they were scattered throughout the world, they | over land, then across the sea to the mouth of the stuck together like bees. But he thought it meant Elbe, and thence by an amber trade route to the more than that; it had a wider application, and south. Thus only could he account for the fact spoke to all members of the Celtic race. Whether that there was so little trace of Mediterranean art in Wales or Cornwall or in the North of Scotland, culture in this country, because the influence somehow or other when those who had Celtic blood must have been greatly lessened by the circuitoca in their veins met, they felt there was a brother-nature of the trade route for tin. hood between them, and although they might sometimes agree and sometimes agree to differ, still they were kinsmen and "one and all." (Cheers.)

Mr Enys, on behalf of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, also offered a welcome to the visitors. Archdeacon Thomas suitably replied. The distance they had come, he said, only showed the strong interest they felt in that district. In coming there they felt they were coming to a part of their own country. The name of that old, ancient, and historic "city" was similar to their Welsh names, and they remembered that in that old castle was sheltered one of their Welsh princes when he was in distress. He remarked that in some places they visited there was not much archæological interest, and then their object was to stir up an interest in archæological and antiguarian subjects; but he felt that in coming to Launceston they need not come to stir up interest in archæology, for it abounded there. They hoped, however, that some fresh light might be thrown upon objects of interest in the neighbourhood. He thanked Mr Baring Gould for the eloquent and friendly tone of his speech. There was no man among them who had not long known Mr BaringGould's name, and read with the greatest interest some of the productions of his pen. (Cheers.)

The inaugural meeting of the Association was immediately proceeded with, the Mayor in the chair. The inaugural address had been announced to be read by Lord Halsbury, president of the Association; but owing to Parliamentary duties, he was unable to attend and his address was read by Rev Canon Trevor Owen.-The Lord Chancellor in his address, deeply regretted his inability to attend. He referred to the similarity between the Cornish and the Phoenicians at some length, and observed that he had the honour of being Constable of Launceston Castle, and should have been glad to have said something about the various interesting events associated with that ancient structure. The theory that it had been built by the Phoenicians had, he thought, been answered by Mr Richard Peter in his excellent history. His lordship added a few observations on this point, and concluded by again expressing the regret he felt at not being able to be present. Professsor Sayce (Oxford), in an interesting speech, proposed a vote of thanks to the President. He made some very suggestive and valuable remarks with regard to the Phoenicians and the tin trade. He mentioned that a beautiful amber ornament, studded with gold rivets, had been found in a round barrow of the bronze age,in Cornwall,show ing that there must have been a trade route between this country and the Baltic at a very early period. Amber, he said, was also found in places where the Phoenicians had settled on the shores of the Mediterranean. He argued, therefore, that the tin was not carried from Cornwall to Phoenicia entirely by sea, but probably was taken eastward

Mr Stephen Williams seconded the vote of thanks to the president, and in doing so said he looked upon Tintagel Church, which they had visited that day, as a perfect epitome of English architecture. There was every style, from the earliest Norman down to the comparatively late Perpendicular, and it was marvellous that in such a remote church we should find every style of English architecture.

A vote of thanks to the Mayor, proposed by Canon Rupert Morris, seconded by Archdeacon Thomas. concluded the proceedings.

On Wednesday the excursion lay through Laneast, where the interesting village church was inspected, to Warbatow church and "Barrow. The so-called barrow is of great extent and the ramparts and ditches are well preserved. Many of these old fortifications have been explored and illustrated, but this one seems hitherto to have escaped attention. The barrow is in the centre of the earthworks, and locally is known as the giant's grave." It is believed never to have been opened, the indentations on the top probably indi cating that the arch beneath has fallen in.-Before visiting Warbstow Church a welcome halt was made at the Board School for luncheo Warbstow Church contained a few features of interest, which were explained by members of the party. Treneglos and Egloskerry churches were also visited, and were found to contain many objects of interest.

The excursion on Thursday was down the Tavy Valley to the interesting town of Tavistock, over Dartmoor to Merivale to see the stage avenues, and to Post Bridge and the Grimspour i. on the southern slopes of Dartmoor. The party, numbering about fifty, left Launceston for Tavi stock in the early morning, accompanied by the Rey S. Baring Gould, the well-known novelist and archæologist. The day was beautifully tine, and the moors looked at their best. After arrivin at Merivale, Mr Baring Gould conducted the party to the famous stone avenues, which consist of double rows of stones 870 feet in length, running about east and west. In the vicinity are a large number of hut circles in a more or less perfect state, but many have been disturbed by the formation of the road across the moor. Within stone's throw is a maenhir and a kistvaen; the capstone of the latter has been broken; in it were found a polishing stone, a flint scraper and flake The journey was resumed across the moore Princetown, where the sight of the convicts a work in the field attracted the interest of the members. Post Bridge was the next stoppi place, and here the line of the ancient centra track across Dartmoor was pointed out, and the famous Clapper bridge seen. The next halting place was Warren House Inn, near the site of King's Oven, where in the time of Edward III Dartmoor tin was smelted. Luncheon was partake of at the expense of Mr and Mrs Burnand, and

Archdeacon Thomas, in a witty speech, proposed of which are drilled seven holes, and was used, vote of thanks to the host and hostess for their according to Mr Romilly Allen, who described it, ospitality. He said it was a great pleasure to in medieval times for giving light in churches e shaking hands with each other, where there and other ecclesiastical buildings by filling the cups as no difference between Cornishmen, Devonians, with tallow and inserting a wick in each. Seven Welshmen.-Mr Burnand having responded, other cresset stones have been found in various e party pursued their way to Grimspound. parts of the country, while a number are to be seen halt was called at one of the ttings left by the "old men's" workings for in Sweden. deep in the Stockholm Museum, taken from churches Two Ogam inscribed stones, one in tin. After another ten minutes' walk Grims- standing in the churchyard, and the other und was reached. The enclosure contains twen-recovered in two pieces from the walls of the -four hut circles, one of which has been partly church and joined together, were described stored by the Dartmoor Exploration Committee, by Mr Arthur G. Langdon. The beautiful ad the whole has been enclosed within an iron carved porch was also admired, and photographed nce. Mr Burnand gave an interesting address or sketched by several. Subsequently the journey what had been done at Grimspound in the way exploration, and said was resumed to North Hill Church, in which the thirteen of the elaborately ornamental altar tomb of slate, with habitations, but effigies of Sir Thomas Vyncent, gent., of Battens, ob. 1606, and Jane, his wife, ob. 1601, and fifteen children, chiefly attracted attention.

nt circles

fortress.

were human

It

the eleven other circles there traces of human were habitation, and as inferred that they were used as store houses it At the Cheesewring, where luncheon was taken, cattle pens. They had found traces of stone the party was joined by about a dozen members of atforms, evidently for cooking purposes. The the Royal Institution of Cornwall, who had driven at circle in which they were standing had been from Liskeard, and one of them, Dr Hammond, artially restored, and it would show them what acted as guide' during the afternoon. The party Dartmoor pre-historic dwelling was like. Grims. walked to the Cheesewring, which is described as und could not have been a fortress, because it follows:-"This is one of the most remarkable of as dominated on almost all sides' by higher the granite tors which are such a characteristic ound, and the entrance could be easily reached feature of Dartmoor and the upland portion of om the hills above. No pottery had been found Cornwall, where the same formation occurs. ere, and the absence of pottery and metal has the appearance of several separate cheeseinted to the fact that the people lived there in shaped blocks of gigantic size piled one on top of neolithic age.-Archdeacon Thomas said Mr the other, and in imminent danger of toppling over arnand had given them another reason for thank in consequence of the blocks at the bottom being him by his interesting account of the remark of smaller diameter than those above. The whole le place in which they were assembled. In his of the Cheesewring is, however, one solid mass of inion Mr Burnand was quite right in his theory rock, the fantastic shapes which the granite tors at Grimspound was a place of refuge rather than assume being due entirely to the disintegrating It differed considerably from effects of the weather. In Gibson's edition (1695) receiri, both in its position and in its remains. of Camden's Britannia,' the origin of the name is he remains in the former case had not yet been thus explained:Hard by is a heap of pretty amined in the systematic manner adopted at large rocks, under which is a great stone, formed rimspound, and they looked forward to learning so like a cheese that it seems to be pressed by the ore about them when that was done. But the others, from whence the whole has been named osition of Treceiri, which was a fortress city, was Wring Cheese.' Borlase looked upon the Cheesemarkable. It was on one of the two peaks of a very wring as a rock idol which was worshipped by recipitous mountain overhanging the sea, and the the ancient inhabitants of the district, but in the arrounding wall included the whole of the crown absence of any evidence this view cannot be acthe hill. The walls were very much higher than cepted. The Cheesewring stands at a height of Grimspound, but not so massive. These re- 1,049 feet above sea level, whence a magnificent inded him of Carngoch, an enormous wall enclo-view is to be had on a fine day. The height of the ure on one of the hills of Carmarthenshire. pile of rocks forming the Cheesewring is about n circle No. 7 several of the party examined the twenty-four feet, and the greatest diameter of the ntrance gate and the outer wall, a small portion cheese-shaped blocks is twelve feet. Quarrying f which had teen cleared to show its dual cha-operations at one time threatened to destroy this acter. The party then returned, and the rest of he day was spent in Tavistock, where the parish hurch, the abbey remains, and the inscribed ones in the Vicarage garden were visited. The excursion on Friday was one of the most nteresting of the week. The weather as charming, and the party, numbering about xty, started in conveyances about 930. At Lewannick Church they were met by the icar (the Rev C. H. Archer.) Among the objects which attracted attention were the octagonal ont, with its variety of Norman panel designs, and cresset stone, which is one of the church's rarest elica. It consists of a circular stone, into the top

far-famed natural curiosity, but the Duchy of Cornwall has wisely limited the scope of their destructive efforts." In Tregellas's Guide to Cornwall, the Cheesewring is described as "a huge, fantastic, natural pile, more than thirty feet high, of granite slabs, nine or ten in number, the smal lest at the base. The first impression is wonder that so stupendous and ill-balanced a mass should have so long withstood unbroken the storms of centuries." This feeling was generally expressed amongst the visitors, and numerous inquiries were made as to its probable origin, &c.

The Hurlers stone circles were next visited, and the local legend which suggested that they were

men transformed into stone for playing at ball on refreshing cup of tea and light refreshments, Sunday was recounted. The inspection completed, for which they were deeply grateful. the carriages were rejoined at the inn, and by the This feeling was formally expressed before the pressing recommendation of the Liskeard contingent journey was again resumed, by Archdeacon the visitors were prevailed upon to drive to the Thomas, and supported by Mr J. D. Enys. This Trethevy Cromlech, noticing the Long Stone Cor- concluded the day's programme, and no further nish Croes upon the road. It was admitted to be stoppage was made until Launceston was reached. one of the largest and best preserved specimens of After a short interval the members re-assembled cromlechs in the country. The inclined upper in the Council Chamber at the Town Hall to hear or covering stone is nearly fifteen feet long, by nine papers read by the Rev S. Baring Gould, and Mr feet wide, and is supported by six others, also of C. H. Peter. Archdeacon Thomas, who presided, granite, at a height of eight feet. said that they had come to the end of a very pleasant week in Cornwall, and he was glad that their anticipations at the beginning, with regard to the weather, had been most happily falsified. The excursion arrangements had been admirable, and everything had passed off in the most successtal manner possible. Wherever they had gone, some, one had been found ready and able to guide and instruct them, and in addition, the very useful and handy illustrated programme prepared by r Romilly Allen, with the assistance of Messrs 0. B Peter, R. Burnand, and A. G. Langdon, had proved extremely valuable. He proceeded to briety allude to some of the many interesting objects which they had seen, and remarked that they bad been fortunate enough to be able to see remains of almost every period of history.

As at this juncture the two parties were to separate, Archdeacon Thomas, in the name of the Cambrian Association, thanked the local archæologists for coming out to meet them, and assured them that as a result of their visit to the county their knowledge had been very much increased. In reply, the Rev W. Iago said it was the hope of the people of Bodmin, and it had been shown that day on the part of Truro, and it would be the same with those of Penzance, that the Cambrian Association should extend their visit to Cornwall when they next came, and not confine it to a remote corner. Amid some laughter the rev. gentleman read in Welsh the following invitation to the Association from Bodmin :-" We shall be most happy to see you and to show you all that is remarkable in Bodmin. Should the arrangements now made prevent a favourable reply being given for next year, we hope it will not be long before Bodmin will have the opportunity of show. ing you a welcome."

Mr Claude H. Peter then read a paper ca Launceston Priory, and in the course of the dis cussion which ensued, the Rev S. Baring Gol said the device of a rabbit depicted on one of the pictorial tiles found in the Launceston Prity exactly corresponded with one of the bosses in Tavistock Church. Referring to the educational tiles, he said it was the custom of the bishops cz the occasion of the consecration of a church te trace letters of the Greek alphabet with their crozier on the floor in order to show, as was scpposed, that Christ was the Alpha and OmegaThe Rev W. Iago said the discovery was of the interesting to compare them with the tiles found in the Priory at Bodmin. Upon one of the latter were the arms of the Borough of Liskeard, but, as a collection, they were inferior to those found at Launceston. He hoped shortly to make a thorough examination of them.-Mr Peter was requested by the Chairman to allow his paper to be published in the records of the Cambrian Archaeological Associatien.

The parties then drove off amid parting cheers, the visitors proceeding to South Hill Church, where they were received by the Rev J. and Mrs Shaw. Inviting them into the church, the Rector expressed the pleasure of himself and family in being able to welcome the members of the Cambrian Association, and said it was singularly appropriate that they should visit South Hill, as it was the only spot in Cornwall where St. Samp-greatest possible interest to Cornish antiquariesson, who was a native of Glamorganshire, laboured, preached, and baptised. The church was thus dedicated to a Welsh Saint, who laboured there before Augustine, St. Sampson being born in 496, and dying in 564. He was educated by St. Iltid, and ordained by Dubritius. It was interesting to notice in the registers the number of persons who had been christened with the name of the patron saint. He drew their attention to the Norman font, which he thought was deserving of careful study, and alluded with pride to the handsome east window. The double-arched Easter sepulchre in the transept, the hagioscope, and other features made it a church of great antiquarian interest. Therectorygrounds were next visited, where Mr lago described an early Christian inscribed stone, one of the few in England which bears the Chi Rho monogram. It is, he stated, "one of the most recently discovered stones in Cornwall, and with the other examples of early Christian nonuments, it indicated the localities where the first missionaries, such as St. Ninan of Whitborne, began their labours. The use of the Chi-Rho monogram in Gaul extends from A.D. 377 to 493, so that it was safe to assign the South Hill stone to the sixth century. By the kind hospitality of the Rector and Mrs Shaw, the visitors were provided with a

The Rev S. Baring Gould next gave an address on "Hut Circles." He proposed, he said, to describe the result of their investigations upon Dartmoor. The autumn before last Mr Burnand and himself began to feel that they really knew nothing about the hut circles which were strewn i hundreds and thousands over Dartmoor and the Cornish moors, and that it was of no use going o making guess work as to what were the dates t which they belong. As hut circles had bec. generally found in connection with or near ti workings the impression was that they were the houses in which the tinners lived. After having examined the Dartmoor circles very closely ar pertinaciously, they were led to the conclusica that there were two different characteristics pre sent. Beginning at Post Bridge, they found a pound much like Grimspound, though not so perfect. A

rector of Llanfihangel-Glyn-Myfyr, and he held
the living up to 1872. In 1873 he accepted from
the Bishop of St Asaph the living of Llangwm
with Dinmael, the net value of which is £190 and
house.
In 1891 he was appointed sixth Cursal
Canon of Randulphi de Birkenhead, and in 1893
an examining chaplain to the Bishop. Canon
Roberts was an ardent Welshman and one of the
best known bards in the Principality; he had
taken an active part in Welsh literature and work
connected with the Church and the Eisteddfod for
close upon fifty years. He was the author of
several works, which included his recently pub-
lished "Hymnau yr Eglwys," to which he had, we
understand, just added an appendix, which is now
in the press. Canon Roberts was a devoted
Churchman, and could not bear to hear the
Church described as "alien"; but his literary
labours, his interest in all that concerned his
native land, his kindly nature, and his courtesy
towards those who differed with him, had won for
him a measure of respect which extended far be-
yond the limits of his own Church. Controver-
sial questions had, as a rule, but little attraction
for him, but when occasion arose he could strike
out with vigour and effect. There was, always,
however, a touch of grace and courtesy in his writ-
ing, and his hardest hits seldom, if ever, gave
offence.

Α correspondent, "C.A.", writes: On Friday, April 26, the funeral took place at Dinmael Church. The officiating clergy were the Rev Chancellor Richardson, Corwen, Canon Fletcher, Wrexham, J. Jones, Cerrigydrudion, J. Thompson Jones, Towyn, Abergele, and D. Davies, Brymbo. Services were conducted both at Llangwm and Dinmael churches. The Bishop of St Asaph and Canon Owen Jones had arranged to be present, but were unable to secure conveyances to go on from Corwen. Letters of sympathy and apologies were also received from many of the leading men belonging to the Church and the Eisteddfod. In spite of the severe weather, there was an unusually large attendance.

To a lover of Welsh literature it would be quite useless to write any biographical notes of Elis Wyn. However, we may point out that his career, not only as a builder of churches, a conscientious parish priest, and as a kind neighbour, but also as a literary man entitled him to a place in the first rank amongst the benefactors of the Welsh nation.

Fardd; and hence to the Training College at Carnarvon, to qualify himslf as a schoolmaster. He then went to keep school at Waenfawr, and subsequently to Llwyn y Gell, Festiniog. On December 26, 1854, he was married at Llanbeblig Church, to an English lady, Miss Esther Mary Roberts, then a schoolmistress at Llwyn y Gell, Festiniog. Of this marriage there were born three sons, the Rev W. M. Roberts, Church Missionary Society, Shrewsbury; E. G. Roberts, curate of Rhosymodre: and J. R. Roberts, curate of Llangwm*, and one daughter, Mrs Owen Jones, Bryngwyn, Towyn.

Among Elis Wyn's literary works we may mention:-(1) "Hanes Cymru," 1853; (2) "Wreck of the London" (a poem), 1855; (3) "Awdl y Sabboth," circa 1856; (4) "Awdl Maes Bosworth," 1858; (5) Libretto for the Prince of Wales Cantata,' to music by Owain Alaw, an illuminated presentation copy of which was acknowledged by his Royal Highness, 1868; (6) "Massacre of the Monks of Bangor Iscoed," 1876; (7) "Awdl Farw nad Ab Ithel," circa 1878; (8) poem, "Buddugoliaeth y Groes," 1880; (9) "Translations of Bishop How's Four Evangelists"; (10) three editions of "Llyfr Hymnau yr Eglwys"-words and musicwhich he published with the assistance of his sons and son-in-law (Mr O. Jones) (an appendix to this work, which has been generally adopted in the Welsh churches, is now in the press); and (11) his last separate work was an Ordination Sermon," preached at the Cathedral of St Asaph on St Thomas's Day, 1893. But this list forms but an insignificant part of his literary work. contributed to the chief periodicals and newspapers, both English and Welsh, and all the unsigned letters in the "Haul" from January, 1885, when he undertook its editorship.

He

The following list of his achievements at the principal eisteddfodau may prove interesting:1850, at Rhuddlan, his ode on "Boadicea"; 1854, at Festiniog, the "Slave"; 1856, at Llanelly, an ode on the "Sabbath," the chair prize; 1857, at Ruthin, ode on "Beli and Bran"; 1870, at Carnarvon, his ode on "Civilization"; 1880, at Carnarvon, he received the crown for his Victory of the Cross"; 1882, he was awarded the chair for his ode on "St Curig." We may also mention that one of the adjudicators-Caledfryn

After the Bangor National Eisteddfod of 1874, his services as an adjudicator were in constant demand, and we are not aware that his decision was ever questioned.. We also find that he was appointed to adjudicate at the Llandudno Eisteddfod of 1896.-C.A.

at the Llangollen Eisteddfod of 1858, declared his ode of "Maes Bosworth," when he was only thirty-one years of age, even superior to that immortal poem of Eben Vardd, for which the Ellis Roberts was the third son of Morris and prize was awarded; and Caledfryn was no mean Margaret Roberts, and born at Llwyn critic. was Gwalch, parish of Llandwrog, in the county of Carnarvon, February 13th, 1827. His father was the son of Robert Morris, Llanystumdwy, who was an excellent Welsh poet of the old school. When Ellis was eleven years of age, he was taken to the corn mill kept by his father to assist him, But his father, who had inherited the love of Welsh poetry from old Robert Morris, took every opportunity of instilling the same love in the heart of his young son. By the time he reached his twenty-third year, he had saved enough money to enable him to go to school for two years. Then he went for some time to a school kept by Ebon

AUGUST 23, 1895.
NOTES.

DENBIGHLAND. COMPLAINT AS TO COMMONS. --The following appears in Letters

Now rector of Garthbeibio.