Produce and merchandize, 50,000 tons, 700,000 bushels. 35 duct: on this an elegant locomotive engine is in But, even should there be no compensating employ. waiting, which, in one day will carry the whole train ment, it is obvious that arrival and departure must The net revenue on each style of improvement to Baltimore, without delay, without unloading; on be regulated by a system as certain and prompt as the mail arrangements. The attendants must be re-up to Lynchburg, might be, including for water the other side are negroes, resting on their poles, in tained throughout the year, and whether profitably and ground rent, $5,477. employed, or not, receive their wages and mainte nance. Canal. Locks and Dams. Rail.road. $29,237 $126,770 40 $39,402 viting the produce to the safe conveyance of their boat ander lock and key, down to Richmond, at the rate of 2 1-2 miles an hour, that is in 30 hours! (7 aver groes themselves, or some harness and whip-stripped By charging them with the performance of this Allowing for tolls on each respectively, for the age days!) from Pattonsburgh-the power, said ne6 67 mules. Which of these, I ask, will tempt the trade? business, nothing is added to the annual expendi. whole distance : 6 12 $6.00 ture, except an increase of fuel. The wooden founThis year, as was expected, the trade of the river I answer, the locomotive engine, whieh will be in dation may be thus gradually transformed into stone, without interrupting the regular trips, by incurring has continued to increase, even under the unfavora. Baltimore long before a transfer could be made into no other expense except that of shaping and adjust. ble circumstances of the present navigation; the the boats, and at a less cost. ing the stone support; and it is believed can be ef. tolls received up to the first of December were, fected for the amount estimated for repairs and re. newals, if permitted to accumulate for the term of Last year for the same time they were A single proportion shows that the tolls The danger of such a contingency may not be $59,716 immediate, but it may, it will come; and will the 53,931 atate make a canal now, at great cost, with a pros58,777 pect of being placed hereafter under the necessity of converting it into a Rail-road in self defence? Čertainly not; she will prefer to make that work at 65,082 onco, which, while it will best guard her interests, The following report shows the facility with which a Rail-road may be made to connect the Western Which is an increase of nearly 11 per cent. and will procure her an uninterrupted and uniform line of transportation; which will cost no more than an Lakes with the valley of the Mississippi. The whole would be the result of probably: 57,500 tons, ordinary canal, produce more revenue, give greater rise and fall, in a distance of about 90 miles, including Produce and merchandize, celerity and momentum to her commerce, facilitate 760,000 bushels. the Rapids of the Illinois river, being only 195 feet; Coal, The increase of revenue, at the above tolls, would travelling and intercourse, save much useful time to which the Engineer says can be readily overcome therefore be (supposing always one half only from industry, which neither frosts nor droughts can impede, and whose ramifications may so easily be exwithout stationary engines. Surveys were made and to Lynchburg) tended in every direction, and even search the tideboth for a Canal and Rail-road, with a view to ascerwater district, so well adapted to it, and infuse into it the life of trade. Activity of capital is wealth, tain which might be constructed with the greatest and it is best promoted by this particular system.— facility; and the opinion is decidedly in favor of a Moreover, canals have done their best: Rail-roads, Rail-road, as will always be the case where their now at least equal to them, are still advancing tocomparative advantages are understood. wards perfection. Canal. 33,750 Locks and Dams. To which add for increase of coal, Canal. Locks and Dams. Rail.Road. $1,900 Which added to the net revenues estimated for last 54,887 168,020 40 78,892 the age. Persons who have not watched the progress of [From the Illinois Intelligencer, of Dec. 24, 1831.1 things, may be disposed to tax me with mutability SPRINGFIELD, 21st Nov. 1831. of opinion, but a short inquiry will convince them, To Charles Dunn, Acting Commissioner of the Illi. nois and Michigan Canal. This is the capability of the present commeree of that new circumstances, by modifying my data, SIR: Having (in conformity to your instructions) James River, between Richmond and Lynchburg. have necessarily introduced corresponding modifi finished the examination of the Calimic river, toge- These receipts, it must be recollected are the surplus cations into my opinions, and that I have invariably ther with a series of surveys in the vallies of the Des to be deposited into the Treasury free from all the adopted, without hesitation, whatever has beeone Plaines and Illinois rivers, necessary to the deve-annual charges of the improvement of the section up best, in consequence of the rapid improvements of lopement of their true character, with reference to to Lynchburg. In 1826, when only navigation was thought of, the projected improvement of the communication Captain Crozet then carefully examines the advanthe advances made in steam engines, induced me to between Lake Michigan and the navigable waters of the Illinois river, by means of a Canal or Rail-way-tages and disadvantages of each of the three modes investigate their application to a system of naviga a detailed report of the results, including the maps proposed—that of locks and dams, that of a canal, tion hitherto untried and I demonstrated, I think, and profiles of the different lines surveyed, will be and that of a Railroad, and thus states his conclu. that on a broad river, with a very small fall, as is James river up to Lynchburg, the use of steamboats furnished the Board as soon as practicable. sion:on an improvement by locks and dams, would pos. The objects of the examination of the Calimic riHaving reviewed the three modes of improvement sess several advantages. Steamboats have since been ver were in a great measure attained. But with every facility afforded for the supply of the summit spoken of between Richmond and Lynchburg, Inow brought to greater perfection, which is still more level with water, at the most favorable elevation, the proceed to give my own opinion of the improvement favorable to the system: and human invention is constantly directed to the substitution of steam to facts elicited by the examination of the route of the up to Lynchburg. If economy is to have a great weight in the deci. other power. At that time, I could not advocate Rail-roads ;-' proposed Canal, are unfavorable to the practicabili. ty of its safe and econoinical construction. The sion of the question, and the present sectional exiroute examined for a Rail-way commencing at Chi.gencies of the trade up to Lynchburg only are con- neither the power nor the vehicles used then were sidered, a lock and dam improvement would suffice. advantageous, the velocities obtained being small cago, crossing the Des Plaines at Laughton's ford, But if it is wished to adopt, at once, that style of and the loads carried light. It is now hardly two and pursuing the N.W. bank of the Des Plaines, was found extremely favorable for the adoption of that improvement best adapted to secure to Virginia the years since the important improvements in this species of improvement. The ascent from Chicago great and extensive advantages she can command mode of conveyance have been made; they have As late as the 25th of April, 1829, the Directors to the summit level, is 25 feet, and the descent from her goographical situation, a Rail-road is un-been rapid and astonishing. doubtedly the system I should prefer. thence to the foot of the Rapids of the Illinois, 170 ft.; This opinion, to which I have inclined for some of the Liverpool and Manchester Rail-road offered which can be readily overcome by locomotive pow-time, has been fortified in my mind by the operations a premium for a Locomotive Engine, requiring only, er, without the aid of stationary engines,at a rate of of the past seasons, which have proved the connec- that Very respectfully, your ob't. serv't. J. M. BUCKLIN, Engineer M. & I. C. graduation rarely attaining, and seldom exceeding, tion with the west to be most remarkably practica. "The engine, if it weighs six tons, must be ca. 20 feet to a mile. Materials of stone and timber are ble: end if Virginia is prepared to expend tree pable of drawing, on a level plane, a train of car. generally found in the immediate vicinity of the line. millions of dollars upon an improvement up to the riages of the gross weight of 20 tons, including The comparative estimates of the cost of improving mountains, it is certainly not to a canal I should tender and water tank, at the rate of ten miles an the navigation of the Rapids, and of the continuation wish to see them applied. hour, with a pressure of steam in the boiler not ex. of the Canal and Rail-way from the mouth of Fox riI will not trouble you with a repetition of the ma-ceeding 50 pounds on the square inch.” These were their utmost requisition and expectaver to their termination, not being completed, the Board is respectfully referred to the final report for arguments urged by the respective friends of cacals and Rail-roads, as I do not think the question tions, yet they were greatly exceeded. An engine information on that subject. ought to be decicted here between them in the ab. was produced weighing only 4 1.4 tons, which car. stract: but rather by the local and peculiar conside-ried as much as 46 1-4 tons gross, at the rate of 13. 3-4 miles an hour. Greater results have been ob rations belonging to the case. In the first place, the cost of a Rail-road, (double|tained since. A single, but larger engine, the Sampson, for in. RAIL-ROADS IN VIRGINIA.-The Old Dominion has track,) would not exceed $20,000 a mile, as is now fully established by the experience of the Baltimore stance we are informned has drawn 150 tons at an strong predilections for old ways. To such an ex- and Ohio Rail-rea d. average rate of 12 miles an hour, the coke burned tent, indeed, does it carry this predilection, that it In the next, this central line being in a direction not being quite 1.3 of a pound per ton per mile. While the moving power has received these beauis almost proverbial for bad roads; which, because which will invite travelling, the improvement would they were good enough for the fathers, are now derive from this source an additional revenue, not to tiful improvements, the means of diminishing the resistance have not been neglected." A few years ago, be expected on the canal. thought good enough for the sons; and, for being But the principal and most decisive consideration Tredgold estimated the friction at in 130; N. somewhat behind-hand in the improvements which I have to offer is, that uniformity in the mode of Wood ventured as far as 1 in 200. Now, I have al other States have accomplished or are rushing into. transportation is highly desirable: it saves the ex-ready mentioned that the Winan's car enables 1 inconveniences of translation pound to draw 450, with small wheels; and that, The improvement, however, above Richmond, of pense and other the James River—a main artery of Virginia-is now every where, and in this particular instance, may with outside bearings and chilled boxes, cominen save the whole trade. For, if now the trade of Ten-cars will probably be made with enlarged wheels to seriously contemplated, and, according to extracts nessee goes to Baltin vere, over the worst of roads, be drawn by 1 pound out of 400, and perhaps more. The considerable diminution of resistance on one we find in the Richmond Whig, from the Chief how much more readily would it take that course, if Engineer's report, it is by a Rail-road that this im. a Rail-road from Tenn es sey or Kanawha to Jame ri- hand, on the other, the fortunate application of the ver, was met there by ore coming along the valley of beautiful and cheap power of locomotive engines, capable alike of an energy and velocity which set provement is to be offected. the Shenandoah ? Capt. Crozet, the Chief Engineer, thus states the Let us picture to ourselves a train coming rapidly nimal power and speed at definance, and withal, amount of the trade of the James River, for 1830 : down to James river, acrpa s vvhich is a Rail-road via-perfectly under control, are now circumstances te which the most obdurate obstinacy only could refuse cinity of this city, or at Washington, as may be barrows in which their products are carried to conviction. The Rail-road system is the triumph of deemed most expedient. market. In a military point of view, the advantages resultthe age-the ultimate effects of its introduction are But the attention of the general government is urincalculable, and with the certainty that it will proged more imperatively to this object from the consid. ing from the establishment of these Rail-ways and duce important changes in the commercial and eveneration of its great national importance in a fiscal steam-carriages, would be incalculable. It would political world, its early adoption, is safer than its point of view. If any reliance can be placed on at once render our frontiers on every side invulnerarejection in favor of another system, from which no the calculations I have made, the revenue which ble. Armies could be conveyed in twenty-four hours farther developments are to be expected. Such are this mode of transportation, when brought into gen. a greater distance than it would now take them my opinions and such their motives. eral use, would be capable of producing, would far weeks or perhaps months to march. Thus then this improvement would afford us All of which is respectfully submitted. exceed the aggregate amount of duties on foreign C. CROZET, Principal Engineer. importations. However extravagant this position prompt and effectual means, not only of guarding may at first appear, I contend that it is capable of against the attacks of foreign enemies, but of expe the strictest demonstration. It is an indisputable ditiously quelling internal commotions; and thus soThe Buffalo Journal of 4th inst. thus anticipates fact, that the aggregate amount of internal com curing and preserving for ever domestic tranquility. Whatever constitutional doubts may be entertainthe value to New-York of the Rail-road it refers to merce is vastly greater than that of external com. in Ohio :But one half of the latter, viz. exports, ed respecting the power of Congress to cut and form Ohio Rail-road-By a private letter from Ohio, are, by the constitution, exempt from the payment canals, there can be none about the power to lay I shall now close this topic with an extract of a to a gentleman in this village, we learn that the of duties; the other half, foreign imports only, are Message from President Madison to the Senate and Dayton and Sandusky Rail-road bill has become a subject to the payment of duties. House of Representatives of the United States. Richmond, 26th Dec., 1831. DOCUMENTS merce. out and make roads. "The utility of canal navigation is universally admitted, and law. No event, since the completion of the Erie The far greater part of domestic commerce conCanal, equals this in its consequences to the State sists of bulky articles, many of which now pay fif. of New-York. It annihilates space between the ty per cent. on transportation to market. By the in it is not less certain, that scarcely any country offers more extennavigable waters of the Ohio and Lake Erie, and troduction of the proposed rail-ways, nine-tenths, atsive opportunities for that branch of improvements than the Uremoves the last barrier to a regular, rapid, and least, of this enormous tax would, in many instances nited States; and none, perhaps, inducements equally persua contemplated by the State of New York, which marks an hopcheap communication between the valley of the be saved, and the expense of transportation reduced sive, to make the most of them. The particular undertaking A toll of five per cent.orables; irit of enterprize, and comprising objects of national, as Mississippi and the city of New-York. When that from fifty to five per cent. Congress to the signal advantages to be derived to the United road is finished, it will draw all the travel from the would raise it to ten per cent. But still the farmer, well as more limited importance, will recall the attention of south-west through this place to our State metropo- remotely situated, would save four-fifths of his pre- States, from a general system of internal communication and lis. Let those who shall doubt us-and there will sent expense in the transportation of his produce to conveyance; and suggest to their consideration whatever steps be many such-bear our assertion in mind, and cast market. An average toll, then, of five per cent. may be proper on their part, towards its introduction and ac connection with arrangements and exertions for the gener it in our teeth when time has proved it erroneous. would constitute a very moderate impost. But the coupment. As some of those advantages have intimate They will be wearied with waiting. product of such an impost would, at no distant peri-al security, it is a period calling for these, that the merits of such "JAMES MADISON." od, be immense. That it would far exceed any a. a system will be seen in the strongest lights. "Washington, Dec. 2, 1811. mount which could possibly be derived from duties Froin local circumstances, these Rail.ways are Tending to prove the superior advantages of Rail- on foreign imposts, cannot admit of doubt. ways and Steam-Carriages over Canal Navigation. At a period like the present when the ordinary calculated to become pre-eminently beneficial to the sources of revenue continue no longer to pour into southern States. The great predominance of sand, New York, T. & J. SWORDS, 1812. the treasury of the United States their tributary and the deficiency of gravel or stone, precludes the Under the above title a pamphlet appeared in this streams, and when too we are called upon to make practicability of making good turnpike roads; but city just twenty years ago--from which we extract, arrangements and exertions for the general securi- the level surface, and great abundance of pine timin this place, the introduction, referring to a subse- ty;" at such a period the merits of a system prom-ber throughout this district of country, would not quent page for explanation of, and comments on it. ising, not merely to facilitate most astonishingly only render the construction of these rail-ways very "internal communication and conveyance," but to cheap, but peculiarly advantageous. By preserving It may be well to premise that the documents hero alfurnish new and abundant sources of revenue, ought nearly a horizontal level, the power requisite for the luded to, were propositions submitted by COL. J. STE surely to command the attention of the general gov. transportation of heavy bodies would be reduced asVENS, of Hoboken, New Jorsey, to the Canal Com-ernment, and cannot fail to "be seen in the strong- tonishingly. The cheapness of fuel would reduce too the expense of supporting this power to almost missioners of New York, before a spade had been est lights." nothing. Articles would be transported one hun. The extension and completion of the main arte- dred miles on these ways, at less expense than they struck into the ground, for connecting Lake Erie ries of such a system of communication would by could now be carried one mile on a deep sandy road. with the Hudson by a Rail-road in proference to a no means be a work of time. It would be exempt. This projected improvement is surely then an object Canal: ed totally from the difficulties, embarrassments, castants of the southern States. It would at once more INTRODUCTION.-The following documents, on aualties, interruptions and delays incident to the for-worthy of the most serious attention of the inhabi. subject calculated, I should suppose, to attract pub. mation of canals. Requiring no supply of water than double the value of their products. It appears lic attention, are committed to the press from an es- no precision and acuracy of level, the work could to me calculated to hold out the most flattering pros. timation of their importance, and from a full convic-be commenced and carried on in various detached pects of gain to such enterprizing individuals or tion of the practicability of the proposed improve-parts-its progress would be rapid, and its comple-companies as might be induced to embark a capital ment. On a subject of such deep interest to the tion could be ascertained with certainty. Innumer-in this object. community at large, I presume no apology will be able ramifications would from time to time be extenBut, I consider it, in every point of view, so ex. Thus would the sources of necessary for the liberty I now take of laying beded in every direction. fore the public private communications. private and public wealth, going hand in hand, inclusively an object of national concern, that I shall give no encouragement to private speculations, until Had the subject mattor of this publication been ex-crease with a rapidity beyond all parrallel. For every it is ascertained that Congress will not be disposed hibited to public view in the shape of an entire and shilling contributed towards the revenue, a dollar at connected essay, written expressly for the purpose, least would be put into the hands of individuals. Should it, however, be destined to remain unno. numerous repetitions and inacuracies, both in style But there remains another important point of view ticed by the general government, I must confess I and matter, would not have occurred. But, I am in- in which this improvement demands the attention of shall feel much regret, not so much from personal as clined to believe, that the desultory manner in which the general government. The celerity of communi- from public considerations. I am anxious and ambiit is now handled, and the unavoidable repetitions cation it would afford with the distant sections of tious that my native country should have the honor necessarily resulting therefrom, will render it more our wide extended empire, is a consideration of the of being the first to introduce an improvement of utmost moment. To the rapidity of the motion of such immense importance to society at large, and generally impressive. Although my proposal has failed to gain the ap- a steam-carriage on these ra il-ways, no definite lim-should feel the utmost reluctance at being compelled probation of the Commissioners for the improve- it can bs set. The flying F'roas, as they are called to resort to foreigners in the first instance. As no ment of inland navigation in the state of New York, by voyagers, belonging to the natives of the Islands doubt exists in my mind, but that the value of the im. yet I feel by no means discouraged respecting the in the Pacific Ocean, are said at times to sail at the into immediate effect by trans-atlantic governments, their Committee have brought forward serve only to resistance of the water to the progress of a vessel I have been the more urgent in pressing the subject final success of the project. The very objections rate of more than twenty miles an hour. But as the provement would be duly appreciated, and carried increase, if possible, my confidence in the superiori- increases as the squares of her velocity, it is obvious on the attention of Congress. Whatever then may ty of the proposed rail-ways to canals. that the power required to propel her must also be be its fate, should this appeal be considered obtrusive So many and so important are the advantages increased in the same ratio. Not so with the steam- and unimportant, or from whatever other cause or which these statos would derive from the general carriage-as it moves in a fluid 800 times more rare motive should it be suffered to remain unheeded, I adoption of the proposed rail-ways, that they ought, than water, the resistance will be proportionably di- still have the consolation of having performed what JOHN STEVENS. in my humble opinion, to become an object of pri- minished. Indeed the principal resistance to its mo- I conceive to be a public duty. mary attention to the national government. The in- tion arrises from frictior, which does not even insignificant sum of two or three thousand dollars crease in a direct ratio v rith the velocity of the carwould be adequate to give the project a fair trial.-riage. If, then, a Pron, can be driven by the wind *This astonishing velocity is considered here as merely pos On the success of this experiment a plan should be (the propulsive power of which is constantly dimin-sible. It is probable that it may not in practice be convenient to exceed twenty or thirty miles per hour. Actual experiments a general system of internal communi- ishing as the velocity of the Proa increases) through however, can alone determine this matter, and, I should digested, cation and conveyance" adopted, and the necessary so denso a fluid as water, at the rate of twenty miles not be surprized at seeing steam-carriages propelled at the rate surveys made for the extension of these ways in all an hour, I can see nothing to hinder a steam-carriage of forty or fifty miles per hour. directions, so as to embrace and unite every section from moving on these ways with a velocity of one of this extensive empire. It may then indeed be tru. hundred milbs an hour ..* dissoluble bonds of union. to pay any attention to it. New York, May 15, 1812. [From the Baltimore American.] BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL-ROAD COMPANY.-We ly said, that these states would constitute one fami- I will now just observe, that should it be consider. ly, intimately connected, and held together in in-ed an object of suffici ont importance, sails might be stated on Thursday that the case recently argued at used whenever the wind was favorable. Van Bram Annapolis,—the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road Com. Should the national government be induced to gives a curious account of the peasantry in the coun-pany vs. the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, make an appropriation to the amount above stated, try round Pekin avai ling themselves of sails, when-was decided against the former Company: Judges an experiment could soon be made, either in the vi-the wind favored the m, for propelling the wheel- Buchanan, Earl and Stephen concurring, and Judges Dorsey and Archer dissenting. The illness of Judge abundance of materials, that for $8,000 per mile, or their engravings of rails, engines, carriages, machiMartin prevented him from attending on the bench. for somthing less than $800,000, a good and substan-nery, &c. &c. The expense of such an undertaking It appears that "no written opiniens were prepared; the Chief Justice stated the opinion of the majority tial Rail-road with a single track may be constructed, will be great; yet, he is confident that the interest of the Court to be, that the Canal Company were which will connect the Valley of the Mississippi with taken by the American people in the subject of Railentitled to the prior choice of route." Should this the Lakes. His detailed report, with maps and pro- roads, at this time, will sustain him, and therefore decision go to exclude us, ultimately, from the files, will soon be prepared for the Commissioners; is he will pursue it. route which has hitherto been fixed upon, we are happy to be able to add that it will not arrest the the meantime, we understand that a gentleman is now progress of our great work towards its final termi. in this city in possession of the necessary information, COL. J. STEVENS, of Hoboken--The introduction nation on the Ohio. The Board of Directors, it which will be laid before a meeting to be called in re- we give in this number to a pamphlet published twenwill be seen by the proceedings annexed, have ference to the contemplated Rail-road from Lake Erie ty years ago, by the venerable individual whose resolved to prosecute the enterprize by the best route Office of the Baltimore avd Ohio Rail-road Co. which may be still left open, and they have accord to this city, to show the entire practicability of the un-name is at the head of this article, and who still hapingly determined that examinations for that purpose dertaking, as well as the immense advantage which pily survives to witness the realization, to the letter shall be promptly made. This course the Board would result to New-York by its speedy construction. almost, of his sagacious views respecting Rail-roads, owed to themselves, to the city, to the State, A Rail-road on this route would open a direct and entitles him to the rank of Father of that system of and to the Nation; and although circumstances should render a great effort necessary in order to easy communication with St. Louis, and the whole internal improvements in the United States. achieve the object in view, yet Baltimore and Mary. Valley of the Mississippi; it would bring into use land, and the United States, are all interested in ma- some of the best water power in the Union, sur- adequate idea of the satisfaction we have derived It is scarcely possible to impart to our readers an king that effort, and it will be made. inhabited as it is by a rapidly increasing population, that great and flouishing Rail-roads are now in use rounded by the most fertile soil in the world, and from perusing—in the presence as it were, of the fact At a special meeting of the Board of Directors, it could hardly fail to prove a safe and profitable in- both in this country and in England-the clear, disheld this day, the President stated that he had re- vestment; and we wish all the success to the enter- tinct, and accurate views on this subject, entertainceived intelligence from the Counsel of the Compa- prizing projectors, which the importance of the worked and expressed in 1812, by Col. Stevens. On the ny, that the Court of Appeals had reversed the decision of the Chancellor, in the case of the Baltiseems to warrant. We hope soon to be able to other hand, in the objections to his theory-for it more and Ohio Rail-road Company, against the give a statistical account of this interesting and for- was all theory then with him, but theory founded Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, by which the tile section of the country. Rail-road Company might be effectually excluded on cautious observation and reasoning-stated as from the route that had been selected, and obliged to * The report “seldom exceeding twenty feet to the mile," they were by such men as Gouverneur Morris, Robert seek another site for the eontinuation of the road it should read two feet." westward, beyond the Point of Rocks. Whereupon, L. Livingston, and De Witt Clinton, there is, seeing the following resolutions were unanimously adopted: the results we now see from Rail-roads, much to inResolved, That, although the Company shall be Alexander Black, Esq. Commissioner of the Charles- is scarcely one of those objections, advanced at the We have given some extracts from the report of duce distrust in even the loftiest intellects. There for the construction of the Rail-road, on the North ton and Hamburg Rail-road. It was our intention time with most undoubting confidence, which expeBank of the Potomac, in compliance with the con- to give it entire, but its length prevents, as it would rience has not proved to be unfounded; there is dition annexed to the subscription of Maryland to exclude several other interesting articles prepared scarcely one of the anticipations, or even calculations the Stock of the Company, in 1827, yet the Board for this number. The following facts, however, of Col. S. respecting the construction of Rail-roads, of Directors have an undiminished confidence in the practicability of constructing the road to the West, show conclusively that much credit is due to those and the probable velocity and power on them of steam within the time originally contemplated, and with having the management of it, for their persever. carriages, which like experience has not verified.results not loss beneficial to the State of Maryland, ance: the Union, and the City of Baltimore, than profitaYet, in their day and generation, the objectorsable to the Stockholders; which confidence is foundThe charter was granted in January, 1828, and looked up to, as men of enlarged minds and ad upon the well known character of the country, the books opened in the following March-but a sound common sense. admitting of the construction of the road in Virgi. small portion only of the stock was taken, yet the schemes time and experience have ratified, was treatnse—prevailed;, and he, whose nia, with all the advantages of a close connexion company was organized and proceeded to collected as a visionary Theorist. Nor, to say truth, are we with the rich valley of that State,-upon the now such facts as would shed light upon the undertaking, astonished at such a decision; for how many men, confessed superiority of a Rail-road over all other excluded from the route which had been selected date. known modes as a means of intercommunication, In the winter of 1828, 29, an experimental line of sur. twenty, nay ten years ago, would have considered both with regard to time, economy and commercial vey was executed, and in the winter of 1829, 30, such an assertion as that we are about to quote, other advantages, and upon the strong conviction, which the route was explored by Mr. Horatio Allen; in than the wildest vision:-"It is probable," says is rapidly gaining ground in the public mind, that the meantime a section of three or four miles was Col. Stevens, in a note in the pamphlet before us on this claim of superiority is placed beyond doubt by constructed and put into operation; doubts and fears the possible velocity of a steam carriage on Railthe experience of this country and of England. Resolved, That the President be directed to take were in a measure dispelled, and by great exertion ways, "that it may not in practice be convenient to the most efficient measures to ascertain the best route the subscription to the stock was increased to 600 exceed twenty or thirty miles an hour. Actual exto the Ohio River that may be still left open to this thousand dollars in August, 1830, when the affairs periment, however, can alone determine this matter, Company, by causing examinations to be made by of the company assumed a promising aspect, and the and I should not be surprized at seeing steam carthe Chief Engineer, with a view to this object, and that he report thereon at the earliest practicable work has progressed rapidly, as will be seen by riages propelled at the rate of forty or fifty miles an the annexed tabular statement referred to in the hour." How completely has the Liverpool and ManResolved. That this Board cannot too highly first part of the report. In the construction of this chester Rail-road verified both branches of this reestimate the support that it has hitherto received from the Stockholders, and holds itself pledged to road wood alone is used, with the exception of a flat mark! how incredible, up to the very day when it emit no measures that may in any way conduce to bar of iron on the surface. Piles are driven into the was thus verified,did such results seem to the immense the accomplishment of the great object in view,-earth on each side of the path, on the top of which majority of mankind! Finding his suggestions unheedan object, national in its every aspect; and which, and at right angles with the path, a sleeper is placed in New York, Col. Stevens some years afterwards, when completed, must be of incalculable advantage to our country, and place Baltimore, in wealth and ed; the rail of wood, six by ten inches square, is fas. (in 1818 or 1819,) addressed a memorial to the Legisreputation, upon the vantage ground which her tened to the sleepers. This is a very cheap mode of lature of Pennsylvania, then beginning to be moved admirable situation entitles her to hold. construction, and very liable to decay; it however by the spirit of internal Improvement, recommendanswers present purposes, and will enable them to ing a communication between the waters of the Ohio rebuild it at a future period, of more permanent ma- and those of the Delaware, by a Rail-road from Pittsterials, at a much less expense. P. E. THOMAS. Distance cleared and grubbed thirty feet in The Report of J. M. Bucklin, Esq, Engineer of the Illinois and Michigan Canal Co. published in this number of the Journal, is one of much interest He had just completed a survey of different routes, from Lake Michigan one by the way of the Calimie river, from the southern extremity of the lake, and the other from Chicago, on the southwesterly side of the lake to the foot of the Illinois Rapids, a distance of 97 miles. In his report he states the fact that the rise and fall in that distance is only 195 feet, or two feet to the mile; which is the more remarkable as it passes the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence. The Engineer reports decided- encouragement warrant the undertaking, (and thus Piles driven. Rails laid and wedged 45 1-4 48 1-8 31 1.4 21 637 burg to Philadelphia. But the public mind was not yet ripe; Col. Stevens was in advance of his age, and his counsels fell on closed ears. It may now justly be claimed for this enterprizing, sagacious and disinterested gentleman, that what others are effecting, he foresaw and recom-, mended long years ago; and the honor is fairly his, of having first suggested, in this country, the advantages of Rail-roads and steam carriages, and of hav. ing accurately estimated their speed and power. Our readers will, we are sure, think the space well occupied, which has thus been devoted in this first American Rail-road Journal, to an assertion of the ly in favor of a Rail-road, and is of opinion, from far it is very flattering,) to publish in detail some of sagacity and services of the first American projector the nature of the route (being a continued plain) and the best English books upon Rail-roads, with most of of Rail-roads. It is the intention of the publisher, should the 38 Many of our citizens assembled yesterday on out of the precious deposit, and thrown upon the very hard texture. Each block is about an inch in Bowly's, and the adjacent Wharves, to witness the road or water, to make the way safe, and the adven-thickness and the width of two pages. Being planMr. Medhurst conversed fromed and smoothed on the upper surface, to receive novel and enterprizing project of opening a track ture prosperous. NEW-YORK AMERICAN. JANUARY 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 1832. REVIEW OF THE WEEK. through the ice, quite 12 inches thick. Our readers door to door with many of these people, in their the characters, these are, in the first place, carefully have been already apprized that the steamboat Inde. own language. They were exceedingly courteous written on paper, which is laid upon the wood with pendence has been fitted out tor this important ser- and offered us tea and tobacco from time to time.-the written side downward, and then pasted over.vice, and we are happy to state, that after proceed. The tea is prepared in porcelain pots holding about Before the paste is dry the paper is carefully peeled ing several hundred yards, her performance justified a pint each, and dealt out in very small cups with- off, when the characters are seen transfixed to the In one of block. The blank spaces are then accurately cut athe opinion that the result will fully accord with out any addition of sugar or cream. the most sanguine expectations of all interested. these shops we found a famous quack doctor, who way, by means of a sharp-pointed tool, and the writ It is, however, considered an enterprize of great la- tramps about town and country, hawking his nos. ten parts remain in alto relievo,about the eighth of an bor and risk, and if persevered in, will, we presume, trums. He attracts company by beating a drum inch high, like figures and letters in metal types, er be amply remunerated, as it deserves to be.-Bal- which he carries with him, made of a bamboo, five pictures in what are called wood cuts among us. Mr. Medhurst employs two China-men in this work, feet in length, which he strikes alternately with a timore Chronicle.] fan and with his fist; producing no very warlike to whom he pays seven rupees (about twelve shilsounds. Attached to this dull drum is a large flag, lings) for every thousand characters. Each man which he flings over his shoulder, and displays at his will execute about three thousand of these in a back, having penciled upon it, in Chinese charac. month, or a hundred a day on the average. The ters, the marvellous cures his various lotions and pills blocks being finished, they are placed on a table, at have performed. This fellow is called a fool; he which the printer sits. The paper, squared ready to LIBRARY OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE, Vol. I. II. and may be one, but there are fools enough besides to be the proper size, is laid dry before him; and, on a III. New-York: Jona. Leavitt. From the title delighted with his drollery, and taken with his pre-beard at his right hand, the ink, which is little else tensions, so that he lives well and thrives on his than soot and water well tempered. With a brush, made of fine vegetable fibres, he first blackens the given to this work, it is, we presume, to be a conti-physie, whatever his patients may do. ruous one, and intended to embody, in the popular We next visited a Chinese temple, where idol-characters; then, having nicely, with both hands, form which these convenient and compendious col- worship is occasionally performed. It stands in an spread the paper over the same, with another flat, inclosure of high brick walls, and consists of vari- soft brush, be rubs the sheet down upon the face of lections have taken, subjects especially calculated to ous compartments, quite open to the air on one side. the block. This, when takes off exhibits the perfec promote and advance the cause of religious know Before these are placed tables for altars, behind ted impression. A clever printer will throw off sevle ge. The three volumes before us, attractive by which are groups of images, of many sizes, shapes, eral thousand such copies in a day. The paper is the excellence of the paper, and a clear type, pre- and colors; some gilt, others plain; many adorned brought from China; it is manufactured from the sent a "Journal of Voyages and Travels, by the with fantastic trappings of tinsel, &c.; while sweet bamboo, is exceedingly thin and never printed on odors and sandal-wood are kept burning in their both sides. CROWE'S HISTORY OF France, vol. III.; Philadel Rev. Daniel Tyernian and Geo. Bennet," Esq. who, presence. Transparent lanterns are also suspended between the years 1821 and 1829, visited, under the from suitable places. We were allowed to walk direction of the London Missionary Society, their through the sanctuaris, and even handle the phia, Carey & Lea. This, as our readers know, is idols as we pleased, though several of the atten- another in the series of Dr. Lardner's Cabinet Libravarious stations in the South Sea Islands, China, dants were at work in the court-yard. While con- ry, in the course of republication by Carey & Loa; India, &c. The scope here given to the observa- versing with a priest he said to us, "Don't you and the volume before us completes the History of "Why should we tions of educated and intelligent travellers, inde. think I am a very good man?" Because," said he, "I France down to the first abdication of Napoleon in April, 1814, and there stops. It may serve as an ilpendently of any interest in the main objects of think so?" was our reply. Chinese men are seen every where carrying on lustration of the intense interest attached to the anthe mission, is, it will be perceived, large; and those am so very tall." who have read the Journal of our own Mr. Stewart, their shoulders a kind of apparatus, which serves nals of France since the revolution commenced in through a portion of the same region, will feel how many useful purposes. At the end of a bamboo a such opportunities may be improved. The editor of square cage-like frame, about eighteen inches each 89, that this volume is devoted to the incidents which way, is suspended, in which is kept a pot for cooking oecurred between 1792 and 1814, a period of only this Journal, which is compiled from an immense their food, or boiling water in it to make tea. A, 22 years, while each of the two former volumes com. mass of original documents, is James Montgomery, the other end of the bamboo is a similar cage, con prises periods of some hundred years. The same tone author of "The World before the Flood," and other taining_provisions, or articles which they have to The calumnies and other inventions of Capt. Otto Van Kotzebue, of the Russian Navy, respecting the injury to the communities of the Society Islands, 66 poems, which, owing to their having been unduly sell. These they place in the streets, under the of general fairness and of discriminating selection shadow of a tree, and are at once at home wherever which we have heretofore noticed as belonging to praised by injudicious friends, have disappointed go-they happen to rest-tent, kitchen, and shop, being this work, prevails throughout this last volume; at neral readers. This compilation appears to us judi- thus over their head and on either hand. There are the close of which, moreover, is a copious and well ciously made the style of the Journal is easy and said to be fifty thousand of these people here, who natural, of which the short passages we shall extract are distinguished not only by the peculiar cast of arranged alphabetical index, referring to every im. their countenances, but by long plaited tails dang-portant name and fact recorded in the history. may be received as evidence. Hing from the back of their heads. HISTORY OF THE NORTHMEN, by H. Wheaton, The terrors of the Bohun Upas tree, it is now ge-1 vol. 8vo., pp. 367: Carey and Lea, Philadel. nerally known, are only rhetorical flourishes, and phia.-This reprint from the English edition of this that the green herb will spring up as pure, as fresh, erudite work of our countryman, Mr. Wheaton, is and as innocuous beneath the shade of its mighty creditable to the publishers in its execution. Of limbs, as under that of the royal eak, or the tower- the work itself, we have heretofore had occasion ing palm-tree. It may not be amiss, however, to to speak with so much satisfaction, and have given We shall have occasion, at a season of more lei-introduce here what these travellers say of it :such copious extracts from it in this journal, that we sure and space for literary extracts, to return to this On our journey, at Baitenzorg, we saw, in the gar- have only now to congratulate readers generally Journal: at present, we give some few passages den of the governor, a small Upas tree growing there. from it, and take leave of it, with expressing the It is five feet high, and as many years old, having a upon having it within their reach from an American earnest hope, that the enterprize of this Library of straight stem, with a few twigs and leaves upon them press. at the top. The leaves are very rough, serrated at Religious Knowledge may, as, if judiciously conductthe edge, and of a deep green color. It is from the ed, it must, succeed abundantly. occasioned by the introduction of Christianity, and the residence there of the Missionaries, are indig nantly noticed and refuted. Our travellers are in Java, and thus describe portion of that oddest of all people, the Chinese, whom a colony inhabit Batavia : a of ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA, vol. VIII.; Philadel bark of the roots (as we understand) that the famous phia, Carey & Lea.-This work goes bravely on, poison is extracted, by a process known to the na- and each number enhances its value to, and claims tives only, and kept by them as an invaluable secret on the public. The present volume comprises the of mischievous knowledge. The tree grows nowhere materials between LIN and MON. The biographier, to perfection except towards the eastern extremity Batavia is regularly built; the streets cross each of the island, where it sometimes attains the height of as usual, are among the most attractive articles; and other at right angles, and are of suitable width, well a hundred and fifty feet. It is unnecessary now to that of Louis XVI. does justice to the virtues, withpaved, and having broad footpaths of granite, or say, that its presence produces none of the blasting out concealing the weaknesses of that ill-fated prince. tiles, on each side; the carriage-way between is gra- effects formerly and fabulously attributed to it. We DE VERE; OR, the Man of Independence: by the velled. were permitted to take away several leaves from this There is a portion, however, of the city, strongly plant, which we plucked with our naked fingers with author of "Tremaine." Harper's Library of Select contrasted with the European parts, inhabited solely impunity. From the footstalks a white milky sap Novels, No. XV.-Tremaine deservedly gave Mr. by Chinese, and called their camp. These foreign- exuded. ers live generally in small low houses, to each of which was attached a shop, with all manner of wares, Ward a high reputation, and we believe he is now One other extract, relating to the art and mystery held as one of the most orthodox of novel writers. drugs, fruit, &c. &c. exposed for sale within and of Printing-that art which now governs the world-But though the book before us has been stamped without. In every shop, opposite the front door, we give; which, with tb.ose that precede it, is calcuwith that approval of critics and moralists which is an idol, painted on paper-a fat, squat old man, lated to display the style, and the general spirit of fairly entitles it to be considered a "select novel," a fiery flying dragon, a monstrous fish, or some hor- observation, evinced throughout this Journal, and to we cannot, in spite of the praise it has received on admire rible figure; bafore which is placed a petty altar-a show how attractive it ma ay be to all readers. both sides of the water, bring ourselves to little pot containing fragrant gums, or sticks of san. We were much ple dal wood, which are kept continually burning. The sed with observing the process De Vere. The story is bald in its invention, and ashos are carefully preserved, and accumulate in the of Chinese printir 4g in Mr. Madhurst's offiec. Noth. vessel, till one or another of the family are going ing can be mo on a journey or a voyage, when a handful is taken All the cha e simple or more effective, in its kind. barren of incident; the characters are, with the exfactors, are cut in wood, of a fine but not ception perhaps of Wentworth, overdrawn and un. is * "What boots it with incessant care, To tend the homely, slighted shepherd's trade! Or with the tangles of Neæra's hair?" an inferior existence. The Number before us is neatly printed, and gives a fair promise in several well prepared articles, of the terms of publication :— the future value of the work. The following are The work will be completed in twenty-four numbers; or if found necessary to exceed that number, all beyond it will be furnished to subscribers gratis. The price will be twenty-five cents for each number of forty royal octavo pages; the price is fixed thus low, from a belief that there will be an sive patronage. From the time of publishing the first number, which will be in January 1832, they will appear regularly on the first of each month. It exten The design says the prospectus, of the "Family Cabinet Encyclopedia," will be to furnish the Youth natural, and the style, generally labored, and some-flow its great merit as a collection of rambling estimes careless; is never easy and flowing. This is says in disguise. In accordance with this view of De Vere, we take of this country, in a cheap and oonvenient form, wholesale condemnation to be sure, of a book that has been much admired; but we go even farther, leave of it with the observations we have here em. with a large mass of valuable matter for reading, to * published in monthly numbers, to enable families and find fault with the general train of sentiment as braced in one quotation, upon the comparative value which they have not generally access. It will be sophisticated, and often absurd. De Vere is a youth of of Literary and Political Fame : How little more than upon a level is often the re. and young persons in limited pecuniary circumstan. birth and talent, who is shut up in a moated house, till seventeen, with a Welch parson, who teaches him his putation of the greatest statesman with the fame of ces to possess it. As these numbers will be furnishthose who, by their genius, their philosophy, or love led at regular intervals of time, each subscriber will accidence, and that he has the longest pedigree in of letters, improve and gladden life even after they be able not only to pay for it with convenience, as the kingdom, as the most useful knowledge in his are gone. The superiority in the temple of Fame, is enjoyed the work progresses, but also to read every article power to impart to his poor, but nobly descended With regard to the character of the work, we are pupil. With these notiens, the strippling is sent oat by men dintinguished for their efforts in song or his. in it. tory (but who might have been mere beggars when into the world, to revive the fortunes of his family alive) over those who flausted it superciliously over told that the Family Cabinet, will be a literary rathand the author never lets him speak of himself, with them in a pomp and pride which are now absolutely Public inen fill aer than a scientific work; and will be suited to the qut alluding to his "blood," as if he were recom-forgotten. mending a race-horse. This, which would be in larger space in the eye of mankind; that is, of con-use of families generally, as well as to the use of temporary mankind. But extinguish their power, youth in particular. Each number will be accompa no matter by what means,-whether by losing favor nied with a handsome engraving, embracing subjects bad taste at any time, becomes ridiculous when, instead of being among such scenes and individuals at court, or being turned out by the country, to give its bold relief to that most glorious creation both which they are alike subject; let death forcibly of general interest, such as the Capitol of the Uni of Scott's glorious pen, the character of Ravenswood, remove them, or a queen die, and their light, like ed States, City Hall, &c. Bolingbroke's, goes out of itself; their influence 18 the good certainly gene, and where is even their reputation? it is in the circles of busy life and among people of but fifty years since. Upon this overwean. It may glimmer for a minute, like the dying flame ing conceit of the importance of his family blood, the of a taper, after which they soon cease to be men. tioned, perhaps even remembered. whole character of De Vere turns, and his being a And yet have we not all heard of a maxim, ap. "man of independence"arises from his sustaining, un-palling to all lovers of political fame-that nobody der all circumstances, that honorable deportment is missed? Alas! then, are we not compelled to which he considers due, not to himself as a man and a burst out with the poet:gentleman, but to the name of his ancestors, as one of their race, so that we may conclude that if he had been stolen by gypsies in his infancy, and called Snug. gins or Higgenbottom, instead of De Vere, he might In short, when a statesman or even a conqueror will be edited by the Rev. J. L. Blake, A. M. Rector have turned out a very shabby fellow. But the import departed, it depends upon the happier poet or phi- of St. Matthews Church (Boston,) and author of a ance which is here given to birth, among those who losophic historian to make even his name known to Geography for Children, Historical Atlas, First Book are all equally noble-there being but one parvenu posterity; while the historian or poet acquires im- in Astronomy, Biblical Reader, and other works of for a foil becomes still more preposterous when the mortality for himself, in conferring upon his heroes Education. THE POLES.-We publish below the letter of Look at Plutarch, and ask which are most esoperation of the sentiment among all parties is brought into collision with that of respect for wealth. teemed, himself or those he records? Look at the thanks addressed by the late Envoys of the Polish government to France, to Mr. J. F. Cooper, for sub"The man of independence" is then found, in spite old Claudii and Manlii of Livy; or the characters of his pride of birth, to look with so much reverence in Tacitus; or Mecenas, Agrippa, or Augustus himself-princes, emperors, ministers, esteemed by scriptions, &c., transmitted from this country upon money, that he hesitates to marry a woman he contemporaries as gods! Fancy their splendor in This letter, as Mr. C. justly observes, is "a noble exloves, because she has twenty, while he has but five the eye of the multitude while the multitude fol-pression of those feelings which have rendered Poland remarkable for centuries." We are also enathousand a year. This is called noble pride by the lowed them! Look at them now! Spite even of author; but is it not the shadow of meanness? He their beautiful historians, we have often difficulty in whom fortune or the exercise of his own talents, in- rummaging out their old names; while those who bled to state for the satisfaction of American con wrote or sang of them live before our eyes. The tributors, that the money remitted hence will, in the vests with competence, is not only in a rational, but benefits they conferred passed in a minute, while opinion of Gen. Lafayette, and of the American committee who act with, and in subordination to, a worldly sense, upon a par with the wealthiest. And the compositions that record them last for ever. Lord Burleigh, who, in reference to Spenser, him, confer a greater amount of benefit among what kind of love is that which succumbs not to printhought a hundred pounds an immense sum for a ciple, but to pride? How strong must that passion song! Which is now thought of, or most loved, expatriated and destitute Poles, than if it had reachbe which is still subservient to another; and what the calculating minister or the poor poet? the puis-ed the nation while yet erect. General Lafayette meets weekly with the commitare its energies worth, be it either love, ambition or sant treasurer, or he who was left in suing long to bide?" avarice, if it is not the master passion? Poor Cupid I might make the same question as to Horace and tee in Paris, speaks with great feeling of the Poles, has his power sufficiently circumscribed by the rules Mecenas; and yet, I dare say, Horace was as proud with enthusiasm of American sympathy and liberaliof common sense and the dictates of duty; but his of being taken into Mecenas' coach to the capitol, as ty-and says that this transacting of business with empire is at an end, if he cannot reign despotic over the Dean of St. Patrick's in Oxford's or 'Boling (to use his own words) “my countrymen,” in the aid Fancy and Feeling, and put musty prejudice and idle broke's to Windsor. Yet Oxford is even now chiefly of the oppressed and unfortunate," is like old times." fantasy alike beneath his feet. But the' we thus quar- would Bolingbroke, but that he is an author, and a He has not, our letter says, grown old at all since his rel with the author's conception of "a man of in- very considerable ene, himself. We may recollect visit to America. An address to their countrymen, by the American dependence," we cannot deny that De Vore is a the manner in which Whitelock mentions Miltonthat one Milton. a blind man,' was made secretary committee, has been transmitted by the Formosa man of exalted honor, and a strongly drawn, though to Cromwell. Whitelock was then the first subject tritely conceived character. The same too may in the state, and lived in all the pump of the seals, arrived yesterday, setting forth what is substantially be said of the female characters. Lady de Vere and all the splendor of Bulstrode; while the blind here stated. does well enough for what she was meant for, tho' man was waked at early morn, to listen to the lark PARIS, NOVEMBER 5th, 1831. she does move about as if dressed in a herald's bidding him good morrow at his cottage window the letter of the Polish Envoy. Where is the lord-keeper now ?-where the blind tabard, and talk as if Brett's peerage were her man? What is known of Addison as secretary of Bible; but Constance, though a little tame, is state? and how can his excellency compare with To the Editor of the American: SIR, I have just received a letter from the late worthy in feminine loveliness, and delicacy of cha- the man who charms us so exquisitely in his writ When I have visited his interesting house at racter, of the painter of Georgiana in Tremaine.-ings? Bilton, sat in his very study and read his very books, Envoys of the Polish Government, in this country, Of the other personages who figure in these pages, no words can describe my emotions. I breathe his which I beg you will be good enough to publish.— they are, for the most part, with the exception of official atinosphere here, but without thinking of him The letter was written in French, and I have transWentworth, the old set of novel supernumeraries. at all. In short, there is this delightful superiority lated it from a desire to retain the original, by This exception is, however, an important one; and in literary over political fame, that the one, to say which means it may have lost some of its force; the best of it, stalks in cold grandeur upon stilts like the character of Canning, as drawn under that a French actor, while the other winds itself into our though I think you will believe it, with me, a noble with the various animated conversations in warm hearts, and is hugged there with all the affec-expression of those feelings which have rendered Poland remarkable for centuries. I shall refer you name, which he takes a part and the erudition and know-tion of a friend, and all the admiration of a lover. FAMILY CABINET AND JUVENILE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF to the official account of the proceedings of the ledge of men they call forth, give a value to the book far above that of an ordinary novel. Nor can USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, Pendleton & Hill, No 94 Broad. American Polish Committee, at Paris, for further we do less, after denying, as at the outset of these way.--This appears to be a work well worthy of en. information on the melancholy and interesting reremarks, the merit of De Vere as a novel, than al-couragement both for its usefulness and cheapness sults of the late war, as they are connected with the remembered through that very dean, and so perhaps, the We will not detain our readers any longer from |