ported by six arms and hands, figurative of the colonies.' On the body of the snake, beginning at the head, were the following lines,

"United now, alive and free,

Firm on this basis Liberty shall stand,
And, thus supported, ever bless our land
Till Time becomes Eternity."

Holt had published Parker's Gazette, first in company with Parker, and afterwards on his own account, from 1760 to 1766. As I have before observed, he began the second publication of the Journal with No. 1241, following in order the number of the Gazette which he published the preceding week. For this he assigned as a reason, that he should be able the more readily to settle with his customers. He seemed to consider the subscribers to Parker's Gazette as his customers, and the Journal as a continuation of the Gazette, which he had lately published. He mentioned his "having occasion to alter the title of his paper," meaning Parker's Gazette; "and, that he had altered it, first for the sake of distinction, as he was informed Parker intended publishing a paper under the former title; and, secondly, because, as Parker formerly published a paper under that title, he, Holt, would not avail himself of any

'On this occasion the following lines appeared in Rivington's Gazette. One of the allusions will be better understood by reference to the original cut; it cannot be explained here (see Sargent's Loyalist Poetry, 147).— M. 'Tis true Johnny Holt you have caused us some pain, By changing your Head-piece again and again: But then to your praise it may justly be said, You have giv'n us a notable Tail-piece instead.

'Tis true, that the Arms of a good British King

Have been forced to give way to a Snake - with a Sting;

Which some would interpret as tho' it implied
That the King by the wound of that Serpent had died.
But now must their Malice all sink into Shade,
By the happy device which you lately displayed;
And Tories themselves be convinced you are slandered
Who see you've erected the Right Royal Standard!

advantages from a name originally assumed by Parker." The fact was, Parker ever had been the proprietor of the Gazette and Post-Boy, and had taken Holt as a partner; and, two years after, when the copartnership ended, leased to him his paper and establishment. Holt could not command any property when he became the partner of Parker, who had been many years in business, and had acquired much celebrity as a printer, of which Holt as his partner was a partaker, and derived much benefit from it; but after his partnership and the subsequent lease of Parker's establishment had expired, and he began business for himself, he appeared disposed to retain both Parker's Gazette, and the purchasers of it, without due compensation.

Holt procured a new printing-apparatus at the time he began the Journal. This paper soon had a very extensive circulation; it was sent to all who had been customers to the Gazette; and was generally received.

The Journal was a zealous advocate for the American cause; it was supported by many able writers besides the editor; and it maintained its ground until the British army took possession of the city of New York, in 1776, when the publisher of it removed to Kingston (Esopus), and the Journal was discontinued several months; but was revived at that place in July, 1777. Esopus was burned by the British in October of that year, and Holt removed to Poughkeepsie, where he published the Journal until the termination of the war.

In the Autumn of 1783, it was again printed in the city of New York, with an alteration in the title, as follows: The Independent Gazette; or The New York Journal Revived. In January, 1784, it was printed, from a new and handsome burgeois type, "at No. 47, opposite the Upper Corner of the Old-Slip, Hanover-Square ;" and was published twice a week, on Thursdays and Saturdays; but before the close of that month the editor, Holt, died.

Elizabeth Holt continued the Journal, after her husband's decease, until 1785, but it appeared only on Thursdays.'

In January, 1787, Elizabeth Holt and Oswald 2 sold their right in the Journal, and their establishment, comprising the whole of their printing materials, to Thomas Greenleaf.

Greenleaf, soon after he came into possession of the Journal, printed it daily, or rather, he made the establishment the foundation of two papers. One he published with the same title, weekly, on Thursday, for the country; the other, intended for circulation in the city, bore the title of The New York Journal, and Daily Patriotic Register. The titles of these papers were afterwards altered. That printed daily was called The Argus, or Greenleaf's New Daily Advertiser; and the weekly paper was published twice a week, and entitled Greenleaf's New York Journal and Patriotic Register.

When the two great political parties were forming, subsequent to the organization of the federal government, that which opposed the administration, attacked the measures of the venerable Washington with a great degree of virulence, in Greenleaf's paper.

Greenleaf was born at Abington, in Massachusetts, and was taught printing in Boston, by Isaiah Thomas. He was the son of Joseph Greenleaf, who, at an advanced age, in 1774, engaged in the printing business at Boston.

He continued the papers above mentioned until 1798; at which time the yellow fever raged in New York, and great numbers left the city to escape that pestilence; but Greenleaf remained at his post, took the disease, and fell a

For a few months, in 1781, it was published by Eleazar Oswald for Elizabeth Holt; and afterwards, to January, 1787, it was printed in the name of Eleazar Oswald.

* Oswald was the kinsman of Mrs. Holt. He had been a colonel in the American army. In 1782, he commenced the publication of the Independent Gazetteer, in Philadelphia. This paper was continued during his connection with the New York Journal, and for several years after. He died in September, 1795.

victim to it at the age of forty-two years. He was well acquainted with his business, enterprising, and amiable in his manners. After his decease, his widow, Ann Greenleaf, published both the semi-weekly and daily paper for a time; but eventually sold her establishment to James Cheetham, who altered the title of both papers. The one published semi-weekly was now called, The American WatchTower, and the daily paper bore the title of The American Citizen. Cheetham was born and brought up in England. He was not bred to printing, but he was a very able editor, and a distinguished writer. Occasionally the vigor and pungency of his style remind his readers of the productions of the renowned Junius.1

The New York Chronicle.

I have not been able to ascertain, accurately, when this paper first made its appearance, or when it was discontinued; but it was published by Alexander and James Robertson, and commenced either in 1768 or 1769.

Not long after the close of the year 1770, the printers of the Chronicle removed to Albany, and the publication of it ceased.

Rivington's New-York Gazetteer; or The Connecticut, New-Jersey, Hudson's River, and Quebec Weekly Advertiser.

This Gazette commenced its career April 22, 1773, on a large medium sheet, folio. It was printed weekly, on Thursday; and when it had been established one year, this im

He died 19th September, 1810, aged 37, and the Citizen was discontinued in November following.-M.

print followed the title, "Printed at his EVER OPEN and uninfluenced press, fronting Hanover-Square." A large cut of a ship under sail was at first introduced into the title, under which were the words New York Packet. This cut soon gave place to one of a smaller size. In November, 1774, the ship was removed and the king's arms took the place of it. In August, 1775, the words "Ever open and uninfluenced" were omitted in the imprint.

The Gazetteer was patronized in all the principal towns by the advocates of the British administration who approved the measures adopted toward the colonies; and it undoubtedly had some support from "his Majesty's government.' The paper obtained an extensive circulation, but eventually paid very little respect to "the majesty of the people;" and, in consequence, the paper and its publisher soon became obnoxious to the whigs.

Rivington continued the Gazetteer until November 27, 1775; on which day a number of armed men from Connecticut entered the city, on horseback, and beset his habitation, broke into his printing house, destroyed his press, threw his types into heaps, and carried away a large quantity of them, which they melted and formed into bullets. A stop was thus put to the Gazetteer.'

Soon after this event, Rivington went to England, where he supplied himself with a new printing apparatus, and was appointed king's printer for New York. After the British gained possession of the city, he returned; and, on October 4, 1777, recommenced the publication of his Gazette under the original title; but in two weeks he exchanged that title for the following, Rivington's New York Loyal Gazette; and on the 13th of December following, he called his paper The Royal Gazette. Imprint, "Published by James Rivington, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty." The

1 For an account of this affair, see New York Hist. Collections, p. 301.— M.