stream of the Tyne was Prudhoe with its Norman keep, the chief seat of the Umfravilles, and higher up the towers of Bywell, Corbridge, Dilston, Hexham, Langley, Thornton, and Staward Peel; and about Haltwistle, Bellister, Featherstone, Blenkinsop, and Thirwall castles. Hereabouts the waters begin to flow to the west, and upon the Irthing, and other tributaries of the Eden, are the famous castle of Naworth the abode of Belted Will, Walton, Scaleby, a treble-moated and very perfect castle of the Tilliols, Netherby, Shank, Brackenhill and Kirklinton on the Line, Triermain, a castle of the Barons Vaux, Askerton, Braes, Crew, St. Cuthberts, Bewcastle placed within the Roman station, Kirkandrews on Esk, Liddel Strength, at the junction of Esk and Liddell; NetherDenton with its tower and moated mound, Stapelton, Bonshaw, Crumlogan, and Stonehouse upon the Liddell. Nearer to Carlisle were Irthington and Bleatarn with their moated mounds, Linstock and Drawdykes, all four close to the Roman wall, and to its south Woodside peel and Newbiggin tower attached to the Priory. A little east of the city were Warwick and Corby castles, while westwards Rockcliffe and Drumburgh castles guarded the estuary of the Eden, and upon the Caldew the Episcopal seat of Rose Castle, a place of some strength.

Cumberland was so long in Scottish occupation that it contains but few examples of military Norman masonry, though many strong places, some of which upon the lower Eden have already been mentioned. South of that river and the estuary of the Solway is Burgh-upon-Sands, the death place of the great Edward, celebrated locally for its military church tower and for a castle taken by the Scots in 1174 and 1253. Newton Arlosh also boasts a strong church. tower, and at Wulsty near Silloth was a small castle; the moated mound of Down Hall, Aikton, was a seat of the Morvilles, and the Upper Hall or Vicarage has also a moat. Brackenrigg, near Bowness-on-Solway, was a place

of

of strength. But the principal castles of Cumberland, south of Carlisle, were Cockermouth and Egremont. Cockermouth was founded probably by the Saxon lords of Allerdale, whose earlier seat is thought to have been within the Roman work at Papcastle, but it is better known as the castle of the Barons Lucy. The Toothill, at no great distance, is probably the seat of its early jurisdiction. Egremont is attributed to Meschines, Earl of Chester, early in the 12th century; but its lofty mound is probably of much earlier date. Of lesser strongholds were St. Andrews, and the towers and houses of Highhead, Castle Hill in Sowerby, Hayton, Hayes, Millom, Drumburgh, Hutton-in-theForest, Catterlen, Blencowe, Castle Howe in Ennerdale, Castle Rigg, Dalston Hall, Dacre, Dovenby, Greystoke, Harlybrow, Hardrigg, Hewthwaite, Hutton John, Isell, Irton, Lamplugh, Lees Gill, Muncaster, Netherhall, West Newton, Haltcliffe, Wraysholm, and Unerigg. Torpenhow on the Ellen seems to have been fortified, as was probably the Mote of Aldingham, a mound by the sea shore, 96 feet high, thought, upon very doubtful authority, to have been originally sepulchral. Barton Kirkhall in Patterdale, and Hartsop Hall, were also strong houses.

In that part of Cumberland, intersected by the Eden, there are, above Corby, the castles of Armathwaite, Castle Carrock, Dunwalloght, and Kirk-Oswald, with a dependent castellet five miles to the east, on the Ravensbeck, among the Geltsdale Fells, which here rise to a height of 2,000 feet. Higher up the Eden is Great Salkeld, with its fortified church.

On the Eamont and the Lowther are several strong places. On the Cumberland bank of the Eamont are Penrith, a castle of the time of Richard the Second, Carleton Hall, and the old house of Edenhall. On the Westmorland bank are the Halls of Sockbridge, Yanwath, Brougham, Clifton, and Askham, and the castle and Norman keep of Brougham, a stronghold of the Viponts

and

and Cliffords, and one of the great military centres of the district, Appleby and Brough being the others. These three castles, each with a rectangular Norman keep, were the guards of the valley of the Eden above the junction of the Eamont, and below the union of the two roads from Carlisle into Yorkshire. At various points in the open valley were the castellets of Howgill, Bewly, Hartly, Waitby, Lammerside, and Pendragon, with the halls of Wharton and Crosby Ravensworth. The lateral opening eastward towards the Bishopric was guarded by the keep of Bowes and the strong post of Barnard Castle on the Tees.

The western division of Westmorland, forming the Barony of Kendal, was far less exposed to the Scottish in-roads. Here were Kendal Castle with Castle Howe, the seat of an earlier defence, and another Castle Howe at Low Scales in Bretherdale, and in the south the towers of Dallam and Hazelsbeck. At various points, shewing the general insecurity of the district, were the towers of Wraysholm, Arnside on Ullswater, Godmond near Kendal, Greencastle, Halscal, Peele, and Whelp. The district, though removed from the border, and out of the line of the principal invasions, was still liable to be over-run by the stragglers from a force advancing by the road from Carlisle towards Penrith.

The Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Society contain already many valuable papers upon the more remarkable and more perfect of these strong places: it is to be hoped that the industry of its members will continue to be directed in this direction, so that in time the materials may be collected for a complete and accurate history of the ancient military defences of the border.

ART. IV. Traditional Names of Places in Edenside. By J. G. GOODCHILD, H.M. Geological Survey.

Read at Penrith, January, 1881.

THE

THE following List of Traditional Names of Places in Edenside represents part of a collection of notes gathered in the course of nearly fourteen years work on the Government Geological Survey of Cumberland and Westmorland north of the Lake District Watershed.

The detailed character of the investigations now carried on by the Geological Survey obliges its officers to stay weeks, or months, at a time in the most out-of-the-way parts of the country, and they have, therefore, abundant opportunities of hearing the most archaic forms of speech yet lingering in the district. In common with many others, I have long felt that something ought to be done towards preserving as much of this folk-speech as is left at the present day, and I have therefore carefully recorded every dialect utterance it has been my good fortune to heargenerally there and then so as to be sure of it. Amongst these notes on our dialects I have long given a prominent place to facts bearing upon the subject of the present communication, under the firm conviction that they will one day afford the philologist valuable material for reconstructing the languages used here by the peoples of old, and that they will not be less valuable to the archæologist, on account of the light that such a collection of facts will throw upon some of the most obscure periods of the early history of the districts represented in the list.

There are not a few that will be inclined to underrate the value of any evidence of this kind; but the work done of late by the English Dialect Society; by such writers as Dr. A. H. Murray, and most of all by Mr. A. J. Ellis,

F.R.S.,

F.R.S., and his fellow-workers, has resulted in establishing a firm conviction in the minds of philologists that it is unsafe to regard any one of our dialect forms of speech as forms of good English gone bad. While there can be no doubt in some cases about the existence of a certain amount of modification of the original forms of the words since they first came into use here, in other cases there is a strong presumption, and in a few cases there is absolute proof, that these local forms of speech represent the original words, while the equivalent literary forms are themselves mere corruptions.

The researches of philologists have made it also not less clear that it is unsafe to hazard any opinion upon the etymology of these place-names. Within the hydrographical basin of the Eden, or what, for convenience sake, it would be well to call by the name EDENSIDE, we have evidence that there has been in use—(1) an unknown form of Iberian speech; the form, or forms, of Celtic current in the old kingdom of Strathclyde, also practically unknown; the various dialects of the Angles, which were probably as diverse in their day as are the dialects of the parts the Angles came from diverse at the present day; there have been unknown forms and dialects of a more decidedly Scandinavian character; and lastly, superposed upon the foundation formed by these diverse elements we have had introduced forms of the literary English of every period from the earliest times down to the present day. Under these circumstances it becomes difficult for any man to decide, in the present state of philological knowledge, what words are corruptions of words of known meaning or of known derivation, and what are veritable relics of former speech now all but lost. I am not so sanguine as to believe that the view that the traditional names of places are the original forms and their literary forms their corruptions will meet with general acceptance; but I would ask them that hold the opposite view, and would raise

their