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LITERATURE

SPENCER PERCEVAL.

The Life of the Right Hon. Spencer Perceval, including his Correspondence with numerous Distinguished Persons. By his Grandson, 2 vols. Spencer Walpole. (Hurst & Blackett.)

MR. SPENCER WALPOLE, the biographer of Perceval, is son of the Right Hon. Spencer Horatio Walpole, lately our Home Secretary, who has uniformly in public life conciliated the respect of opponents by amiability and virtue, and who married a daughter of Spencer Perceval. This book shows creditable industry, and a moderate, impartial tone. It will have a favourable effect for Perceval's reputation, bringing out as it does in strong relief his Parliamentary ability and exemplary character.

Perceval well held his own in Parliament against Fox, Windham, and Canning, and on two memorable occasions his talents, aided by his manliness and openness of character, enabled him to foil and triumph over elaborate enabled him to foil and triumph over elaborate intrigues of Canning and Lord Wellesley. Mr. Walpole's narrative, fortified by Perceval's correspondence, clearly demonstrates Canning's egoistic and little scrupulous ambition, when, in 1809, he complained of Lord Castlereagh, strove to be Prime Minister, broke up the Duke of Portland's administration, and, failing in his own personal object, lost office and made Perceval Premier. Again, in 1812, Perceval signally baffled Lord Wellesley, who, with Canning at his back, was intriguing with the Prince Regent against him. Lord Wellesley resigned the Foreign Secretaryship; he did not become Prime Minister, as he had hoped; he was succeeded by Lord Castlereagh, not Canning, as he had wished; Canning remained out, and Perceval was master of the position. Mr. Walpole's narratives of these two critical incidents in Perceval's career are clear and satisfactory; and the effect is better because Mr. Walpole is not over-zealous. He appreciates and respects, but does not idolize, his grandfather.

Spencer Perceval was a younger son of the Earl of Egmont, and had to make his own fortune. He was born in 1762. After Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, he went to the bar. In 1790 he married a lady of some fortune, and in the same year he was made, by the interest of his relative Lord Northampton, Deputy-Recorder of Northampton. Other small appointments followed. Romilly well described him on his joining the Midland Circuit. After mentioning another recruit, Ayscough, as one who "had read a great deal," and was "cheerful, warm, friendly, and a great acquisition to the society of the circuit," Romilly adds:

"So, too, was Perceval; with much less, and indeed very little, reading, of a conversation barren of instruction, and with strong invincible prejudices on many subjects, yet by his excellent temper, his engaging manner, and his sprightly conversation, he was the delight of all who knew him."

This is the right key to Perceval's political career and character. He was clever, but not profound. He had all suitable ability for a successful Parliamentary life, and for this he

had the aid of high connexions, and a bright, genial character. The "invincible prejudices of early days led up to rigid and unbending Toryism in manhood. While diligently pursuing his profession, he wrote an elaborate pamphlet on the question of the continuance of Warren Hastings's impeachment after a dissolution, which won the approval of Pitt, and led to an offer from the Prime Minister, in the beginning of 1796, to Perceval, not yet in Parliament, of the Chief Secretaryship for Ireland. The handsome offer was refused from motives of prudence. Soon after, Perceval became King's Counsel; and a vacancy occurring at Northampton, Lord Northampton caused him to be elected for that borough to the House of Commons in May, 1796. He threw himself with ardour into debate, and was an indefatigable supporter of Pitt's administration. When Addington became Prime Minister in the beginning of 1801, Perceval was made Solicitor-General, and in April, 1802, he became AttorneyGeneral. He was Addington's best defender, and when later Pitt and Canning turned against Addington, Perceval's courage and prowess in defence gained for him great applause and a high reputation as a debater. On the eve of Addington's resignation, in 1804, the Chief Justiceship of the Common Pleas became vacant; it was offered to Perceval, and was refused by him. Pitt, succeeding Addington, sought Perceval's assistance, and Perceval continued as Attorney-General under Pitt; and he remained Attorney General until Pitt's death, in the beginning of 1806. Then came the Ministry of "All the Talents," in which Perceval had no part. unwilling to act under Lord Grenville, but He was not would not enter into the same administration with Fox. He was now accepted as leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, in preference to Canning. Pitt had some years before designated Perceval as the fittest to succeed him in the lead of his party. It is further stated, that Pitt held Perceval's speaking powers in such high estimation, that he ing him. never missed willingly an opportunity of hear

When the Ministry of "All the Talents was broken up, Perceval became Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Duke of Portland's Ministry. He had wished to be Attorney-General, desiring to continue in his profession, and, in consideration of his large family, not to sacrifice legal for political office, which might be of but short duration. But the Duke of Portland pressed upon him the Chancellorship of the Exchequer with the lead in the House of Commons, and overcame

the money difficulty by offering him the Chan cellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster for life. This arrangement raised an unexpected outcry in the House of Commons, and Perce val having in the meantime declared his determination to accept the Chancellorship of the Exchequer in any event, was obliged to forego the life-tenure of the Chancellorship of the Duchy of Lancaster, and to take it during pleasure. The days are gone when such arrangements for the convenience of Cabinet Ministers could be thought of; but the proposal shows the estimation in which Perceval was

held by his party and among the statesmen of the day. Parliamentary reports were then meagre and uncertain. Mr. Walpole's biography has brought forward for the first time,

from the drafts of his speeches, which were carefully prepared, the immense quantity of Perceval's oratory in Parliament while he fought under the leadership of others.

Perceval was Prime Minister from October, 1809, till the shot of an assassin laid him low in the lobby of the House of Commons on May 11th, 1812. He had great difficulty in completing his administration; overtures for junction were unsuccessfully made to Lord Grey and Lord Grenville; he failed also in procuring Lord Sidmouth's assistance; Vansittart, one of Lord Sidmouth's friends, refused the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, and he then turned to two young men of promise, Lord Palmerston and Robert Milnes, the father of Richard Monckton Milnes, Lord Houghton. The Chancellorship of the Exchequer was refused by both, but Palmerston accepted the office of Secretary at War, without a seat in the Cabinet, for which he distrusted his capacity. After some other refusals, Perceval reluctantly determined to retain the Chancellorship of the Exchequer in his own hands, together with the office of First Lord of the Treasury. Speaking of Perceval's want of assistance for debate in the House of Commons, Mr. Walpole says:—

assistance.

"Two younger men were indeed capable, if they had been willing, of rendering more effectual nineteenth century, were only partially developed But the qualities which ultimately made Sir Robert Peel the greatest minister of the

in 1810, when he made his maiden speech. Constitutional diffidence condemned Lord Palmerston to habitual silence."

Parliament, with a great reputation from The future Sir Robert Peel had just entered second the Address on the opening of the Oxford, and he was selected by Perceval to session of 1810. Peel's father wrote to thank Perceval for the honour of the selection, quaintly saying, that if he (the son) confidence, I flatter myself he will be found de"has the good fortune to be honoured with your serving of the trust reposed in him; he possesses capacity, industry, and virtuous habits, and under the guidance of a judicious and well-informed friend, he may become a useful member of society."

Early in the session of 1810, Perceval showed the disinterestedness of his character by resisting a great temptation to enrich himself or a son by a sinecure Tellership of the Exchequer, which became suddenly vacant.

"The place was worth 2,700l. a year; it involved no duties; it was in the gift of the Minister; it could be held either by the Minister himself or Pitt, twenty-six years before, had been subjected any member of his family. Singularly enough, to a similar temptation."

Perceval imitated Pitt's self-denial.

He

gave the Tellership of the Exchequer "to the poorest of his prominent supporters, Charles Yorke." mendation of Yorke, wrote,— The King, in approving the recom

his sense of the liberality and public spirit which "His Majesty cannot in sufficient terms express Mr. Perceval shows on this occasion, when an opportunity occurred of making a handsome provision for one of his numerous family, and when, indeed, it had already occurred to His Majesty to have proposed such an arrangement to him."

Lord Palmerston wrote at the time :"There is not a man, I am persuaded, on the Opposition side of the House, who would not have taken the Tellership under similar circumstances."

This generous nature inspired friends with enthusiasm and opponents with respect. We