE. Including his Contributions to the Examiner. Edited by his Nephew, E. B. DE FONBLANQUE. 8vo. 168. "In conclusion. we have, perhaps, said enough to convince our readers that Lord Lytton scarcely exaggerated when he compared Fonblanque with Swift, and we are sure the contents of this volume will be read again and again by those who appreciate wit and wisdom. As for journalists and political writers, they can scarcely find a more brilliant model in close and vigorous reasoning, terse and lucid expression, and an almost unrivalled wealth of apposite illustration." Times. CEVAL. Including his Correspondence with numerous Distinguished Persons. By HIS GRANDSON, SPENCER WALPOLE. 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, 30s. LODGE'S PEERAGE and BARONET- The HEART of AFRICA; or, Three Years' Travels and Adventures in the Unexplored Regions of the Centre of Africa. By Dr. GEORGE SCHWEINFURTH. Translated by ELLEN E. FREWER. 2 vols. 8vo. upwards of 500 pages each, 130 Woodcuts from Drawings made by the Author, with 2 Maps, 428. [This day. N.B.-The Text is Translated from the Author's Unpublished Manuscript. ***For long Reviews of this important work, see the Atheneum, Academy, Saturday Review, Spectator, Illustrated News, Graphic, Pictorial World, Ocean Highways, Nature, Daily News, Telegraph, Standard, Globe, Echo, Pall Mall Gasette, Literary World, &c. NOTICE. To be published on the 10th of April, AFRICA: Geographical Exploration and Christian Enterprise, from the Earliest Times to the Present. By J. GRUAR FORBES. Crown svo. cloth extra. SECOND-COUSIN SARAH. By F. W. ADVENTURES in MOROCCO and JOUR ROBINSON, Author of 'Grandmother's Money," &c. 3 vols. ANECDOTE LIVES of the LATER OUT of COURT. By Mrs. Cashel Hoey, Author of A GOLDEN SORROW, &c. 3 vols. "This story is one of very considerable power, and of a noble aim. There are frequent touches of humour in it, and the pathos of the latter part is deep and unaffected."- Spectator. NATHANIEL VAUGHAN: Priest and Man. By FREDERIKA MACDONALD. 3 vols. "A powerful novel."-Examiner. BROKEN BONDS. By Hawley Smart, Author of Breezie Langton,' 'False Cards,' &c. 3 vols. "This sparkling novel is worthy of all commendation. The narrative is lively, there is freshness in the scenes and incidents, and each character is worked out with singular skill."-Morning Post. VICTOR and VANQUISHED. By Of CHEAP EDITIONS of POPULAR MODERN WORKS. Sam Slick's Nature and Human No Church. Mistress and Maid. By the John Halifax, Gentleman. Nathalie. By Miss Kavanagh. Adam Graeme. By Mrs. Oliphant. of John Halifax." 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HAIN FRISWELL, which has been for a long time out of print, has now been thoroughly Revised, with much new matter, and a new and carefully arranged Index added, will be ready next week. Small post 8vo. cloth, 6s. *** LIVINGSTONE'S LAST INTERVIEW WITH A HOW I FOUND LIVINGSTONE: Including NEW NOVELS. YOUNG MR. NIGHTINGALE: a Novel. By DUTTON COOK, Author of 'Hobson's Choice, Over Head and Ears,' 'Paul Forster's Daughter,' &c. 3 vols. crown 8vo. cloth extra, 31s. 6d. CONQUERED AT LAST: from Records of Dhu Hall and its Inmates: a Novel. In 3 vols. crown Svo. cloth, [This day. 318. 6d. SWEET, NOT LASTING: a Novel. By ANNIE B. LEFURT. 1 vol. crown 8vo. cloth extra, 108. 6d. [This day. ARGUS FAIRBAIRN. By HENRY JACKSON, Author of Hearth Ghosts, &c. 3 vols. crown 8vo. cloth, 318. 6d. [This day. "It is well told, in good English, and the high moral tone of the novel will, no doubt, commend it to a large circle of readers." Daily News. "One of the best novels we have seen for some time. It is the work of a thoughtful and cultivated man, and, if not without flaw, has so many more beauties than imperfections, that we accept it and are grateful."-Saturday Review. A CHRONICLE of the FERMORS: Horace Walpole in Love. By M. F. MAHONY (Matthew Stradling). Author of The Misadventures of Mr. Catlyn,' 'The Irish Bar Sinister, &c. 2 vols. demy 8vo. with Steel Portrait of Horace Wal[Now ready. pole, 248. "Many of the scenes are exceedingly spirited and characteristic of the time, and the wit and point of much of the conversation is undeniable"- Observer. "Many of the incidental conversations strike us as very witty, and characteristic of the time."-Graphic. FIVE WEEKS in a BALLOON. By JULES VERNE. New Edition. Numerous Illustrations. Printed on Toned Paper, and uniformly with 'Around the World,' &c. Square crown 8vo. 78. 6d. [Next week. London: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, LOW & SEARLE. Crown Buildings, 188, Fleet-street. SATURDAY, APRIL 4, 1874. LITERATURE THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE. The Principles of Science: a Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method. By W. Stanley Jevons, M.A. (Macmillan & Co.) THE mathematicians have been avenged on their formidable assailant, the late Sir William Hamilton. It is well known with what fierce and passionate energy the Scotch metaphysician, in his controversy with Dr. Whewell, strove to reduce the value of mathematics as an intellectual discipline. The great master of Logic would admit no comparison between the science of mind and the science which duced to a statement of quantitative relations, and the laws which form the subject matter of logic are only the modes in which that which is implicit in thought are stated or made to appear explicitly. The work of applying the new view of the character of formal logic has been ably performed since Hamilton's time, by writers with whom he would have had scant sympathy. While Dr. Boole, by great ingenuity, has formed a theory of symbolical reasoning, developed from fundamental laws and expressed in mathematical terms, Prof. Jevons has improved upon Boole, and supplied us with a logic which makes reasoning mechanical. Dr. Boole converted logic into a mathematical calculus, and Prof. Jevons has shown how it may be made a purely mechanical process. So perfectly has he done this, that he has deals with quantity and its laws. What | constructed a logical machine, or Abecedarium, many counted the glory of mathematics was represented by Hamilton to be the symbol of their comparative degradation. They dealt with certainties, with processes of a more or less mechanical character, which, if faithfully performed, could not fail to produce their results. Metaphysics, on the other hand, far which performs with infallible accuracy, by means of symbolical terms, all the processes of analytical reasoning. Surely the mathematicians are avenged on their adversary. In previous works Prof. Jevons has explained the principles of his system, and described the instrument by which logical inference may be more profoundly, and after a much more | mechanically performed. In the two volumes varied fashion, exercised the faculties of the human mind, because their materials were contingent. The greatest mathematicians might well be-nay, had often been-either the most credulous or the most sceptical of men, whereas metaphysicians were guarded from either extreme by the catholic intellectual training of which they were the subjects. Since Hamilton maintained these views, doing battle for them in his usual sledge-hammer fashion, the Science of Logic, of which he deemed himself the great renovator and reformer, has been more diligently cultivated in England than perhaps ever before. Hamilton doubtless applied a powerful stimulus to its cultivation, and there have been diverging schools of Logic, according to the different metaphysical or philosophical proclivities of those who dealt with it. Hamilton distinguished himself by the earnestness with which he reiterated (after Kant) the assertion of the formal character of Logic as a science of the Laws of Thought. His great distinction, however, in his own eyes, and in those of some of his followers, was the discovery of the Quantification of the Predicate. By this addition to the old doctrine of the Syllogism, he had achieved, it was alleged, a greater work than any logician since Aristotle. A new Analytic of Logical Forms was required to supplement the old, though, unfortunately, it has not been supplied to this day. The new Analytic, of which we have only partial and incomplete accounts, would bring to light a side of Logic not hitherto recognized, by showing that it is pervaded by the distinction between comprehension and extension, and that the one implies the other. Logic, as the science of the fundamental Laws of Thought, requires that "we should state explicitly what is thought implicitly." And Hamilton promised, and in part gave, a system of symbolical notation, which he claimed would exhibit with the utmost mechanical simplicity the various forms of syllogisms and propositions in all their applications. Through the quantification of the predicate reasoning was re before us, he has taken a wider sweep, and sought to extend the rules of reasoning with which he deals to a scientific method. His aim is to point out for the guidance of the scientific inquirer the processes or methods of inductive investigation. It is the aim of science to discover the like in the unlikeamid diversity to trace identity; and in every act of scientific inference (he says) we are engaged in tracing some likeness or analogy, some equivalence or equality. The multitude of phenomena presented to our observation are either like or unlike, and in reasoning we recognize the likenesses and associate them together. By this observation of identity the mind passes from case to case in inference, acting always on the assumption that what is true of one thing will be true of its equivalent. The one supreme rule of inference consists in the direction to affirm of any thing what is known of its like, equal, or equivalent. This replacement of objects by their equivalents the author calls "the Substitution of Similars." This Substitution as the true principle in reasoning he claimed to have discovered, though, as has been pointed out by Prof. Lindsay in his edition of Ueberweg's Logic, and is now admitted by Prof. Jevons, it was long ago enounced by Dr. Beneke, who sought to prove that it was the fundamental principle of Deductive Reasoning. Prof. Jevons, however, was an independent investigator, as he was quite unaware he was using Beneke's property when, on his own account, he applied the principle of Substitution which he supposed he had discovered. Of course, the writer is only able to bring Induction within the scope of his principles by reducing it under Deduction; and, therefore, he maintains that Induction and Deduction are essentially the same, the one being only the inverse application of the other. His whole system thus rests on the doctrine of the Quantification of the Predicate, a doctrine accepted by few logicians, and to which there are formidable objections. Mr. Mill's criticism in his work on Hamilton has not been answered, and it may be doubted if it course holds that the logical postulate "State explicitly what is thought implicitly " involves the Quantification of the Predicate. He is satisfied, that is to say, that the Predicate is always implicitly thought to be a Quantity, a position which has not been proved. It naturally follows that every Proposition is an equation of Subject and Predicate, and Predication is the affirmation or negation that one class comes under another class. In cases in which the Predicate cannot be quantified, that is to say, when the Predicate cannot be taken substantively, it is obvious that the rule will not hold good. It follows, from what has been said, that it is necessary to lay the foundations of the scientific method sought by a system of Formal Logic. A statement of the fundamental laws of thought and the manner in which reasoning proceeds, according to the principle of substitution, forms the first portion of the work. In connexion with the processes of inductive inquiry, the writer describes the mechanical arrangements by which his logical machine operates, and by which what he terms "the combinational system of Formal Logic" is "rendered evident to the eye and easy to the mind and hand." By means of letter combinations, which stand for the terms of propositions in syllogisms, the treatment of propositions is illustrated as equations. Since Induction is but an inverse employment of Deduction, it may be surmised that Prof. Jevons does not side with the philosophers who, professedly following the Baconian method, insist on discarding hypothesis. On the contrary, he maintains that hypothetical anticipation of nature is an essential part of Inductive inquiry, and (as he says in his Preface) that it is "the Newtonian method of Deductive Reasoning combined with elaborate experimental verification which has led to all the great triumphs of scientific research." The sciences of both Number and Quantity are made to spring from the more general science of Logic. It hardly seems consistent with this that no Inductive conclusions are more than probable, but this is the author's view, and accordingly he includes a theory of Probability under Logical Method. In no case of inductive research do we attain to conclusions that are more than probable. The phenomena of nature are manifested in quantities of Space, Time, Force, &c.; and as their laws are quantitative, we must bear in mind the degree of quantitative approximation to the truth probably attained. A theory of approximation is considered a part of scientific method; on which a chapter is added. The use of hypothesis, generalization, and analogy and classification, are also treated with some fullness, and the work concludes with an investigation and appreciation of the logical value of our knowledge of nature. We have given, we fear, an imperfect idea of the nature of the work under review; but we have said enough to show that the author's principles unsettle every scientific doctrine or law, and bring us back to a régime of speculation. We are taught to regard the universe as an infinite ballot-box, out of which are being constantly drawn ball after ball. By means of close observation we may form some notion of the contents of this vast ballot-box of nature, and science shows us character usually present themselves. We observe and note the combinations as well as those which do not occur, and we infer the probable character of future drawings from the proportional frequency of those which usually appear. Anything like absolute certainty is excluded; and as laws are only the observed order in which certain things similar to each other are placed, it is evident that in the last resort our knowledge is a collection of probabilities of more or less force. We need not then be surprised when we are told that under certain conditions "vital force" is a rational hypothesis. Laws of nature are themselves only highly probable hypotheses, and there is no part of physical science in which we can be free from exceptions and outstanding facts, differences and discrepancies of which our present knowledge can give no account. Such will be. Prof. Jevons, following Hamilton, of ❘ the order of succession in which balls of various a view of Science and of Law cannot be considered satisfactory, but it is the natural result of the author's theory of knowledge. Science is nothing but classification, and classification is the result of generalization. All thought is generalization; for the fundamental fact of thought is the recognition of similarity between different objects. Science is but the detection of identical uniformities in the action of natural agents. All thought and all science are therefore reduced to the detection of similarities and the abstraction of differences. Deductive Reasoning is founded on the principle of inferring of anything what we know of objects that are similar. Inductive Reasoning, as the inverse of this process, consists in showing that the consequences of laws or propositions agree with facts ascertained by observation. If we accept these views, it seems manifest the author is right, and that we can have no guarantee of certitude regarding anything. Thought is reduced to the association of one observed likeness with another, and laws of thought, even in the fundamental forms of Identity, Contradiction, and Excluded Middle (or as Prof. Jevons chooses to call it, Duality), merely condition the modes in which the likenesses group themselves in our minds. Thought itself is reduced to a quantity, and its qualitative character is thrown out of account. All things, both in the external world and in the internal, are quantities or measures of quantity, and all our experience can never give us certainty in regard to anything. Even the axioms of mathematics, as founded upon the fundamental laws of thought, are but the order in which we are compelled by the construction of thought to represent relations of quantities. As may easily be believed, Prof. Jevons is able by means of such a purely quantitative view of things and thought to come to the help of the ordinary theology. He is able to show that there is nothing either contradictory or illegitimate in miracles, whether as interferences with the Laws of Nature, or as the results of Higher Laws coming into action at special periods. The uniformity of nature is a mere hypothesis of a more or less probable character, and all the observed uniformities of the past afford no guarantee against the interruption at any moment in the future of the most stable and hitherto unbroken chain of Causes and Effects. Prof. Jevons claims that the philosophy which is founded on his principles will be an affirmative one, "not that false and negative one of Auguste Comte, which has usurped the name and misrepresented the tendencies of a true ❘ to carry farther than the first page our com positive philosophy ": "Our science will not" (he says) " deny the existence of things because they cannot be weighed and measured. It will rather lead us to believe that the wonders and subtleties of possible existence surpass all that our mental powers allow us clearly to perceive. The study of abstract logical and mathematical forms has seemed to convince me that even space itself is no requisite condition of conceivable existence." This may be the appropriate conclusion to a work on 'The Principles of Science' on the method of Prof. Jevons. But it is questionable if he will thereby commend his method to acceptance. Science has other workwhether it be mental or physical-than to foster a disposition to wild hypotheses, even though they may be conceivable as abstract possibilities. Hitherto, science has been knowledge; now it is presented as ignorance, or, at least, as founded upon ignorance. We only know that we know nothing, would be the fitting motto for the work before us. It is well that we should be enabled to see what is the issue of reducing alike knowledge and existence to quantity. That seems to us the service rendered by Prof. Jevons in his ingenious, able, and acute, but unsatisfactory, 'Principles of Science.' Romanism in Russia: an Historical Study. By the Count Dmitry Tolstoy. Translated by Mrs. M'Kibbin. With Preface by the Bishop of Moray and Ross. 2 vols. (Hayes.) A HASTY reader of the book now before us might be inclined to believe that the Right Rev. Robert Eden, D.D., Bishop of Moray, Ross, and Caithness, Primus, has committed himself to somewhat questionable doctrine. For, on its very first page we encounter the startling assertion that the Greek Church was "the cradle of the Faith," and the unintelligible statement that "it was not so much the dogmas of the hierarchical order, the spirit and the tendencies of the Greek clergy, which separated Eastern Orthodoxy from Western Romanism" as-we are not told what, but we are led to infer that it was Asceticism and the like. But whoever compares the English version with the French original of Count Tolstoi's work will perceive that the strangeness of these propositions is due merely to the eccentricity of the translation. Count Tolstoi begins his opening chapter with the words "En s'unissant à l'Église grecque qui l'avait enfantée à la foi, la Russie," &c., which the translator has turned into "In uniting herself to the Greek Church, which was the cradle of the Faith, Russia," &c. A few lines further on Count Tolstoi states, with perfect justice, that it was not so much dogma as the hierarchical order and the spirit of the Greek clergy which separated the Eastern from the Western Church. "Ce ne sont pas tant les dogmes que l'ordre hiérarchique, l'esprit et les tendances du clergé grec qui le séparèrent du clergé latin, et par lui l'Orient orthodoxe de l'Occident catholique-romain." These words the translator has utterly misrepresented by those which we have quoted above. Translators are apt to display a great amount of unconscious humour, but "the dogmas of the hierarchical order" is an unusually humorous expression. We have not thought it necessary parison of the original text with the English version, but even a cursory glance at the latter is enough to show that it abounds in what we will charitably assume to be misprints, so that many of the proper names (especially in the earlier chapters) are all but unrecognizable. Count Tolstoi's work, though likely to prove tedious in the extreme to ordinary readers is undoubtedly of great value to students of modern church history, especially to those who occupy themselves with the study of the contest which has been carried on for so many centuries between the Greek and the Roman hierarchies. But we should strongly advise them to read Count Tolstoi's work in the language in which it was originally written. A few words on Bishop Eden's Preface may not be amiss. According to him, Philaret, the late Metropolitan of Moscow, was so little inclined to think "that the revival of Intercommunion between the two Churches [of England and Russia] was impossible," that he expressed a deliberate opinion that "the bishops and learned men of the two Churches might be able to reconcile the differences." And, undoubtedly, that might be done, were the Anglican representatives, in the Council convoked for the purpose, ready to concede everything. As for the Russian Church, it will concede nothing of vital importance. Perfect friendship may exist between the two Churches, the most flattering compliments may be freely exchanged between distinguished ecclesiastics of both camps, the most uncompromising hatred of Romanism may sway English as well as Russian minds, but, unless we are greatly mistaken, the Anglo-Catholic will not find himself one step nearer to being "readily admitted to the Holy Eucharist," unless he consents to submit himself entirely to the authority of the Greek Church, and to qualify himself for a certificate of confession and absolution. TUDOR LONDON. Çivitas Londinum. - Ralph Agas.-A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, the Borough of Southwark, and Parts adjacent, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. Published in fac-simile. With a Biographical Account of Ralph Agas and a Critical and Historical Examination of the Work. By W. H. Overall. (Adams & Francis.) THE name of Agas, in three or more varieties of spelling, belongs to art. The best known person of the name is Radulph or Ralph Agas, whose map, or, to speak more correctly, bird'seye view of London and Westminster in the reign of Elizabeth, has long been one of the treasures most coveted by those who collect such aids to history and such records of the past. It has also been the admiration of many for whom its purchase, owing to its rarity, was too costly; even so-called copies of the original being often beyond the means of the more modest topographical and historical students. By the process through which Mr. Edward Francis has produced the fac-simile before us, the map is placed within reach of every purchaser. A year's reading about the metropolis of the Tudor days would not convey anything like so good an idea of the capital as an hour spent over this faithful present |