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D.D. (King),-Warnings against Superstition, by J. L. Davies, M.A. (Macmillan),-and Cheerful Words, edited by W. Hyslop (Baillière). Among New Editions we have Manual of Political Economy, by H. Fawcett (Macmillan),-Geography of India, by G. Duncan (Madras, Higginbotham),- Life, Journals, and Letters of Henry Alford, D.D., edited by his Widow (Rivingtons),-The Poetical Works of David Gray, edited by H. G. Bell (Macmillan), and Theologia Germanica, translated from the German by S. Winkworth (Macmillan). Also the following Pamphlets: The History of France, by M. Guizot, translated by R. Black, M.A., Vol. III., Part VIII. (Low),-The British Administration of Mysore, Part I., by a Native of Mysore (Longmans),-Insanity in Relation to Society, by F. Needham, M.D. (Odell & Ives), Sea-Water for London: a Scheme for Carrying SeaWater from the Coast Direct to the Metropolis, by C. F. Fuller (Charing Cross Publishing Company), -Cremation: the Treatment of the Body after Death, by Sir Henry Thompson (King),-Memoir of Count Ottavio Tasca, by the Rev. L. M. Hogg, M.A. (Rivingtons),-Money Panics: their Cause and Prevention, by J. Wood (Stanford),-Free Trade and No Monopoly (Birmingham, Barrett),— How John was Drilled, How Paddy was Petted, and What the Doctor Thought of It (Blackwood), -Decisions on Ritual, by the Rev. C. S. Grueber, B.A. (Parker),-The Purchase of Next Presentations and the Law of Simony, by the Rev. F. The Church of Meyrick, M.A. (Rivingtons), The Church of England in Presence of Official Anglicanism, Evangelicalism, Rationalism, and the Church of Rome, by Gervase, edited by the Rev. R. F. Littledale, D.C.L. (Masters), and Thoughts for Easter, by M. H. F. D. (Gardner).

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INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT.

Greenhithe, April 13, 1874. Ir is as I expected: no sooner does a copy of Ward, Lock & Tyler's edition of Arthur Bonnicastle' lie on the Park Avenue table than the New York author forthwith utters his complaint that an outrage has been committed by the English publishers. American writers have the habit of pitching their tone high, and use strong words when they urge their griefs, personal or national. This Transatlantic altissimo style is becoming a little used up: it culminated at Geneva; and I think neither side need use intemperate language in discussing such a question as International Copyright. One English outrage against a thousand American, I could easily reply to Mr. Holland; but tall talking and hard words will not mend matters, and I prefer to repeat some words from my Preface to Arthur Bonnicastle,' which are to the point of the dispute between the two countries:-"American appropriation of English works, because it has continued so long, has come to be thought part of a proper system, but when Englishmen attempt any reprisals, Americans swiftly complain, and are assisted in their complaints by English publicists and publishers, and have had their prayers granted in some degree by English judges."

Ward, Lock & Tyler's edition of 'Arthur Bonnicastle' is a reprisal against American seizures of English literature, and a protest against the evasions to which an American author is forced to resort in order to overcome the difficulty of his being an alien. Mr. Holland does not like what has been done with his book here; I did not suppose he would express any particular gratification; and the edition was not printed with that end in view. The first

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paragraph of the Preface explains the reason of the publication." "This book," I wrote, "is published in its present form to draw attention to a process, now in full operation, by which American authors secure in this country what is by courtesy called copyright."

The American complaint has swiftly come; it appears in the Athenaeum; and I, at least, have nothing but thanks for the writer of the complaint and the journal which published it. If like English complaints were similarly published in the States, the New York Nation would have to treble its size every week, and the Americans would express their wonder that Englishmen should be so simple as to expose their griefs. The author of 'Arthur Bonnicastle' thinks a wrong has been done him; but he must remember that he belongs to a nation which systematically, through its Government, has laughed to scorn all English efforts to gain for the authors of both countries a fair International Copyright law. Mr. Holland must remember that, as an American citizen, he enjoys the advantages which an enlightened Government has procured for him in the shape of plundered English copyrights ever since the foundation of the United States. He, per contra, has to pay for the disadvantages of belonging to a community whose legislature will not consent to a fair arrangement between the two countries. As a citizen, he gains something, perhaps; as an author, he loses, he thinks.

What does Mr. Holland himself admit? He says, "The reason why there is no such (International Copyright) law is, that American publishers and paper-makers do not want one. . . . This question of International Copyright law never can be forced by the British publishing interest, or carried through by the moral or social power of American authorship." What! the Boston penmen and New York authors not able, with English allies, to force the lines of a mere trading ring. Democracy forbid it! Have American authors ever tried their strength? Surely, a Literary Trades' Union would beat the publishers and papermakers in a campaign not longer than Mr. Warner's 'Summer in a Garden.' Could not the writers imitate the Grangers, and "resolute," and interview the President? The occupant of the White House loves dogs and horses; why should not he feel affection for the poor, patient, suffering animals, the authors? Mark this fact; all the interests of the people of both countries, with the exception of those who make paper and print and publish our plundered books, are served by the recognition of the rights of authors. Are the Harpersand the Appletons, the Osgoods and the Lippincotts, so powerful as to resist an appeal honestly made by the American authors to the American people? If it be so, wherein lies the superiority of the Great Republic over the effete régime of the Mother Monarchy to redress wrong and to establish right? But that is for Mr. Holland and his brother authors to determine; whilst for us, we have to see that, in behaving properly to our cousins, we are not prejudicing our own interests.

My contention is that, so long as American authors can enjoy the same advantages as they would secure by an International Copyright law, they will never be serious in their efforts to press for a treaty which should establish equal rights for both sides. If Mr. Holland can obtain all he wants without the negotiation of such a treaty, why should he, any more than the general body of the people of whom he speaks, "trouble himself" about it? I know the exquisite simplicity of the American. character, and one of its distinguishing traits is never to move in a matter unless there is "money in it." To this characteristic I am anxious we should address ourselves; and, by putting pressure on the New York and Boston authors, not forgetting Hartford (Conn.), I think we may hope that "something may be done."

To assist towards the most desirable result of putting an end to the present state of doubt and vacillation, in which the authors and publishers of England find themselves, I have simply to propose that we put our own house in order. Let a Com

mittee of the House of Commons be appointed to examine authors, printers, and publishers, upon the question of Copyright, and the laws relating thereto. Out of such an inquiry would come, for certain, a very clear opinion that, in justice to ourselves, it should be very distinctly laid down that, whilst an Englishman is denied rights in America, no American should enjoy them here in respect of literary work.

I see no reason why President Grant should be enabled, as he is now, to obtain a copyright in England for 'The Trained Steeds of Long Branch,' whilst Premier Disraeli, as American journals call him, could enjoy no copyright for, say, the new Chesterfield Letters. S. O. BEETON.

April 14, 1874. WILL you allow me a few words in reference to Mr. Holland's letter, which I should have addressed to you last week but for absence from town?

During the very short time I was in business as a publisher, a gentleman with whom I was acquainted came to me one day, said he had printed the book 'The Heroes of Crampton' on his own responsibility, and asked if I would publish it for him. I consented, and he sent the books in to me. The whole affair was his; the subsequent profit or loss on the book was to be his; the alterations, if any, were his, not mine. All I did was to issue the book for him to the public. It turned out a failure.

CHARLES W. WOOD.

KEY TO CHARACTERS IN THE HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SATIRE ENTITLED 'EL INGENIOSO HIDALGO.'

THE original cartoon or framework of the 'Ingenioso Hidalgo' was on private view in Valladolid at the commencement of the year 1603, and within eighteen months from that time Cervantes had ready for the press a volume in which the contents of the original lampoon were reproduced in a mitigated form, with covert allusions to subsequent events down to May, 1604, and with the addition of tales composed exclusively by its editor, as evident from a comparison with them, and his novelas ejemplares.

Neither Pellicer's biographical notices nor subsequent ones assign any reason for the preference given by Cervantes to the Duke de Bejar over his fellow Grandees in dedicating to him the first part of 'Don Quixote.'

I now assert, on what is called internal evidence, that the dedication was offered, and accepted, because, ever since the month of May, 1600, Don Alonso Diego Lopez de Zuñiga and the Duke of Lerma had been opposed to each other. According to ancient custom, the eldest sons of the Dukes de Bejar were allowed to remain covered in the presence of their sovereign; the Duke of Lerma denied this privilege to Don Alonso Diego in the spring of 1600; and although, after the death of his father, on the 9th of May in the following year, his inherited rank of Grandee conceded what had been withheld by the prime minister, the affront had not been forgiven in 1604; and by his patronage of Don Quixote' Don Diego Lopez de Zuñiga sought to annoy the Great Favourite, and succeeded in doing so. (See Cabrera.)

The Licenser, who we may suppose to have taken a high degree at some Spanish University,— he being, therefore, a very classical "Don," and an able theologian,-was, nevertheless, as grossly ignorant of court-scandal at Valladolid, in 16031604, as the readers of 'Don Quixote' are at the present day, and, unlike the Duke de Bejar, interpreted the "invective" literally; for which want of acumen, it may be suspected that in the spring of 1605, when Cervantes was subjected to the brutal assault which compelled him to make the mystical apology, entitled 'El Buscapie,' his censor was simultaneously turned out of office, or yet more severely punished.

In the "Prologo," the first remote hint of a political abuse relates to the odious tax called "Alcabalas," the odiousness of which was dwelt

upon a very few years before by two English diplomatists, Mr. Standen and Mr. Rolston. (Dr. Birch's Memoirs.)

The "Prologo" is followed by the truncated verses, in which, as already mentioned (Athenæum, No. 2384), there is a sonnet addressed by Oriana to Dulcinea, who, although described in Cervantes' text as a moza labradora, is seen by her epitaph to have been of illustrious lineage, as may well be said, seeing that her father was Don Lope de Guzman, and her mother Doña Maria de Mendoza; so when Don Quixote informed Vivaldo that she was of neither of those two families, he employed the figure of speech called antiphrasis, using the words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning. Doña Magdalena de Guzman y Mendoza became the second wife of Fernando Cortes, Marques del Valle, who died in 1589; and the first notice I find of her in the Venetian despatches, with reference to the Duke of Lerma,-whose title at the time was merely Marquis of Denia,-is in a letter dated Valencia, 30th March, 1599, which speaks of her great authority with him; and we also learn by it that some of the presents sent to Spain by the "wise and warie" Grand Duke of Tuscany for the marriage of Philip the Third to the Archduchess Margaret of Gratz were in charge of" Dulcinea," whom the ambassador found ensartando perlas-an occupation which Don Quixote considered habitual to her, as may be seen at the commencement of the 31st chapter, Part I.

It appears that the connexion between Francisco de Sandoval and his female cousin underwent no change during the next two years, for in a despatch, dated Valladolid, 20th June, 1601, the Venetian ambassador writes :

"The Queen's pregnancy proceeds auspiciously: she is already in her sixth month; and they sent to Toledo for a midwife, the most skilful of any in her profession, and who remains constantly in Her Majesty's chamber; and the Marchioness del Valle, a very spirited lady, in extreme favour with the Duke of Lerma, and who has much share in the affairs of this government, has been appointed governess of the unborn infant."

The Marchioness del Valle was one of the chief stateswomen of the Court of Philip the Third, and her two rival female politicians there were the consort of the Duke of Lerma and the Countess of Lemos, his sister.

code of chivalry as to "box" his consort's ears. (Venetian Despatches.) The Duchess barricaded herself in her chamber for four days and nights, and threatened divorce and revenge; but the Queen good-naturedly mediated. The Great Favourite's consort held her place until the month of April, 1603, and died of scarlet fever, at Buitrago, on Monday, June 2, 1603. The Venetian Ambassador wrote that most persons were of opinion that her death did not greatly grieve the Duke, as for a long while they had not been well disposed towards each other, and that, therefore, it might be classed among his successes.

The first Mistress of the Robes to Queen Margaret had for husband the head of the house of Borja, one of whose members is supposed by Pellicer to have been the owner of the castle in which Don Quixote received from the Duke and Duchess the honourable greeting due to a knight errant, and where Sancho Panza obtained his long-desired governorship of an island; but in the political satire which I am endeavouring to illustrate I do not find any passages relating, however remotely, either to the Duchess of Gandia or to Don Carlos de Borja and his consort, Doña Maria de Aragon, Duchess of Villahermosa.

Cervantes seems also to be silent about the second Camarera Mayor at the court of Philip the Third; but the successor of the Duchess of Lerma, besides filling a post which rendered her an object of envy to all the great ladies of her day in Spain, is still represented by the great Spanish satirist to posterity as Don Quixote's "housekeeper."

In the spring of 1599, the Duke of Lerma appointed his brother-in-law, the Count of Lemos, Viceroy of Naples, thus advancing the fortunes of his favourite sister, Doña Catalina, and indulging his detestation of Don Enrico de Guzman, who then filled that post, and whose son, the Count Duke, was destined to become the Great Favourite of Philip the Fourth.

Doña Catalina, Countess of Lemos, was a stateswoman by birth; her father had been entrusted by Charles the Fifth with the care of his insane parent; and she resembled her brother in thirst for power. Her mental endowments were good, and seem to have been inherited by her children; so we are not surprised to find her eldest son one of the friends and patrons of Cervantes. Her chief Queen Margaret's first Mistress of the Robes, defects were ambition, a strong passion for political or Camarera Mayor received her appointment intrigue, and rather an unscrupulous love of from King Philip the Second in the spring of money. On arriving at Naples she devoted her1598. She enjoyed a very high character both for self to piracy, without actually putting to sea; and conduct and acquirements, and bore the title of was a sort of "sleeping partner" in various bucDuchess of Gandia. Having embarked on galley-caneering expeditions, like the Viceroy of Sicily, board at Barcelona for Genoa, she proceeded overland towards Styria to meet the bride, with whom her intercourse by degrees ripened reciprocally into filial and maternal affection; but being the sister of Don Juan Fernandez de Velasco, Constable of Castille, one of the many enemies of the Duke of Lerma, he, on the 4th December, 1599, caused her dismissal to be announced to her by the King's confessor. (See Cabrera.)

On the 17th of January, 1600, Philip the Third returned from Aranjuez to Madrid, and on that afternoon, Doña Juana de Velasco quitted the palace, and her place was taken by the consort of the Marquis of Denia, who had been lately created Duke of Lerma.

In July, 1600, an unsuccessful attempt was made to remove the Queen's German confessor, a Jesuit, of whom the Duke of Lerma was very jealous. It was then determined to dismiss the Queen's countrywomen, an act which may be considered the first political stroke of the new Camarera Mayor. The jovial Styrian manners of her Majesty's favourite maids of honour were at variance with the reserve customary in Spain.

In the following year, 1601 (September), the Mistress of the Robes stood godmother for Anne of Austria; but in March, 1602, we hear of her bodily infirmities, and of disagreements between the Duchess of Lerma and Queen Margaret. In August, 1602, it was known that on a certain occasion the Duke of Lerma had so far violated the

with whom she was connected by family ties, her niece, the third daughter of the Duke of Lerma, having married his eldest son.

At the close of the year 1600, the piratical attacks on the Venetian flag, sanctioned by the Duke of Maqueda, Viceroy of Sicily, and by his colleague at Naples, caused the Venetian Ambassador at Madrid to remonstrate more strongly than ever with the Duke of Lerma, to whom he said, in December, that he knew the Neapolitan privateers put to sea in the vice-queen's name. The remonstrances of Soranzo had no result, and in July, 1601, the Republic of Venice decreed the mission of an Ambassador-Extraordinary; but he had scarcely commenced negotiating when the Viceroy Don Fernando Ruiz de Castro died, on the 19th of October.

His eldest son, Don Pedro Fernandez, succeeded to his title, and having, in November, 1598, married his first cousin, the second daughter of the Duke of Lerma, she with good reason represents the niece in Don Quixote's household, her consort being the nephew of the Duke, whose satirist would have been inconsistent had he assigned him a daughter.

The Duke of Lerma received condolences on this event, which served as an excuse for omitting to discuss the abuses sanctioned by the late uxorious Viceroy; and in April, 1602, the Venetian Ambassador-Extraordinary wrote from Valladolid to the Senate that the Prime Minister had chosen

"the interests of the Countess of Lemos and her children, his nephews, to take precedence of right, of justice, of the opinion of the Council, and of everything else, having utterly suppressed the affair of the prizes made by vessels which put to sea from the kingdom of Naples."

The Ambassador's account of the Duke's care for his sister's interests was verified in March, 1662, by a donation to her from the King of 50,000 crowns, besides an annual rental of 12,000; and it was already rumoured that, on her return to Spain, she would take the place of the Duchess of Lerma as camarera mayor.

In June, 1602, she arrived at Barcelona from Italy, on board the Neapolitan galleys, and became the chief stateswoman in Spain for nearly twenty years. Her judgment and discretion-when they did not prejudice her own interests-give her a just claim to the title of Don Quixote's housekeeper, as when the first part of that satire appeared she was doing her best to maintain the authority of the Duke of Lerma in his sovereign's palaces, which he had made his own, and to check those extravagances which rendered King Philip's favouritism odious, and obtained for his prime minister the reputation of a political knighterrant and a whimsical statesman.

The moment news reached Valladolid of the arrival at Barcelona from Naples of the vicequeen, her brother sent a messenger to greet her at his castle of Denia; and the person appointed for this purpose was the Duke of Lerma's private and most confidential secretary, Rodrigo Calderon, to whom Cervantes introduces us, in the 2nd chapter of the second part of 'Don Quixote,' as "el bachiller Sanson Carrasco." The Bachelor is then presented by Sancho to Don Quixote, whom he offers to serve as squire; and it will be seen hereafter that the "housekeeper," mindful of the curses bestowed by her and her niece on Sancho Panza, succeeded in ruining his prototype, Don Pedro Franqueza, whose favour with his master was inherited by Calderon.

In July, 1602, the Spanish Court being at the Escurial, the Countess of Lemos arrived at Madrid from the castle of Denia, escorted by Don Rodrigo Calderon. She went immediately to the Empress to kiss hands; and then, accompanied by the Duke of Lerma, proceeded to perform the same ceremony with the King and Queen.

The entry into the Spanish cabinet of the Countess of Lemos, although it at first confirmed the great favourite's supremacy, foreshadowed at the very commencement his downfall, as, on the 24th of October, 1602, a seat in the Council of State was given to Don Enrique de Guzman. In March, 1603, the Countess of Lemos was formally proclaimed camerera mayor of Queen Margaret, in lieu of her sister-in-law; and before six months elapsed since her landing at Barcelona, she had displaced her sister-in-law completely, and thenceforth reigned paramount as her brother's "housekeeper" in the royal palace at Valladolid.

Whilst the energetic parent of "el gran Conde de Lemos" was establishing herself as mistress of the robes, Cervantes' first patron-Ascanio Colonna, now Cardinal and Viceroy of Aragonoccupied himself with quelling insurrection at Saragossa; and, simultaneously, the great satirist's last correspondent was about to enter public life. (See dedication of 'Persiles and Sigismunda,' date Madrid, 19th of April, 1616, four days before its author's death.)

Although her passion for political power may have rendered her an ungrateful sister, Doña Catalina was a most affectionate mother. Her eldest son, Don Pedro Fernandez de Castro, seventh Count of Lemos, now in his twenty-sixth year, had distinguished himself at the University of Salamanca, was fond of literature, and his acquirements were such as to fit him for office. The post selected for him was the Presidency of the India Council, a very high post, most especially for a young man." (Venetian Despatches, 16th of April, 1603.)

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Having provided so handsomely for the "house

keeper's" son, the Duke, to prevent any cause for jealousy at home, now conferred the Patriarchate of the Indies on Dulcinea's brother, Don Juan de Guzman. Pope Clement VIII. had long been averse to the formation of this new dignity in the ecclesiastical hierarchy of Spain, but finally, at the commencement of 1603, King Philip's ambassador at Rome, the Duke of Sesa, overcame every obstacle, and the first Patriarch of the Indies may be said to have been consecrated by his sister, the Marquesa del Valle.

On the 4th of April, 1603, the Spanish Court quitted Valladolid on a "progress" towards Burgos, and it was in the course of this journey that the Duchess of Lerma died, at Buitrago. In whatever way her demise may have affected her consort, his sovereign availed himself of the circumstance to display additional marks of honour and favour towards the "Great Favourite." Little could have been added to the grandeur of the funeral obsequies had the Duchess been a member of the royal family.

To the "Housekeeper" Don Quixote had now given a presidency for her son, " Dulcinea" obtaining simultaneously a patriarchate for her brother, and later in this same year Sancho was rewarded with the three princes of Savoy as indemnity for the loss of Dapple. (See Athenæum, Nos. 2372, 2373, 2375, 2384.)

To the ingratitude of the "Housekeeper" no allusion is made in either part of 'Don Quixote,' for a variety of reasons, two of which alone require notice: the one is, that when the first part appeared, no dissension had occurred between the Duke of Lerma and the Countess of Lemos, to whose disparagement nothing could appear in the second part, its dedication being destined for her son.

To Dulcinea's ingratitude and revenge Cervantes makes two allusions, the one where, in the letter from the recesses of Sierra Morena, Don Quixote apostrophizes her thus: "O bella ingrata, amada enemiga mia"; the other, in the sonnet describing her fine bust, &c., and which concludes by showing that Don Quixote no pudo huir de amor, iras y engaños."

66

In May, 1603, Don Juan de Guzman became Patriarch of the Indies; and in the following month of June, after the death of the Duchess of Lerma, a report seems to have prevailed of a marriage between the widower Duke and the widow Marchioness; but on the 29th of September, 1603, the Venetian Ambassador announced from Valladolid to the Senate a rupture, instead of a matrimonial alliance, in the following terms:"The Marchioness del Valle, governess of the most serene Infanta (Anne of Austria), vacates that post, and, moreover, quits the palace, being out of favour with both their Majesties, who could no longer endure her haughty character. She used very bitter language to the Duke's sister, the Countess of Lemos, mistress of the robes to the Queen; and as two personages of great pretensions are ill able to associate with each other, the former gives way, and will, it is said, be succeeded by the Duchess of Gandia, who attended the Queen on her passage from Italy to Spain."

Many have been the conjectures about the individual represented by Cervantes in the character of Dulcinea.

The commentaries of Don Diego Clemencin, published in the years 1833-1839, represent her as having been a certain Ana Zarco de Morales, sister of one Dr. Zarco de Morales; but the history of a person so lowly placed, however well told, would never have found such favour with the grandees of Spain and their consorts as was bestowed by them on Cervantes' satire the moment it appeared, and which they relished less for the beauty of its style than because it aimed chiefly at ridiculing a prime minister who was detested by them; and in these essays my object is to illustrate, by historical coincidences, a trite fact, recorded one hundred and forty years ago by Lenglet du Fresnoy, who, when alluding to d'Aubigné's escaping chastisement for a lampoon on the Duke d'Epernon, continues thus:-"Mais

qu'on ne prenne point cet exemple pour règle; d'Aubigné n'en doit servir en rien, qu'au zèle qu'il témoigna toujours pour le Roi son maître. Et Michel de Cervantes, qui avoit fait la même chose en Espagne, ne l'executa point impunément. Son Roman de 'Don Quixote,' où il peint un Seigneur de la Cour amoureux de la vieille Chevalerie, Ini a valu le régal que les particuliers, qui ont de l'adresse et de la résolution, font aux auteurs satyriques. La correction modera Cervantes, mais son livre en souffrit. La deuxième partie qui ne vint qu'après ces remontrances réelles, ne vaut pas a beaucoup près la première."

Lenglet du Fresnoy does not mention the name of the Spanish grandee, the prototype of Don Quixote, but already, in 1707, it had been given by Réné Rapin, who wrote:- "Nous avons deux satyres modernes écrites en prose à peu-près de cet air, lesquelles surpassent tout ce qu'on a écrit en ce genre dans les derniers siècles. La première est Espagnole, composée par Cervantes, secretaire du Duc d'Albe. Ce grand homme ayant esté traitté avec quelque mépris par le Duc de Lerme, premier ministre de Philippe III., qui n'avoit nulle considération pour les sçavans, écrivit le Roman de 'Don Quixote,' qui est une satyre très fine de sa nation parce que tout la noblesse d'Espagne qu'il rend ridicule par cet ouvrage, s'estoit entêtée de chevalerie. C'est une tradition que je tiens d'un de mes amis, qui avoit appris ce secret de Dom Lopé, à qui Cervantes avoit fait confidence de son ressentiment."

Rapin is, perhaps, confounding Cervantes' resentment with his mode of illustrating it, the attack being made on the Duke of Lerma and the chief personages of the Spanish Court, but not on the entire Spanish nation.

Long after Rapin, we find an allusion to Cervantes" political satire in Voltaire's 'Lettres sur les Anglais,' in which the following passage occurs: "Le poëme 'D'Hudibras,' dont je vous parle, semble être un composé de la Satyre Ménippée' et de 'Don Quichotte,' il a sur eux l'avantage des vers. Il a celui de l'esprit; la 'Satyre Ménippée' n'en approche pas, elle n'est qu'un ouvrage très médiocre; mais à force d'esprit l'auteur 'D'Hudibras' a trouvé le secret d'être fort au-dessous de 'Don Quichotte.' Le goût, la naïveté, l'art de narrer, celui de bien entremêler les aventures, celui de ne rien prodiguer, valent bien mieux que de l'esprit aussi 'Don Quichotte' est lu de toutes les nations, et 'Hudibras' n'est lu que des Anglais." It is not surprising that a national and personal satire, pronounced to be such by Moreri (who quotes Nicolas Antonio as his authority), Réné Rapin, Lenglet du Fresnoy, and Voltaire, should have excited some inquisitiveness about the personages represented in it; but as the Spanish public does not seem to admit that Ana Zarco de Morales, who, according to Clemencin, flourished at Toboso from 1584 to 1588, has any right to be considered the original of Dulcinea, I now publish the following particulars for the benefit of her future biographers.

:

In 1589 died Martin Cortes, who had been twice married, and left a widow. He was the lineal descendant of the conqueror of Mexico, whose estates and title of Marquis del Valle de Oajaca he inherited; and his second wife was the daughter of Don Lope de Guzman and Dona Maria de Mendoza.

Doña Magdalena de Guzman y Mendoza was probably in her twenty-fifth year when she became a widow, but my search for her baptismal register has been vain, nor is the year of her birth given either by Haro or Rivarola.

According to this calculation, she will have been the junior by some sixteen years of the Duke of Lerma, whose birth took place in 1548, so that when he became prime minister of Spain, in 1598, he was precisely fifty years of age, and, therefore, in 1603, when 'Don Quixote' was commenced by Cervantes, it might truly be said that the "Ingenioso Hidalgo" frisaba la edad con los cincuenta

años.

RAWDON BROWN.

NOTES FROM THE UNITED STATES.

New York, April 2, 1874. "THE cry is still, They come." Once upon a time English travellers in America were almost as great a curiosity as the Shah of Persia was to Europe a year ago. That time has passed. Sporting noblemen cross the Atlantic for the sake of hunting the not yet extinct buffalo; and professional men brave the ocean for the sake of "the almighty

dollar." Since the immense financial success of that incomparable dramatic reader, Charles Dickens, less gifted Englishmen have come to us with great expectations, and have returned more or less disenchanted. 1872 brought Mr. Froude, Prof. Tyndall, and Mr. Edmund Yates. The first, received heartily by society, failed signally in his attempt to reconcile Ireland with England. The second, without bringing to us new ideas, gave an impetus to thought in a scientific direction, and, by generously giving the proceeds of his lectures to the cause he has at heart, made many friends among his admirers. The third may have added to his bank account, but certainly left an unfavourable impression. When lecturers neither amuse nor enlighten, Americans are apt to bestow upon them the pleasing appellation of “fraud." The autumn of 1873 welcomed to our panic-stricken shores Mr. Wilkie Collins, and Mr. Proctor, the astronomer. Mr. Collins came with a dramatic reading, 'The Dream - Woman,' hardly forcible enough to be generally attractive; but the author's personality was sympathetic, and Mr. Collins has many more friends in America than before he came. He assisted, too, at a rendering of his 'New Magdalen,' by Miss Carlotta Le Clercq, who is the best representative of Mercy Merrick yet seen in England or this country. Though not great or startling, Mr. Proctor knows how to popularize science, and, being well advertised, has succeeded admirably,

both east and west. The universal interest in

science displayed throughout this big country is one of the signs of the times.

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With the new year Canon Kingsley dawned upon us, and New York has recently listened to an astounding lecture, entitled "Westminster Abbey.' Remembered for his earlier works of "Alton Locke' and 'Yeast,' Canon Kingsley attracted a large audience, but failed to touch either heart or head. A bad speaker, and uncouth in manner, the Reverend Canon further repelled by fulsome flattery of America. We are not all clever, but we can see a church by daylight," and the Canon's church was visible to the naked eye. When, for example, Americans are told that their poets have exerted as great an influence in England as at home, they know better. When pæans are sung over our sculptors and architects, we smile; and when Canon Kingsley longs for "the dust of a great American to help to preserve the sacred walls of the old Abbey," when "I, as Canon of Westminster, long for a Roc's Egg,' otherwise a dead American, which, by being buried in Westminster, shall cement England and America for evermore, we laugh, perhaps, derisively, and propose that great statesman, William M. Tweed, or General Butler, or any of the gentlemen who manage our finances. We will spare all of them without a tear. "Is all this sentiment?" asks Canon Kingsley. "No," we reply; "it is nothing of the sort. It is bathos, and we are not so sophomoric as to mistake one for the other." The Reverend Canon has made a mistake. There are many snobs in this country, likewise fools, but they do not constitute the majority of the nation, although both cast a large vote in this city, owing to foreign emigration.

To-day New York is alternating between spasms of charity and spasms of 'Lohengrin.' At least

$2,000,000 have been given away this winter, the

last gift being that of the theatres, when in one day the receipts of various Matinées amounted to $30,000. The very last sensation is 'Lohengrin,' produced at the Academy of Music, with Nilsson and Campanini in the principal roles. The Academy is crowded; Wagnerites are ecstatic; the Germans, of whom we have a population of 200,000, are jubilant; the newspapers, for the most part, bow

down before their new god; and those who are neither Germans nor for or against Wagner as Wagner, wonder what it all means. The enlarged orchestra is well drilled, for America; the enlarged chorus is not well drilled; the spectacle is fine. The music is well interpreted, both instrumentally and vocally. The elaborate orchestration is very clever at times, violins, from the beginning to the end of the opera, doing an amount of shivering that ought to wear out the performers' right arms in a week. The finale of the first act is effective. As for the rest? There is a desert of pompous marching, everybody does a deal of hard work; you labour tremendously to learn, if possible, what it signifies, and the curtain falls, leaving the conundrum unanswered. Herr Wagner despises Italian opera. He has no patience with the poverty of its recitative. He thread upon which are strung a few beads of claims to have produced an opera that is not a melody: it is one prolonged melody. Certainly Italian opera is not perfect, and any one who can improve upon it will be a benefactor to music. The question is whether Wagner has done this in 'Lohengrin.' I cannot see in him the coming man. I do not hear in 'Lohengrin' a prolonged melody. I hear an attempt at a vocal symphonyI hear an orchestration that submerges the voice. It is Italian opera, with spectacle, orchestra, chorus, recitative magnified, and arias left out. I see singers working like Trojans, forcing their voices against nature, screaming, as Verdi never made them scream, and I doubt whether we have entered the musical millennium. It may be old-fashioned, but it seems to me that the first necessity in singing is to sing. Pergolesi, Paisiello, Gluck, thought as much; and I am heretic enough to believe that when there are no melodies in an opera, it is because the composer has none in his soul. When Herr Wagner produces an aria as magnificent as Gluck's "Che faro senz' Eurydice," I'll believe he could if he would. When a composer tears a voice to pieces, treating it as though it were a bassoon, I believe he fails to appreciate the mission of the most glorious of instruments, and that consequently his is not the ideal opera. That the Wagnerian crusade may result in ultimate good, is most probable, but in spite of the present excitement,-a species of temperance movement or camp-meeting revival, Lohengrin' will not be popular. Verdi's 'Aïda,' modelled on Wagnerian principles, is finer in plot and spectacle, far richer in melody, and infinitely truer to the voice. The success of 'Lohengrin' at Bologna must have been due to the spectacle and to the masterly leadership of Mariani, the admirable conductor, since dead.

In literature there is little gossip, saving about Sex in Education. Several months ago Dr. E. H. Clarke, a Boston physician, published, through J. R. Osgood, a little book, bearing the above title. In it he asserted that the health of American girls is not what it ought to be, that the cause is overworked brains, and that bad would be made worse by co-education of the sexes, not because women are intellectually inferior to men, but because women, for physical reasons, must learn in woman's and not man's way. This little book has created endless discussion. The cleverest women in the land have taken up the gauntlet, and Messrs. Putnam & Sons have just published a series of essays, written by Miss Brackett, a prominent teacher, and others, in which Dr. Clarke is very effectually answered by facts, science having an able exponent in Dr. Mary Putnam Jocobi. That the health of American girls is unsatisfactory, they admit, but the cause is not study. It is want of exercise, too early excitement, wrong methods of living.

"I believe," writes Mrs. Dall, in this same book, "that in no country in any age was life ever so reckless, and so carelessly dissipated, as it is in America to-day. In Sybaris itself, in Corinth, and in Paris, only a few wealthy people could indulge in the irregular lives which the unexampled prosperity of this country opens to the great bulk of the population." Here is the beginning of the evil. Reckless, rich, half-educated parents exercise

no care over their offspring. The lawlessness and bravado of our American children and youth, so severely commented upon by foreigners, are simply an index of the uneducated state of the greatest amount of directive force that the world has ever

seen. A fatal error is committed in education when this central truth is overlooked, as when one treats these manifestations as in themselves wrong, instead of recognizing their value, and bending the energies in their proper direction.

Miss Brackett avers that one great trouble with American girls, and one easily remedied, is not that their brains are overworked, but that their bodies generally, including the brain, are underfed. This is perfectly true. It is not that they do not eat enough, but they do not take in enough of the chemical elements necessary to build up the system. Then, too, there is no country equal to America demands which society makes upon its women. in the irregularity and spasmodic nature of the No girls are so ready to rush headlong into all kinds of exercise, mental or physical, which may be recommended to them. It is a pity that to balance our greater amount of fiery energy in the matter of education, we have not a sounder philosophy. By dint of much floundering, by just such books as are now being put before the hungry public, we hope to attain wisdom. One point, however, is settled. Study is not undermining American girls, where, at least, it is properly directed, nor is the result of co-education the bete noire Dr. Clarke would have it. The statistics printed are against him. Reports from every college, including Oberlin, which has had an experience of forty-one years, claim that more young men break down during a course, and are obliged from ill heath to abandon their studies, than young

women.

And Dr. Mahan, of Oberlin, thinks that while co-education is as good for men as for women,

the result to the latter is to make them more

practical, more natural, less given to effeminate, rather than to feminine affectations, and more readily adapted to anything life may demand of them, than any class of women he has known. This is the experience of all. While repudiating Dr. Clarke's conclusions, every thoughtful American will be grateful to him for agitating this most vital subject. American girls must stop eating hot bread and confectionery, must lead regular lives, must not enter society before they are fully developed women, must respect the laws of their organism, must emulate their English cousins in love of fresh air and systematic exercise, or the next generation will wish it had never been born. S.

Literary Gossip.

MR. GLADSTONE will contribute to the Contemporary Review for May, a translation of The Reply of Achilles to the Envoys of Agamemnon,' together with a Commentary on the same. Mr. Gladstone will besides contribute to early numbers of the journal a series of papers on subjects connected with Greek civilization. The May number will also contain an elaborate paper, by Mr. J. Fitzjames Stephen, Q.C., in reply to Archbishop Manning's article on Cæsarism and Ultramontanism, which appeared in the Review in April; and there will be printed in the same number, the first of a set of papers, Rocks Ahead,' by Mr. W. R. Greg. In the June issue of the Contemporary, Mr. Matthew Arnold will begin a short series of articles.

tical Writings of the late Lord Lytton are in THE Speeches and some unpublished Polithe press, and will shortly be issued, with a prefatory notice by his son. Blackwood will publish the work.

The Messrs.

IT is said that Mr. Charles Reade is at present engaged in the composition of a work of fiction on the subject which has occupied

the attention of Mr. Plimsoll-the sending forth of overladen and unseaworthy vessels. Mr. Plimsoll will, we are told, himself furnish the data.

MR. C. G. LELAND ("Hans Breitmann ") and Prof. E. H. Palmer, of Cambridge, are preparing a volume of ballads in the English gipsy dialect, with metrical English translations. Miss Tuckey, a young lady already known by some vers de société, published in Chambers's Journal, is also a collaborateur in the work; and Mr. Hubert Smith contributes specimens of Rommany songs, collected from the gipsies who accompanied him in his tour through Norway. The book will contain only authentic gipsy compositions and ballads founded on incidents actually related by the

Roms.

THE present year being generally accepted as the four hundredth Anniversary of the Introduction of the Art of Printing into England, the Printers' Pension Corporation have it in contemplation to celebrate the event by holding, in June next, a public exhibition of antiquities and curiosities connected with the art. A Committee is now being formed to carry out the object in view.

'THE Story of Valentine; and his Brother,' which has been commenced in Blackwood's Magazine, is, we believe, from the pen of Mrs. Oliphant. Mr. Marshall is understood to be the author of the series of papers now appearing in the same magazine, under the title of

'International Vanities.'

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So soon as Mr. Walter Thornbury has conIcluded the second volume of Old and New London,' now in course of publication by Messrs. Cassell, Petter & Galpin, Mr. Edward Walford will undertake the succeeding volumes of the work, in which he will deal with Westminster and the Western suburbs.

PROF. OWEN, who has lately returned from a tour in Egypt, will preside over the Ethnological Section of the International Congress of Orientalists to be held in London, from the 14th to the 19th of September.

MRS. ANDERSON, M.D., will reply, in the next number of the Fortnightly Review, to Dr. Maudsley's article in the April number on Sex in Education.

PROF. CURTIUS has gone to Athens, and, it is expected, will undertake excavations at Olympia.

IN the Report of the English Dialect Society, for 1873, it was stated that Messrs. Britten and Holland were preparing a book upon English plant-names, which they hoped to have ready in 1875. We now hear that the English Dialect Society have made arrangements for the immediate publication of the work, and that a portion of it, containing the list of plant-names from A to D, may be expected as early as the end of the present year, and will be one of the Society's publications for 1874. All contributions to this work should, accordingly, be sent in as soon as possible.

ANOTHER publication in preparation for the same Society will contain large additions to the well-known East Anglian Glossary of the Rev. R. Forby, to be edited, chiefly from MS. sources, by Mr. Skeat, formerly curate of East Dereham, in the centre of Norfolk. The MS. notes were chiefly made by the late Rev. E. S. Taylor, who devoted much time to the improvement of Forby's Glossary, and by R. Bevan, Esq., of Bury St. Edmunds, who presented his copy of the work, with MS. notes, to the Philological Society many years ago.

We understand that M. Émile de Laveleye's essay on the early history of property will appear at Paris in about six weeks. Its title is 'La Propriété Primitive.'

M. SALLANTIN, Procureur of the Republic at the Tribunal of the Seine, has addressed a letter to the President of the Chamber of Printers at Paris, calling his attention to the frequent infringements of the law of the 6th of July, which orders that all printers shall deposit two copies of any periodical printed by them, whatever may be its character, at the parquet of the place in which such periodical is printed. M. Sallantin complains, that in the case of at least 200 periodical publications, principally reviews and literary journals, printed in Paris, this requisition has not been complied with; and he consequently hopes that, by thus calling attention to it, he may be spared the trouble and annoyance of exacting the fines which the law entitles In a second communication to the President him to demand from those who infringe it. of the Chamber of Printers, M. Sallantin announces his determination to prosecute all printers infringing the law of the 21st of

of the Penal Code, which enjoins that all October, 1814, combined with Article 283 printed matter of whatever kind shall bear the name, profession, and address of the at whose press such matter may have been printed.

person

of her husband has appeared at Leipzig. A GERMAN translation of Mrs. Grote's Life

MR. C. A. AIKIN writes:"Will you allow me, through your columns, to Crosby Lockwood and J. H.,' for having directed offer my best thanks to your correspondents, Mr. attention to the dilapidated condition of my greataunt Mrs. Barbauld's tomb, in Stoke Newington Churchyard, of which I was not aware until the present time? Should they again have occasion

to direct their footsteps to that retired spot, I trust they will find that their considerate offers have been already anticipated."

THAT predilection for the study of theology, which the Scotch are said to possess, seems not to be the monopoly of the sterner sex. We hear that upwards of 200 ladies attended Prof. Macgregor's opening lecture, at Edinburgh, on Tuesday last, most of whom enrolled themselves as members of the new Theological Class. Also that about 150 ladies attended regularly the Class of Biblical Criticism, conducted by Prof. Charteris, the first session of which was recently closed.

DR. SCHLIMMER, of Teheran, who has spent nearly thirty years in Persia, partly as a Professor in the Collége Polytechnique de Perse, partly as chief sanitary officer of Teheran and as a medical officer in the army, will bring out presently a book, entitled 'Terminologie Medico-Pharmaceutique et An

thropologique, Français-Persane et PersaneFrançais.' The work will contain, besides the nomenclature of the Persian Fauna and Flora, a list of Persian Drugs, an account of the manner in which they are prepared, as well as of the places and the cases in which they are used. The equivalents in English, German, and Dutch of each term will be given.

THE Rev. Albert Löwy has been appointed Editor and Secretary to the Society of Hebrew Literature. In Berlin, a Magazin für Jüdische Geschichte und Literatur has been commenced under the editorship of Dr. Berliner.

His

THE prices now obtained for autographs have been lately remarked upon. A new instance appeared in the sale of the collection of specimens formed by the late M. A. De Labouisse-Rochefort, a Toulousian poet of the First Empire and the Restoration. collection of autographs, of which we spoke a week or two ago, was famous, and when sold at the Hôtel Drouot, on the 28th ultimo, attracted great attention. Certain specimens obtained the following prices: Balzac the Elder, 50 francs; L. Backhuizen, with a drawing, 50 f.; B. Castiglione, a fine letter, 54 f.; Daneau, Calvinist, 51 f.; D'Auvergne, Composer, a rare example, 49f.; Duclos, of the Académie Française, 55f; the first Earl of Essex, a very valuable letter, in French, to Henri IV., 195f.; a letter by Prince Eugène of Savoy, 58f.; St. Francis de Salles, 110f.; James the First of England, in French, to Marie de Médicis, 195f.; Louis XI. of France, signed, 925f.; J. J. Rousseau, a fine_letter, a letter, complete, entirely autographic, and 85f.; St. Vincent de Paul to Mdlle. Legros, 195f.; P. Viret, collaborateur of Calvin, addressed to Calvin, 205f.

daring collector, Dufourny, used to get up in the DURING the great French Revolution a darkness of the night and take down from the walls the bills posted there in day-time, which it was forbidden to touch under penalty of death. The collection which he thus formed at the imminent peril of his life is now in the British Museum, as well as a very curious collection of the posters of 1848. M. Firmin Maillard, no doubt at less risk, has imitated Dufourny during the siege of Paris and the reign of the Commune (1870-71). The result of his labours is a collection of 435 bills, published in one volume, 'Les Publications de la Rue pendant le Siége et la Commune' (Paris, Aubry).

'LE Journal inédit d'un Ministre de Charles X., sur la Révolution de 1830,' by M. le Comte de Guernon-Ranville, full of curious revelations which a colleague of Prince de Polignac could alone supply us with, has just been published in the Mémoires de l'Académie de Caen. The manuscript of this Journal had been entrusted, by the author, to one of his friends, M. Boullée, who bequeathed it, in April, 1871, to the City Library of Caen. This valuable document, of the existence of which few persons were aware, was, nevertheless, communicated to M. de Vaulabelle, who sometimes quotes it in his 'Histoire des Deux Restaurations,' under the title of "Bulletin inédit des Séances du Conseil des Ministres." Among other curious things, M. de Guernon-Ranville tells us that the Journal des Débats, which the legitimists later nicknamed "Journal des

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