Kratom and Other Mitragynines: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids from a Non-Opium SourceRobert B. Raffa Opioids such as morphine, codeine, and oxycodone are extracts or analogs isolated from a single source: the opium poppy. For a long time, it was believed to be nature's only source of opioids. But it now appears that biological diversity has evolved an alternative source of opioid compounds-those derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa. This plan |
Contents
| 1 | |
Short Overview of Mitragynines | 9 |
Psychopharmacological Indole Alkaloids from Terrestrial Plants | 23 |
Salvinorin A Example of a Non Alkaloidal Bioactive Opioid from a Plant Source | 39 |
The Botany of Mitragyna speciosa Korth Havil and Related Species | 57 |
Phytochemistry of Mitragyna speciosa | 77 |
Chemistry of Mitragynines A Brief Introduction | 95 |
Chemistry of Mitragyna Alkaloids | 101 |
Analgesic Effects of Mitragynine and Analogs | 177 |
NonAnalgesic CNS Effects | 195 |
Other OpioidAssociated Endpoints | 205 |
The Kratom Experience from Firsthand Reports | 213 |
The Toxicology of Indole Alkaloids | 245 |
OpioidInduced Adverse Effects and Toxicity | 257 |
Toxicology of Mitragynine and Analogs | 281 |
The Use of Animal Models to Measure Tolerance Dependence and Abuse Potential | 297 |
Medicinal Chemistry Based on Mitragynine | 117 |
Chemical Structures of Opioids | 135 |
The Detection of Mitragynine and Its Analogs | 153 |
The ADME of Mitragynine and Analogs | 167 |
Kratom The Epidemiology Use and Abuse Addiction Potential and Legal Status | 309 |
| 321 | |
Back Cover | 337 |
Other editions - View all
Kratom and Other Mitragynines: The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids ... Robert B. Raffa No preview available - 2019 |
Common terms and phrases
7-hydroxymitragynine 7-hydroxymitragynine 17 abuse addiction affinity agonist Aimi analgesic animal antagonist antinociceptive antinociceptive effect assay brucine Chem chemical codeine compounds constipation derivatives diastereomer drug effect of mitragynine Erowid Erowid.org Ethnopharmacol Experience with Kratom ExpID extract fentanyl H H H H N OMe harmala herbal Horie hot-plate tests human ibogaine ileum indole alkaloids induced inhibition inhibitory Ishikawa isolated ketum Kitajima kratom Malaysia Matsumoto MeO2C metabolism metabolites methadone mg/kg Mitragyna species Mitragyna speciosa Mitragyna speciosa Korth mitragynine mitragynine in mice mitragynine pseudoindoxyl morphine O-desmethyltramadol OH OH OMe H OMe MeO opiate opioid agonistic activity opioid receptors opioid withdrawal opioid-induced opium oral administration oxindole patients Pharm Pharmacol pharmacological plant Ponglux potent produced pruritus psychoactive Raffa rats receptor agonist reported reserpine Rubiaceae Sakai Salvia divinorum salvinorin Shellard species of Asia stimulant substances synthesis of mitragynine tail-flick Takayama Thai medicinal Thailand tion tolerance toxicity Uncaria users Watanabe withdrawal symptoms