St. Cuthbert's Church, of the date doubtless when the church was rebuilt, viz., 1778. It is also to be found on the city boundary stones. Thus we have abundant evidence that the ancient arms of Carlisle were a red cross patee, ingenious conceit devised by Mr. Speed. For that we are To pursue the investigation further-can reason be found why a red cross with five red roses should be the ancient armorial bearings of Carlisle? I think there can—a reason connected with the history of the old city. Now, an obvious and probable way for a civic corporation to acquire its armorial bearings would be by adoption of those of some successful leader of the municipal forces. It is certainly more than a coincidence that we find the ancient family of Carlisle of Carlisle, bearing on a golden I had hoped to have additional evidence in Carlisle Cathedral. Dr. Todd, in his MS. "Notitia Ecclesiæ Cathedralis Carliolensis," writes, "Circa An. D. MCCCLX Civitas Karliol ad. Struendam Ecclesiam Nummos de publico Ærario Suppeditarunt; ut Arma Fecialia restantur quæ in Ecclesia ibidem depicta cernantur. Arma fecialia means the Heraldic Arms, the coats of Arms. A shield now in the roof bears a plain red cross containing four red roses in a golden field. This of course is modern, but one would suppose there was authority for it. At the restoration of the Cathedral in 1856 the old shields and bosses from the roof were carried away by the workmen, and sold for 2/6 a-piece. +Nicholas Carlisle, in his "History of the Carlisle Family," p. 27, says that Dethick, Garter King at arms, tempore Elizabeth, in a grant of arms recites that Carlisle of Carlisle bore those arms in the reign of Edward I. In Nicholas's Roll of Arms of Peers and Knights, compiled between 2nd and 7th of Edward II. is— "Sir William de Carlel de Or a une crois patee de goules" 1 field a red cross fleurie or patee; and that a member of that family, Hildredus de Carliol, or de Carlisle, was sheriff of Carlisle (not Cumberland) in the reigns of Henry I. and Henry II. Another local hero, Andrew de Harcla, the gallant defender of Carlisle in the siege by Robert Bruce in 1315, also bore Argent, a plain red cross, cantoning a martlet.* A beautiful initial letter on the Charter granted to Carlisle by Edward II. represents Harcla, recognisable by the arms. on his shield, defending Carlisle with great vigour and force. The citizens evidently thought much of him, and probably remembered his banner and arms long after Andrew de Harcla had gone to his death-verse on Haribee Hill, but the colour of his shield, and the shape of his cross differ from those of the City of Carlisle. That City probably took its arms from those of the family of De Carlisle. It yet remains to account for the red roses. I think that those have been adopted in honour of the Virgin Mary, whose cult prevailed extensively in Carlisle, and whose emblem the red rose is.† The Cathedral was dedicated to In Nicholas's Roll is "Sire Michel de Herteclaue de argent a une crois de goules. Sire Andrew de Herteclaue meisme les armes e un merelot de sable." + The usual emblem flowers of the B V.M. are the lily and the flowering almond. But she is addressed in the ancient sequences as "Rosa sine spina "Rosa spinis carens"-" Rosa speciosa"-"Rosa mystica" in the Litany of Loretto. Strictly her rose was the rose of Jericho, which was called "Rosa Mariæ," and should be represented with four petals. I do not think this rule was adhered to, for on an aumry in the Cathedral I find the five-petaled rose, and Prior Gondibar, whose initials are also there, probably intended to honour the patroness of the Cathedral. It may be added that the lily took its origin, together with the rose, as an emblem of the Virgin Mary from a misapplication of a passage of Scripture"I am the rose of Sharon, and the lily of the valleys" (Song of Solomon, ii-1). The early commentators all applied this passage to Christ or (and more correctly) to his Bride the Church. But when, in later times the cultus of the Virgin Mary was developed, the words were assigned to her. The "rose" here is not a rose at all, but to judge from the Hebrew words used, some bulbous plant growing on the plains, and, probably, a narcissus. Hence the terms, addressed to the Virgin Mary, "Rosa sine spina," "Rosa spinis carens," were perhaps more correct than was intended. The so-called rose of Jericho, sometimes mentioned in this connection, was simply a curious plant (Anastatica hierochuntina) picked up by the pilgrims on the hot sandy plains near Jericho, and from its dry ligneous character easily conveyed home as a relic. I am indebted to Canon Prescott for some of the above information; also to Mr. Bellasis and the Rev. T. Lees. her her, and the old name of the foundation was the Priory of House of Regular Canons (not monastery) of the B.V.M.; its chief glory was a life-sized image of her, dressed gayly with jewels and in fine clothes; while its pillars were diapered with huge red roses, and the monogram J. M. (Jesu Maria.)† She was, too, the patroness of the city; she had personally intervened for its protection in one of the Scottish sieges,‡ and a chapel dedicated to her stood on the top of the English Gate. She thus came to be represented on the City Seal, and her roses (such at least is my idea) found place on the civic shield of arms. || Surely a coat of arms so interesting, and the sole one appertaining to Carlisle for which there is unquestionable authority, should not be discarded: rather, since the modern one has grown so familiar to us, let us keep both: and let us distinguish them, as heralds do those of France, as "Carlisle Ancient" and "Carlisle Modern." There is, however, a third claimant, for Mr. Bellasis refers me to an entry in an Alphabet of Arms at the College of Arms, tempore Charles II., which is as follows: "Cumbd. Carlisle-Gules, two keys in saltire between four cross crosslets fitchee, Or. (A city.") An indulgence from the Archbishop of York and the Bishop of Carlisle on behalf of a richly decorated statue of the B.V.M., which is to be erected in the Cathedral at Carlisle, Reg. Archieps. Kempe 152 b.] is printed, vol. 44, Surtees Society, Priory of Hexham, p. xcvii, where are also other indulgences in favour of Carlisle. † Mackenzie Walcott's Memorials of Carlisle, p. 23. The Chronicle of Lanercost. § So I am told, but I want further authority for this. Gate in "Carlisle in the Olden Time" seems to show a The view of the English chapel on top of the gate. I am rather inclined to think that here we have the explanation of the name of the residence of the Bishop of Carlisle-Rose Castle. It is called "La Rose," "Escrit a nostre manoir de la Rose' occurs often in Bishop Welton's register (Letters from Northern Registers), while earlier still (the first mention of the place), Edward I. issues Parliamentary writs "apud La Rose," xxvi. die September (1301), Stubb's Select Charters. To this day Rose Castle is frequently called the Rose by the people of the neighbourhood. (See Lord W. Howard's Household Books, Surtees Society, vol. 68, p. 130.) Probably Bishop Halton, when he built the Castle, named it with reference to the patroness of his Cathedral. Bishop Barnes sealed with a single rose, beautifully engraved. This seal is pendant to two or three deeds, tempore Elizabeth, in possession of the Corporation of Carlisle. Lord Scrope also executes these deeds and seals with a bird on a mount. ART. II.-The Castles of Brougham and Brough. By G. T. CLARK, F.S.A. ANNE Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery, Baroness Clifford, Westmoreland, and Vesci, hereditary sheriff of Westmoreland, and Lady of the Honour of Skipton, in Craven, was in every way a remarkable woman: she was of high birth, held large estates, was the widow of two considerable peers, and had received and largely profited by an excellent education. To a strong and copious memory she added a sound judgement and a discerning spirit. She was a person of great firmness of character, and passed her life amidst events that exercised and strengthened that quality. Among the many subjects upon which she was informed, and which ranged, says Dr. Donne, from "predestination to slea silk," was included a very close knowledge of the particulars of her own estates, and a very thorough determination to maintain her houses and castles in good repair. She found the castles of her Clifford and Vipont ancestors, Appleby, Brougham, and Brough, in ruins; she restored and made them habitable, and, though time and the hand of the spoiler have again brought two of them, Brougham and Brough, to decay, their walls still exhibit much of the amending hand of the great Countess, as well as of the original work of her remote ancestors. BROUGHAM CASTLE. This very curious pile stands on the right bank of the river Eamont, just below the point at which it is joined from the south by the Lowther, so that the combined stream covers the fortress on the north, as do the two waters and the marshy ground between them on the west front front. The castle is placed but a few yards distant from and but a few feet above the Eamont, and between it and the large rectangular camp which marks the site of the Roman "Brovacum," whence both castle and township derive their names; such, at least, seems the most probable etymology, though a claim has been set up for Burgham, which would have been more tenable had there been evidence of the place having been an English as well as a Roman stronghold. The Roman road from Brough and Appleby towards Carlisle and Penrith skirts the north-eastern front of both camp and castle, and is carried, by a modern bridge, across the river, a few yards below the latter. Above the castle and upon the Eamont, was placed the castle mill, the weir connected with which still remains. The actual site of Brovacum has been claimed for Brougham Hall, on the adjacent high ground; but, however this may be, the camp below is undoubtedly Roman, and an excellent example of the entrenchments of that people. A Roman altar was found, in 1602, at the confluence of the two rivers. What earlier name is embodied in the Roman Brovacum is not known, but "Bro" in South Wales is the old Welsh word for "the hill country," and is preserved in Brocastle and Broviscin, in Glamorgan. The parish of Brougham is large; the church is called Ninekirks, probably a corruption of St. Ninian's kirk. The parochial chapel, which stands near Brougham Hall, is dedicated to St. Wilfrid. The camp is contained within a single bank and exterior ditch, both very well marked, though in height and depth very much reduced. Along the scarp or inner slope of the ditch are traces of a step or terrace, as for a line of palisades, in front of and below the main defence. The area within the ditch is 113 yards broad, and its length, now 134 yards, was probably 198 yards, those being the proportions of the camp at Brough. The ditch is about 25 yards broad. The entrance is gone; it was no doubt in the centre |