and misrepresented the tendencies of a true
positive philosophy":-

:

"Our science will not" (he says)" deny the existence of things because they cannot be weighed and measured. It will rather lead us to believe that the wonders and subtleties of possible existence surpass all that our mental powers allow us clearly to perceive. The study of abstract logical and

mathematical forms has seemed to convince me

that even space itself is no requisite condition of
conceivable existence."

character usually present themselves. We observe and note the combinations as well as those which do not occur, and we infer the probable character of future drawings from the proportional frequency of those which usually appear. Anything like absolute certainty is excluded; and as laws are only the observed order in which certain things similar to each other are placed, it is evident that in the last resort our knowledge is a collection of probabilities of more or less force. We need not then be surprised when we are told that under certain conditions "vital force" is a rational hypothesis. Laws of nature are themselves only highly probable hypotheses, and there is no part of physical science in which we can be free from exceptions and outstanding facts, differences and discrepancies of which our present knowledge can give no account. Such a view of Science and of Law cannot be considered satisfactory, but it is the natural result of the author's theory of knowledge. Science is nothing but classification, and classification is the result of generalization. All thought is generalization; for the fundamental fact of thought is the recognition of similarity between different objects. Science is but the detection of identical uniformities in the action of natural agents. All thought and all science

are therefore reduced to the detection of simi-
larities and the abstraction of differences.

Deductive Reasoning is founded on the Romanism in Russia: an Historical Study.
principle of inferring of anything what we By the Count Dmitry Tolstoy. Translated
know of objects that are similar. Inductive by Mrs. M'Kibbin. With Preface by the
Reasoning, as the inverse of this process, con-
Bishop of Moray and Ross. 2 vols. (Hayes.)
sists in showing that the consequences of laws A HASTY reader of the book now before us
or propositions agree with facts ascertained might be inclined to believe that the Right
by observation. If we accept these views, it Rev. Robert Eden, D.D., Bishop of Moray,
seems manifest the author is right, and that Ross, and Caithness, Primus, has committed
we can have no guarantee of certitude regard- himself to somewhat questionable doctrine.
ing anything. Thought is reduced to the For, on its very first page we encounter the
association of one observed likeness with an- startling assertion that the Greek Church was
other, and laws of thought, even in the funda- "the cradle of the Faith," and the unintel-
mental forms of Identity, Contradiction, andligible statement that "it was not so much
Excluded Middle (or as Prof. Jevons chooses the dogmas of the hierarchical order, the
to call it, Duality), merely condition the modes spirit and the tendencies of the Greek clergy,
in which the likenesses group themselves in our which separated Eastern Orthodoxy from
minds. Thought itself is reduced to a quan- Western Romanism" as-we are not told
tity, and its qualitative character is thrown out what, but we are led to infer that it was
of account. All things, both in the external Asceticism and the like. But whoever com-
world and in the internal, are quantities pares the English version with the French
or measures of quantity, and all our expe- original of Count Tolstoi's work will perceive
rience can never give us certainty in regard to that the strangeness of these propositions is
anything. Even the axioms of mathematics, as due merely to the eccentricity of the trans-
founded upon the fundamental laws of thought, lation. Count Tolstoi begins his opening
are but the order in which we are compelled chapter with the words "En s'unissant à
by the construction of thought to represent l'Eglise grecque qui l'avait enfantée à la foi,
relations of quantities. As may easily be la Russie," &c., which the translator has
believed, Prof. Jevons is able by means of turned into "In uniting herself to the Greek
such a purely quantitative view of things and Church, which was the cradle of the Faith,
thought to come to the help of the ordinary Russia," &c. A few lines further on Count
theology. He is able to show that there is Tolstoi states, with perfect justice, that it was
nothing either contradictory or illegitimate in not so much dogma as the hierarchical order
miracles, whether as interferences with the and the spirit of the Greek clergy which
Laws of Nature, or as the results of Higher separated the Eastern from the Western
Laws coming into action at special periods. Church. "Ce ne sont pas tant les dogmes
The uniformity of nature is a mere hypothesis que l'ordre hiérarchique, l'esprit et les ten-
of a more or less probable character, and all dances du clergé grec qui le séparèrent du
the observed uniformities of the past afford no clergé latin, et par lui l'Orient orthodoxe de
guarantee against the interruption at any l'Occident catholique-romain." These words
moment in the future of the most stable and the translator has utterly misrepresented by
hitherto unbroken chain of Causes and Effects. those which we have quoted above. Trans-
Prof. Jevons claims that the philosophy which lators are apt to display a great amount of
is founded on his principles will be an affirma- unconscious humour, but "the dogmas of the
tive one, “not that false and negative one of hierarchical order" is an unusually humorous
Auguste Comte, which has usurped the name expression. We have not thought it necessary

"

This may be the appropriate conclusion to a work on The Principles of Science' on the method of Prof. Jevons. But it is questionable if he will thereby commend his method to acceptance. Science has other workwhether it be mental or physical-than to foster a disposition to wild hypotheses, even though they may be conceivable as abstract possibilities. Hitherto, science has been knowledge; now it is presented as ignorance, or, at least, as founded upon ignorance. We only know that we know nothing, would be the fitting motto for the work before us. It is well that we should be enabled to see what is the issue of reducing alike knowledge and existence to quantity. That seems to us the service rendered by Prof. Jevons in his ingenious, able, and acute, but unsatisfactory, Principles of Science.'

to carry farther than the first page our comparison of the original text with the English version, but even a cursory glance at the latter is enough to show that it abounds in what we will charitably assume to be misprints, so that many of the proper names (especially in the earlier chapters) are all but unrecognizable. Count Tolstoi's work, though likely to prove tedious in the extreme to ordinary readers is undoubtedly of great value. to students of modern church history, especially to those who occupy themselves with the study of the contest which has been carried on for so many centuries between the Greek and the Roman hierarchies. But we should strongly advise them to read Count Tolstoi's work in the language in which it was originally written.

A few words on Bishop Eden's Preface may not be amiss. According to him, Philaret, the late Metropolitan of Moscow, was so little inclined to think "that the revival of Intercommunion between the two Churches [of England and Russia] was impossible," that he expressed a deliberate opinion that "the bishops and learned men of the two Churches might be able to reconcile the differences.” And, undoubtedly, that might be done, were the Anglican representatives, in the Council convoked for the purpose, ready to concede everything. As for the Russian Church, it will concede nothing of vital importance. Perfect friendship may exist between the two Churches, the most flattering compliments may be freely exchanged between distinguished ecclesiastics of both camps, the most uncompromising hatred of Romanism may sway English as well as Russian minds, but, unless we are greatly mistaken, the Anglo-Catholic will not find himself one step nearer to being "readily admitted to the Holy Eucharist," unless he consents to submit himself entirely to the authority of the Greek Church, and to qualify himself for a certificate of confession and absolution.

TUDOR LONDON.

Civitas Londinum.-Ralph Agas.-A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, the Borough of Southwark, and Parts adjacent, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. Published in fac-simile. With a Biographical Account of Ralph Agas and a Critical and Historical Examination of the Work. By W. H. Overall, (Adams & Francis.)

THE name of Agas, in three or more varieties of spelling, belongs to art. The best known person of the name is Radulph or Ralph Agas, whose map, or, to speak more correctly, bird'seye view of London and Westminster in the reign of Elizabeth, has long been one of the treasures most coveted by those who collect such aids to history and such records of the past. It has also been the admiration of many for whom its purchase, owing to its rarity, was too costly; even so-called copies of the original being often beyond the means of the more modest topographical and historical students. By the process through which Mr. Edward Francis has produced the fac-simile before us, the map is placed within reach of every purchaser. A year's reading about the metropolis of the Tudor days would not convey anything like so good an idea of the capital as an hour spent over this faithful present

ment of the London, not only of Elizabeth but of Shakspeare. You may put your finger on the spot in the Blackfriars, leading down to Puddle Dock, where Shakspeare's house stood the house which he left to his daughter, Susannah Hall,—and thanks for it to Ralph Agas, and to Mr. Edward Francis, the excellence of whose work Agas himself would be the first to acknowledge.

That now celebrated Ralph was a Suffolk man. He was born probably about 1540, for he was in practice as a draughtsman and surveyor in 1560. Contemporary with him, or nearly so, was a kinsman, Robert Agas, who, from 1558 to 1594, was a learned printer, when to be a printer was generally to be a scholar, and Robert sold the books he printed. His shop was at the west end of St. Paul's Church. The site may be easily made out in this bird's-eye view. Ralph Agas is said to have been distinguished for his maps of various English cities, of which his Cambridge, 1578, was the earliest. Oxford, with views of its colleges, was published in the year of the Armada. His London and Westminster was completed long before he had permission to publish it, and he dedicated it to James the First, from whom Agas received that permission. Agas's design was first engraved on wood, subsequently on copper. The engraving is supposed by some writers to be the work of Ryther, who engraved the plans of the Armada invasion and assisted Saxton in his maps of Yorkshire, which are embellished in the old fashion by views in the margin. These Yorkshire maps, so creditable to a Yorkshireman who had raised himself from the condition of a domestic servant, are generally held to be the first known (but not the first drawn) in England. They were dedicated to Elizabeth.

Ralph Agas, who seems to have been as much of a land agent and surveyor as anything else, by which he is better known, speaks of himself in an undated document, or advertisement, as "practised in survey more than 40 years." He was evidently also a consulting (or, rather, a consulted) surveyor. Look at the Holborn end of Fetter Lane in this view, and there you see his abode, near the sign of the Helmet, which was long a favourite sign with booksellers. There, Agas, among other things, taught or practised "Writing small, after the scantling and proportion of copying the Old and New Testament seven times in one skin of parchment, without any word abbreviated or contracted, which may also serve for drawing descriptions of countries into volumes portable into very little cases. A receipt, by me found and prepared, that (by God's help) shall preserve the eye unto the age of ninety or a hundred years.' Ralph's busy life was brought to an end in 1621. He was buried at his native place, Stoke Nayland, and Constable has not forgotten Agas when discoursing of his own native Suffolk valley. Mr. Samuel Redgrave's statement, that Ages "practised from 1560 to 1589" may nt be so erroneous as it seems. Agas himself says he had been in practice "forty years," but we are not told by him from what year he dated its commencement. He may have retired to Suffolk some years before his death. He is entered in the parish registry (1621) as "Ralph Agas, an aged," and he was probably an octogenarian at the time indicated.

29

In fact, there is no little uncertainty of dates, not only as to the man, but also as to the map and its editions; we have, however, the treasure, and we are not curious as to its exact age. It is not only a picture of London, but of the suburbs, suburbs which are now swallowed up, but which in dirt and ill odours keep their old fresh and fragrant names. St. Giles's, for instance, was then really a village in the fields. You may walk to it from any point of this map; see the chapel of the old leper house converted into the village parish church, and look at the garden wall before which Sir John Oldcastle was executed under "Harry the Fift," and where Babyngton and his fellows suffered, more than a score of years after this "card of London" was in the hands of the curious. Again, you may here in fancy take the air, and pick sweet bank cresses in then rural Gray's Inn Lane. Aldersgate Street had, perhaps, then lost a little of its old nobility; the occupants of its detached mansions and gardens were not all of the rank of Hotspur, who once had his dwelling there. That pretty bit of road which we still know as Fetter Lane, was then beginning to lose its freshness, mansions were building on its garden grounds, and people were marvelling at the terrible growth of London. Finsbury had in it more of its old name of Fensbury in Agas's time than now, and it was not nice walking near its marshes. Moorfields formed a part of the old Fen. Citizens wanting to go towards Iseldon (Islington) were much obliged to Falconer, the Mayor, who built the postern called Moorgate, and enabled the wayfarer to walk along causeys," over the marshy moor to the then lovely village and meadows of Islington. The was drained in Henry the Eighth's reign, but at the time when Agas drew this map, or picture, the pleasant walks were not laid out, and they were built over in the days of Charles the Second. Milton had often walked in them. In Cripplegate Church, when Agas drew its counterfeit presentment, there already lay many of the noble dead. Round that very fragment of one of the towers of old London Wall, which may still be seen at Cripplegate, one may fancy how, now and then, actors from the Fortune Theatre followed a dead comrade to this ground, and rehearsed their own funerals.

66

moor

It is a perfect delight to find ourselves
wandering about the streets of this old
London, and tarrying by the river or on
Bankside. The mere spectator is in a short
time familiar with the scene. The Thames
is really a silver Thames, with Elizabeth's
barge floating on it. The river life is, perhaps,
rendered even more clearly than the street
life; and we have before us the fields and
meadows through which passes the "Rode to
Redynge," or "to St. Albans."

We have only to add that the name of Agas
suffered no disparagement in Robert Agas,
landscape and scene painter, who died in
London in 1679. At the beginning of this
century, the name came up again in the
domain of art, in the person of James Agasses,
a Genevese, who painted animals and
scapes, and exhibited at the Royal Academy
as late as 1845. Some of his pictures were en-
graved, but "he was," says Mr. Redgrave, "of
independent, unconciliating manners; lived
poor, and died poor, about 1846." To con-

66

clude with Ralph, no better memorial of that accomplished Englishman could have been thought of than the reproduction of this bird's-eye view of London. Prefixed to the view, which is aboye six feet long, conveniently folding into a handsome cover, very portable, is an introduction by Mr. Overall But, as the second paragraph begins with the extraordinary statement with regard to London, that "Her extent even at a comparatively early period exceeded that of Babylon the Great, or Imperial Rome in her palmiest days," we hastily pass on to the valuable and really incomparable view of Tudor London, and invite all readers to follow our example.

The Campaign of 1870-71. Operations of
the First Bavarian Army Corps under
General Von Der Tann. Compiled from
the Bavarian Official Records by Capt.
Hugo Helvig. Translated by Capt. G. S.
Schwabe. 2 vols. (H. S. King & Co.)
AN official account of a campaign, especially
when the author is a German, is generally dry
and prolix, and certainly this book cannot be
termed light or attractive reading. Still it
contains much material that may prove useful
for the future historian of the war; and it
is, on the whole, written in a spirit of fair-
ness and impartiality. Our readers would not
thank us for presenting them with a detailed
review of the work before us; we shall, there-
fore, not attempt anything like a connected
narrative of the operations in which Von Der
Tann was engaged, but confine ourselves to
picking out a few of the most instructive and
interesting passages in Capt. Helvig's volumes.

Much stress has been laid on the immense

military advantages to be derived from railways, especially as regards the mobilization of troops and their conveyance to the theatre of war. No doubt the labours of the Bavarian War Office and staff were greatly lightened by the fact that a complete net-work of railways was at their disposal; but we learn from our author that in practice it was found that railway transport at the commencement of a campaign is not without its drawbacks :—

"The losses, during the first days of the operations, from sickness and fatigue were, in fact, disproportionately great. The inevitable disadvantages attending movements by railway now became their various civil employments, and from a state apparent. Most of the men had only just left of profound peace they found themselves suddenly plunged into the irregular life of war, so trying to both the moral and physical powers; for there had been no period of transition during which they might have been gradually inured by a course of now had to encounter. In former wars, the marches drill and military exercise to the hardships they before the actual commencement of operations often lasted for weeks, by which means the weak and sickly were gradually eliminated, and there remained a body of strong and healthy men, equal to any demands. Troops may now be placed on their garrison town; and these necessary elimithe field of battle within forty-eight hours of leaving

nations are rendered much more striking by their all taking place at once than they would be if gradually spread over a considerable space of time. Another inevitable disadvantage attending transland-portation by railway was brought to light at the A large number of commencement of this war. those left behind on account of fatigue or foot soreness recovered after a few days' rest; but there was no pause of any duration in the rapid course of the German operations, and, therefore, these convalescents were unable to rejoin their divisions

for a considerable time, and then only after fresh resistance of Chanzy's army after the second
and very great exertions."
capture of Orleans. The French seemed
hopelessly beaten, and Prince Frederick Charles
believed that he had nothing more to do
than to follow up the debris and make
prisoners. Yet for three days these raw,
undisciplined troops maintained their position
at Beaugency, and when eventually Chanzy,
by a stroke of genius, changed his base
and fell back upon Le Mans, instead of upon
Tours, he succeeded in effecting his retreat,
notwithstanding the bad weather, with an
amount of order which, under the circum-
stances, would not have disgraced veteran
soldiers. The loss of the Bavarians in the
three days fighting at Beaugency was most
severe, being 88 officers and 1,986 men, killed,
wounded, and missing, out of a total force
that, including some reinforcements which
arrived during the action, amounted to about
12,000 men. The artillery suffered particularly
heavy losses. Kriebel's battery was literally
destroyed.

Before quitting the subject of railways, we may mention that during the concentration on the frontier, there were despatched, between the 30th of July and 9th of August, by one line, 73 trains; by another line, between the 28th of July and 6th of August, 46 trains; by a third line, between the 28th of July and 9th of August, 56 trains. It would appear that these lines were not worked always up to their full power, for on one line, during three consecutive days, twelve trains were despatched daily.

It has never been urged against the German army that it made war with rose-water. It is, therefore, somewhat amusing to meet with the following_passage. On the march to Sedan, the 1st Bavarian Corps suffered sometimes great hardships from the want of wood and straw, with which to make their bivouacs tolerably comfortable. On one occasion, the Bavarians were particularly badly off, notwithstanding that an intendant and a squadron of cavalry had been sent on in advance to make arrangements for supplies.

“The result of their requisitions was not satisfactory, and many detachments had to bivouac after the fatiguing march on the bare ground, without wood or straw, and in torrents of rain. This was caused partly by the short time allowed, partly by the want of necessary conveyances, and partly by the undue consideration shown for the inhabitants in making requisitions, where the interests of the troops required a certain amount of security."

The utter slackness of the French regarding outpost arrangements during the late war is notorious, but never was there such an

instance of culpable carelessness as at Beaumont. When the corps commander, on approaching that place, hurried up to the advanced guard, the following is what he

saw:

"The eastern camp was full of life; smoke was rising from it, and men were busily hurrying hither and thither; soldiers in shirt sleeves were going to the town, or returning from it, but nowhere was a human being in uniform to be seen. Binoculars of every size and description, and also a large fixed telescope, were brought to bear upon the camp. It presented rather the appearance of an encampment of gipsies than one of soldiers ;not a sentry, not a vidette was to be seen, still

less any body of soldiers. The head-quarter staff of the corps began to doubt whether this camp was occupied by the enemy at all,-whether the people whom they saw were not the inhabitants of Beaumont, or soldiers of the German 12th Corps, who had taken possession of the deserted encampment, and were cooking their meal in it. The total disregard of any precautionary measures, even such as the posting of camp guards, &c., as are usual in mere camps of instruction, necessarily gave rise to these suppositions."

It is generally believed that but little opposition was offered to the Germans on the occasion of their first advance to the Loire and the capture of Orleans. Our author shows, however, that this idea is erroneous. The French forces were mostly raw levies, badly off for good officers, and imperfectly organized, yet their behaviour on the field of battle was anything but discreditable to them. The resistance, especially in the environs of Orleans, was most determined, and on the day of the capture matters seemed at one time to be in a state unfavourable to the Germans. Still more obstinate was the

"This battery had suffered very much on the
previous day. On the evening of December 8th,
it had still, besides the commanding-officer, a
complement of one officer, four non-commissioned
From the position
officers, and twenty-five men.
near Villechaumont the commanding-officer re-
turned with only two non-commissioned officers

and twelve men."

The author gives us the state of the 2nd
Infantry Division on the 11th of December,
the day after the conclusion of the struggle,
and from it we learn that out of twelve
battalions but three were commanded by
majors; that four were commanded by captains,
and five by lieutenants; and that of cap-
tains not in command there was only one.

Another fact worthy of mention is, that out of
3,998 rank and file, no fewer than 556 belonged
to the Landwehr, and 1,996 to the Ersatz
Reserve. The Ersatz Reserve were men who
had only undergone two or three months
training, and were about as efficient as our
Militia Reserve would be. It will be noticed
that as regarded Landwehr, the Bavarians
adopted a different system from that followed
by the Prussians, for the latter organized their
Landwehr in separate battalions, while the
former incorporated theirs with the active
battalions.

beginning of January, 1871, rejoined the army
When the 1st Bavarian Corps, at the
of investment, they adopted a position in-
"Three lines in rear of each other, viz., outposts
and main line, each composed of a brigade, and
a reserve of one division; it had the advantage
that a whole division was in readiness to move to
a flank, but had the disadvantage that too little
importance was attached to the possibility of a
serious engagement in our front. The position of
the two brigades, one in rear of the other, with a
front covering six English miles, would have
rendered it impossible to keep them distinct in
case of an attack, and the separate guidance, not
only of the brigades, but also of the divisions,
would have been lost. These disadvantages could
be remedied by placing the divisions one on the
flank of the other. This was effected by the reliefs
on the 23rd and 24th of January."

We cannot more fitly conclude this notice than by giving the following extract, to appreciate which fully the reader should bear in mind that the 1st Bavarian Corps entered on the campaign about 30,000 strong, and did not probably receive above 10,000 men in reinforcements during the war. These figures

Of all the German Corps the 1st Bavarian Army Corps suffered the heaviest losses, with the exception of the 3rd Corps, and the Prussian Guards. The former lost 594 officers, 11,182 men; and the latter lost 423 officers, 9,604 men. Although the 1st Corps could not boast of having forced any fortresses to capitulate, it captured, on five different battle-fields, 12 field-guns, 1 eagle, 6 standards, and also captured about 5,000 prisoners and 6 heavy guns which had been abandoned in narrow

earth-works."

It must be remembered that the losses from sickness are not included in the above figures, and that the Bavarians were not more than three-fourths the strength of the North German Corps.

It only remains for us to say that the work which are given in the second volume, and that is enriched by some excellent large scale maps, the translator has performed his task most creditably.

Congregational History, 1567-1700, in relation to Contemporaneous Events, and the Conflict for Freedom, Purity, and Independence. By John Waddington, D.D. (Longmans & Co.)

WITH much industry, Dr. Waddington conGreat Britain and her Colonies. It is a record tinues his history of Congregationalism in of suffering and triumph on the part of the Congregationalists, the former, however, sadly predominating. In the previous volume, Congregationalism was but a hazy idea; here it comes before us in a concrete and substantial form. Puritanism was not Congregationalism. It has been too much the habit to regard them as one and the same thing; but the early Puritans had no idea of Independency, or dissociation from a State Church. What they Church itself, always regarding the Church as looked for was greater freedom of action, and bound up with the State. Even the Episcopal form of Church government was not altogether

reformation of forms and ceremonies in the

distasteful to them.

After a great religious revolution, such as that which took place under Henry the Eighth, it was no wonder that the thinking portion of the English people should inquire what had been gained by the enormous dislocation. But not only was Elizabeth not tolerant : she was herself a persecutor; not in the same degree certainly as her father or sister, yet still a persecutor; and persecutors, too, were her Bishops and Archbishops, her Ministers of State and Judges, even the Parliament itself- as all the enactments against the Roman Catholics on the one hand, and the various sectaries on the other, passed during her reign show! Toleration was a thing that no one understood. Those who cried out for it the most on their own account being often those who were least disposed to show any toleration or indulgence towards persons o

danger, but my loyalty to my prince did I never forget; and being now to end my days before I am come to the one-half of my years in the likely course of nature, I leave the success of my labours unto such of my countrymen as the Lord is to raise after me for the accomplishing of that work which, in the calling of my country unto the knowledge of Christ's blessed Gospel, I began... ... Far be it that either the saving of an earthly life, the regard in nature I ought to have to the desolate outward state of a poor friendless widow and four poor fatherless infants, whereof the eldest is not above four years old, which I am to leave behind me, or any other outward thing, should enforce me, by the denial of God's truth,

(Samuel

to my conscience, to lose mine own soul: the Lord,
I trust, will never give me over unto this sin.
Great things in this life I never sought for, not so
much as in thought. A mean and bare outward
state according to my mean condition, I was con-
ward troubles; but most contented I was with my

lot, and content I am and shall be with my unde-
served and untimely death; beseeching the Lord
that it be not laid to the charge of any creature in
this land; for I do, from my heart, forgive all
those that seek my life, as I desire to be forgiven
in that day of strict account; praying for them as
for my own soul, that, although upon earth we
cannot accord, we may yet meet in heaven, unto
our eternal comfort and unity, where all contro-
versies shall be at an end. And if my death can
procure any quietness to the Church of God, or to
the State, I shall rejoice. I know not to what
better use it could be employed if it were reserved.
And therefore in this cause I desire not to spare
the same.
Thus have I lived towards the Lord

Through the Mist. By Jeanie Hering. 3 vols.
(Virtue & Co.)
SHINGLEBOROUGH SOCIETY is a good deal
spoilt by the outrageous doings of the neigh-
tent with. Sufficiency I have had, with great out-bouring squire, who is a black sheep of the
deepest dye. Drunken, violent, and dishonest
as he is, his wealth attracts the fancy of Maude
Villiers, the beauty of the place, who for his
sake throws over a young army surgeon to
whom she has been engaged. This piece of
treachery takes place when Herbert Laurence
is serving in the Crimea, where his history is
chiefly remarkable as being connected with
the Land Transport Corps, a branch of the
service which has hitherto lacked celebrity in
fiction. Maude soon learns to repent her error.
Alfred Ramsay, her husband's elder brother,
turns up from Australia, and at once enters
upon the enjoyment of the wealth which had
attracted her, and poverty does not improve
her brutal husband's temper. At last she is
about to elope with Herbert, when the train
in which they are travelling meets with an
accident, which effectually prevents the ac-
complishment of their design. Both culprits
their subsequent fortunes are unequal. Maude
are smashed and jolted back to virtue; but
retires to shame and seclusion (having slipped,
as it were, between two matrimonial stools,
for Ramsay turns out to have a former wife
alive), while the penitent male makes experi-
ence guide him to a wiser choice, and ac-
complishes successful matrimony.

and my prince, and thus I mean to die, by His grace. Many such subjects I wish unto my prince, though no such reward to any of them. My only request being also as earnest as possibly I can utter the same unto all those, both honourable and worshipful, unto whose hands this my last testimony may come, is that Her Majesty may

be acquainted herewith before my death, if it may be, or at least before my departure."

in the latter years of Queen Elizabeth's reign;
and it did not much improve during the
reign of her successor. What it was under
the tyranny of Laud, every one knows, at
least to some extent. There are few, how-
ever, who will not derive additional information
upon the subject from a perusal of Dr. Wad-
dington's volume.

Such were the simple, touching words. in which, without pleading for his life, he still gave the Lord Treasurer an opportunity of procuring for him the Queen's mercy. All was in vain, however. On the 29th of May, his death-warrant was signed at a meeting of the Privy Council, among whom were Whitgift and Burghley; and the Archbishop was the first to affix his name to the document. The same day it was sent to the sheriff, who immediately proceeded to erect a gallows at St. Thomas a-Watering, the place of execution for the county of Surrey. "While Penry was at his dinner, the officers came to bid him make ready, for he must die that afternoon at four o'clock; an unusual, and, therefore, unexpected hour. He was led at five from the prison in the High Street, Borough, to the fatal spot," where, in the presence of only a few persons, to whom he was not allowed to address any parting words, he yielded up his spirit under the hands of the executioner.

Some of the followers of Penry were brought into trouble for having aided and sympathized with him in his affliction. A great many, however, of his congregation in Southwark, acting on the advice of Penry, took refuge in Amsterdam, where they were joined by Henry Ainsworth, a good scholar, especially in the Hebrew tongue, who officiated as their minister. Others continued to languish in the prisons of their own country, being welcomed whenever they could manage to escape by their brethren in Holland.

This was the condition of the Separatists

NOVELS OF THE WEEK.

Shingleborough Society. 3 vols.
Tinsley.)

"Through the Mist' opens pleasantly enough with its descriptions of the Isle of Arran, and the daily life of the family about whom our interest is to centre, the two middle-aged "aunties," Miss Jean and Miss Bell MacInnes, and their twin nieces, Ruby and Dulcie Duncan. To these personages enters, at the beginning of the story, an artist, one Harold Pierrepoint, between whom and Miss Bell certain tender feelings had subsisted some twenty years ago. Now, however, as is the wont of men, though very friendly towards the elder lady, his eyes turn more frequently to the young people, and more especially to Dulcie. But she meets her fate otherwise. They find a young man astray and asleep in the woods, who, on being brought home, and hospitably treated, introduces himself as Maurice Ingram. He falls in love with Dulcie, and she with him, in spite of the fact that he is a Roman Catholic and she a staunch Presbyterian, and in spite, moreover, of a secret affecting his former life, which she will not affecting his former life, which she will not hear, and he, not unwillingly, conceals. He also conceals, without giving her any hint of its existence, his engagement to his father's ward; but as absolutely nothing comes of the breach of this, even when Dulcie afterwards discovers it, except a momentary shock to her, which a word of explanation dissipates, we

think that Maurice himself knew his own affairs better than the authoress. The fact is, however, that after the introduction of Maurice Ingram, the story "goes to pieces." Maurice and Dulcie get married, in spite of the terrible secret; and after a reconcilement with Mr. Ingram the elder, and his death, they go and live in Norfolk, until the secret is discovered, when we say, that though bad no doubt, it is not enough to make the mystery of a threevolume novel; that in ninety-nine similar cases out of a hundred the result would have been different; and that the authoress, in order to give it the required influence on the course of events, has to invent a sufficiently improbable accident. However, poor Maurice is got out of the way, and Dulcie marries again in course of time, and there is an end. The first

volume, as we have said, is good. The differ

ent characters of the two aunts,-Miss Jean commanding and managing everything, from her sister to "the beasts," Miss Bell submissive and blundering,-are reproduced with a difference in the two nieces, of whom Dulcie, by greater vivacity and quickness, takes the lead, rather than the deeper and more thoughtful Ruby. All these are good enough; and their talk, with its slight touches of Scotch idioms (rather Lowland than Highland, by the way, we should have thought), produces the pleasant effect of a slight Scotch accent in a pretty mouth; and if Miss Hering had confined herself to this, we should be able to give her credit for a nice little picture. But we fear she has no aptitude for holding a number of threads without losing sight of one, or introducing any unnecessarily. The episode, for example, of the woman whom Maurice and dral, is absolutely without any connexion with Dulcie meet in the crypt of Glasgow Cathethe story, or effect upon its progress; and the same remark applies to other points. Nothing comes of all the talk about the antipathy of Presbyterians to Catholics, except that the young people have to make a runaway marriage instead of proceeding in the more usual fashion. They do not even catch colds from their night journey in the snow. Miss Hering appears to us to have sketched out the beginning of a story without the foresight requisite to see how events would tend, and in some respects without the courage to follow them to their consequences. The catastrophe comes too abruptly, as if the writer had suddenly remembered that she was bound to fulfil her own predictions. Thus her story, though not devoid of merit, cannot, we fear, be pronounced either successful or even very promising.