his kindred. How is found alternately with Raise, as in Lodinn-How, a grave which was opened many years ago, and found to contain a skull of enormous size. The names Gunnerkeld, Gamelands, Goggleby, and other stone monuments in this district seem to have remained in their original simplicity of remote association, while those in another direction, of undoubted antiquity have had fanciful modern names bestowed on them which shed no light on the past, as Long Meg and her Daughters, and The Grey Yauds.

But these prehistoric circles must have been known for ages before firearms even in war were heard of. In Barbour's Bruce we are told that "guns or crakis of wer," as they called them, "and crests to helmets," were first seen by the Scottish in their skirmishes with Edward III. in Northumberland (1327). Froissart in the latter part of this reign describes them as common. "At the siege of St. Maloe the English had well four hundred gonnes with which they shot day and night into the Fortrysse, and agaynst it." (Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, Vol. i., p. 335.)

The names of waterfalls bear the sme impress. Force is the Old Norse word, in which sound and sense correspond, for waterfall. In the lake district we have Airey Force, Stock Gill Force, and Scale Force, modified, it is supposed, in the first case, by the northern word being added to the Celtic airai of the same meaning; in the second, by the name of the stream which supplies it, and Scale* Force to have reference to the sheer descent from which the cloud of spray arises, equivalent to the name of the Staubbach in Switzerland. There is Aysgill Force in Yorkshire, and the High Force, a fine fall, in Northumberland, and may be others; but, except in these names, the word is not now heard. It might have been supposed

*Scale, O.N. to disperse.

obsolete

obsolete in the dialect, save for an expression used in my early days, by old persons who were very observant of weather changes; when I have recalled how they spoke with certainty of rain and change of weather, for they "heard the high force sounding," to indicate the south wind, I suspected a stretch of imagination, for the High Force in Teesdale must be fifty miles away. But, I find, on inquiry, that the word was probably applied to a rapid and shallow portion of the Eden, southward of our village, and the Force-Mill three miles lower, at Great Salkeld, is named for the same reason. It may have other localities, but not far distant. Some family names, both in composition and in pronounciation, bespeak their locality, as Wilberforce, most appropriate name for the north. I remember a long time ago, in the ascent of Crossfell, our guide pointed out Wilber-nuik (nook), and Wilber force was as certainly another haunt of the wild boar as Wilbert Fell, mentioned by Mr. Goodchild in Stanemore. Braun is the common and deliberate pronounciation of boar. The second name of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow proves his northern descent, as Ilkley is proud to testify. The family name of Wordsworth before his poetry, was pronounced exactly so here Mr. Wadsworth of Sockbridge.

The wild animals once familiar to the district have left their traces in the names. The word so universal in these counties for a ladder-stee, seems the distinctive term of other names besides Cat-sty-Cam,* the wild cat's path to the summit, in Mr. Ferguson's opinion. Professor Skeat's reception of this, so consistent in chronology and language, would probably be extended to Swinsty, Bransty, and Wolsty, all West Cumberland names, which can have no other meaning than the track of the wild swine, the boar, and the wolf, each pronounced stee; and there is Kid-Sty Pike, the kid's ladder to the peak, and Sty-barrow Crag in the lake country, The popular name for a pigsty is swine-hull,

* Catche de Cam, probably distorted.

and

and sty in all these names is pronounced as the name of the ladder all over these counties-stee. So there is Wilbercleugh, somewhere, and Wolf-cleugh, Hartshope, and a hundred others of the same character, of the meaning of which no person who knows the district can doubt.

ART. XXVII.-On Legends and Inscriptions over Doorways of Old Houses in Cumberland and Westmorland. By MICHAEL W. TAYLOR, M.D., Edin., F.S.A. Scot. Read at Royal Archæological Institute at Carlisle, August 3rd, 1882.

THE

HE entrance or gateway or doorway has ever been the part of a building which has received the largest share of architectural treatment and decoration; and it has been a very prevalent usage at all times, that over the entrance there shall have been displayed some token or distinctive indication of personality or ownership. As early as ever an ensign or emblem was borne as a mark of distinction inthe field of battle, the banner of the knight floated pendent over the front of his fortress wall, and possibly a wooden shield blazoned with his device would be hung over the gateway. The sculpturing the shield in stone was a later practice; the earliest instances are found on monumental effigies in the thirteenth century; and it was not until the import of heraldry expanded, and the significance of armorial bearings assumed a wider range, that the insignia came to be carved in stone on the castle wall.

The remains of these carved escutcheons are found abundantly on the castles and halls of Cumberland and Westmorland, but in this paper I cannot pretend to deal with the heraldic aspect of the enquiry, but will exemplify only such mottoes, epigraphs or legends, which occur outside the heraldic achievement, or appear on independent tablets by themselves.

XIII. CENTURY.

The earliest example in our district of an inscribed external mural tablet in domestic architecture, is that which is now presented over the outer gateway at Brougham Castle

Castle, near Penrith. The inscription is in raised old English characters, and runs thus :

Thys:

made:

: roger:

This stone is about 20 inches square, with the panel sunk three inches within a chamfered frame; it is not in its original site, but was removed to this place over the outer gate, during repairs to the castle, about thirty-five years ago. It has been a contested point of discussion, as to the date of this stone, and as to who this particular Roger was. For this reason: there were two Rogers de Clifford, and both of them made great additions to and alterations in the old Norman keep of Brougham. The first Roger, the first of the Cliffords in Westmorland, acquired the heritage by marriage with Isabella de Veteripont in 1268. It was this Roger, who in the beginning of the reign of Edward I. added the range of buttressed structures which abut on the northern aspect of the keep, and what is now the inner gateway with its groined vaulted archway. The Countess of Pembroke, in her memoirs, asserts that in her day this stone stood in the wall over this inward gate; it is almost certain that the inscription commemorates the fabric which the first Roger raised at the end of the 13th century.

XIV. CENTURY.

The second Roger, the grandson of the former, was Baron here, from the 25th of Edward III. for thirty-nine

* See paper on Brougham Castle, by the Rev. Canon Simpson, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archæological Transactions, vol. i,, p. 60.

years,