thus recorded the defects our ancestors discovered in the
old governing body of Carlisle, and the new broom that
was invented, when the old Corporation was swept into
limbo.

The Reformed Corporation of Carlisle, in the hot zeal of
1835, discarded many good things which had belonged to
their predecessors, and dropped many good customs which
their predecessors had loved to maintain. Among other
good things which they discarded, they discarded the
armorial bearings which their predecessors had used, and
they adopted a shield, now familiar to us, not then new,
but to which the unreformed Corporation had never but
once, by employing it, given sanction. It is blazoned as

"Vert, a castle between two roses or; on a chief gules, a lion pas-
sant guardant of the second, the base wavy argent and sable (or azure,
which seems the more modern usage.")

Or, more particularly,

"Vert, the base wavy of six argent and azure, thereon a castle
between two roses or; on a chief gules, a lion passant guardant of
the fourth."

The lion might be simply
blazoned as "a lion of Eng-
land," or even the whole chief
as a "chief of England," for it.
is taken from the Royal Arms
of England, with a view to ear-
mark the achievement as that
of an English city. The whole
composition is often explained
to mean an English city stand-
ing in a green meadow on the
brink of a river; or on three

rivers, Eden, Petteril, and Caldew. This last idea, how-
ever, falls to the ground, for the older examples of this
coat are always wavy of four pieces only, not of six. That

the

the composition admits of this very ingenious explanation is almost a proof that the composition is the work of a late herald; at any rate, that it came into existence, full grown, like Minerva out of Jupiter's head, and did not grow, as most old coats of arms did, gradually.

VT

I can nowhere find that this coat of arms was ever used or recognised by the unreformed Corporation of Carlisle; it is not given in any Herald's Visitation; it is not known to the College of Arms, except as occurring on certain maps and in certain books. It first occurs, that I can find, on the first edition of Speed's Map of Cumberland, which was published in 1610,* and is on a plan of Carlisle, which is in the corner of the map of the county: a fac-simile is here reproduced. The base is wavy of four pieces only, two of which are scored diagonally according to the conventional notation for purpure. But this certainly means nothing: this method of indicating tinctures was not known in England in 1610, and all the other tinctures of the shield are tricked with letters. Speed gives no authority for assigning this coat to Carlisle. But be it also noted that he further gives the arms of "The Earles of Carlile," viz., "Mercatus E., Ran Meschems Andrew Harkley," and those of "Henry Clifford Earle," i.e. of Cumberland. On the 2nd edition, which was not published until after 1660, Speed adds the arms of Hay, Earl of Carlisle, and Charles Howard, Earl of Carlisle. He gives the arms of Mercatus as B, three spears bendwise O., armed A.; of Meschems, barry O and G; and of Harkley, A, a cross G, cantoning a martlet V.

Speed, John, Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain, London: Printed for Thomas Basset, at the George, in Fleet Street, and Richard Chiswel, at the Rose and Crown, in the St. Paul's Churchyard, MDCLXXVI. The maps of this work, part i., are of older date than the "Tables of Towns," &c., they are of the year 1610. I have the map of Cumberland, but not the book. I am obliged to Mr. Micklethwaite, F.S.A., for consulting the book for me; it is on the reserved list in the Library S.A. I have since had the opportunity of consulting the book myself.

The

1291 14-7

These are tricked with letters. The chequers and fesse of Clifford he does not trick at all, but the alternate squares he scores with the notation for purpure, clearly meaning nothing, for the chequers of Clifford, are well known to be Or and Az. I am writing with both editions of Speed's map before me. The second edition is from the same plate, on which the two additional coats of arms have been cut ; the three red escutcheons carried by Hay are scored purpurewise, though clearly the scoring does not denote purpure. The importance of this digression will appear presently.

To return to the coat of arms we are discussing, viz., the Castle between two roses, the base wavy, and the chief of England. This is assigned to Carlisle, in a Manuscript Book in the College of Arms, called "Arms of Towns," which is of the date of Charles II., and which Mr. Bellasis, the learned and courteous Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms (to whom I am much indebted for information), informs me is of "no high authority." It appears again on an anonymous Itinerary* in my possession, of a date apparently late in the 17th century, or early in the 18th. The tinctures are here denoted by scoring, and the base is wavy of four Arg: and Az. It appears again in an anonymous book, published in London in 1713, entitled "The Arms or Common Seals of the Cities and Borough Towns in England and Wales." It is in Cox's Magna Britannia, published in 1720, with the base wavy of four argent, and azure, and the lion on the chief passant to the sinister! It occurs in Guillim, edition of 1724, but not in the editions of 1660, 1664, or in earlier ones. It occurs in Buck's View of Carlisle, 1745, where the base is wavy of four, argent and sable.

*The anonymous Itinerary is a page from "Britannia Depicta, or Ogilvy Improved, being a correct copy of Mr. Ogilvy's Actual Survey of all ye Direct and Principal Cross Roads in England and Wales." John Ogilvy was cosmographer and master of His Majesty's Revels in Ireland; author of "Britannia, or an illustration of the Kingdom of England and Dominion of Wales; by a geograpical and historical description of the principal roads thereof. London, 1675."

+I do not know about the edition of 1679.

I find

I find this same coat, having the base wavy of four, on a stone in the wall of the Corporation House at King Garth, with this inscription :

GEORGE PATTINSON

Esqr. Mayor of the City
of CARLISLE and

Mr JOHN BROWN Mr

GEORGE SOWERBY
Bayliffs 1751.

I further find this same coat with the Castle, &c., or what is intended for it, on a silver cup belonging to the Guild of Butchers at Carlisle, and presented to them by William Nanson of London, in 1791. This instance is remarkable, as having no base wavy, and as having a crest, viz., a Standard displayed argent, thereon a cross gules-the Standard of St. George of England! What may be the authority for this I know not. This same coat of arms, whose history we are following, crops up again on a plate in the second volume of Hutchinson's History of Cumberland, published by F. Jollie in 1794. This plate is very curious;* it was drawn by Carlile, a well-known local artist, and engraved by James Lewis. It is perfectly clear that none of those concerned in its production knew anything of heraldry; except, perhaps, how to represent the tinctures by scoring. The plate contains five oval views of buildings in Carlisle, and round the central one (a view of the Cathedral) are ranged eight coats of arms. Six of these are most clearly taken from the second edition of Speed's Map, for Speed's meanless scoring, which resembles purpure, is

A key to this plate is in the book, viz., "A List and description of the Engravings.' It follows the list of Subscribers, and precedes the Index. It is paged 5, and gives the arms as "No. 1, James Hay, E. of Carlisle; 2, Henry Clifford, E. of Carlisle; 3, Henry Fitz David, E. of Carlisle; 4. the City Arms; 5. Marcatus, E. of Carlisle; 6, Ranulph Meschines, first E. of Carlisle; 7, Andrew de Harcla, E. of Carlisle; 8, Prince Rupert, Duke of Cumberland. N.B.-We have not attempted a chronological arrangement of the Earls, as we have not met with any record on the subject. For the arms of the present Earl of Carlisle, see the view of Naworth Castle."

I doubt if Hutchinson or Jollie ever looked for any records at all.

carefully

carefully followed in the Clifford and Hay arms, and in those assigned to the City of Carlisle, while the other tinctures are scored correctly, scoring being substituted for Speed's lettering. It is perfectly clear that Mr. Jollie or his artists took their arms, including the Carlisle ones, from Speed's second edition of his map.*

In November 1798 Mr. Jollie, who was a man of great enterprise, brought out the Carlisle Journal. He headed it with the coat of arms whose history we have been discussing, and filled up a column or two with an account of Carlisle, taken, as no doubt he took the arms, from his County History, i.e., Hutchinson, but by now, better informed, he scores the base argent and azure. Both on the plate in his history, and on the Journal, he makes it of four pieces. The Journal used this heading for many years, and no doubt familiarised people with it: their present heading was adopted in 1838.

Jollie was the pioneer of several enterprising local publishers and printers, Jefferson, the Thurnams, and others, who have all adopted this coat as the arms of Carlisle, some giving four, others six pieces in the base. It also appears on the cheques of the local banks, who one and all score the base as argent and gules!

Throughout the whole series of the engravings of this coat from Speed, through Jollie, Jefferson, and Thurnam, down to the present Corporation printers, runs one unmistakeably proof that all are descended from Speed: it is in the Lion and his beard. The same vast and extraordinary beard runs through the whole series, and proves their parentage.+

An odd deviation from Speed is to be noticed: the spears of Mercatus are placed bend sinister-wise! and Harcla's martlet looks to the sinister, and is in a canton sinister! In the arms of Prince Rupert, Duke of Cumberland, the lions ramp to the sinister! This is not the error of an engraver forgetting to reverse the drawing, for the lion in the "City Arms" is passant to the dexter. But the three shields on which these anomalies appear are ranged on the sinister side of the central oval, the "City Arms" to the dexter; there has evidently been a design to make the animals, &c., look outward for symmetry!

In the Topographical Dictionary of England, published by S. Lewis in 1831, in four large quarto volumes, an engraving is given of this coat as the arms of Neither