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Lettres, by M. Bayle, and the Bibliotheque Universelle Choisie, et Ancienne et Moderne, by Le Clerc; in 1689, the Monathlichen Unterredungen, of Germany; in 1692, the Boekzaal van Europa, by P. Rabbus, in Holland; and in 1698, the Nova Literaria Maris Balthici; together with several others in Germany, France and Italy." These were all of that class of periodical works which are called reviews. The first publication of this kind in England, was The History of the Works of the Learned, printed in London, in 1699; which was soon followed by Memoirs of Literature, The Present State of the Republick of Letters, The Censura Temporum, and the Bibliotheca Curiosa. These were published in England the beginning of the eighteenth century, but they were soon discontinued.'

The first English literary work, bearing the name of a magazine, was published in London in the year 1731, by Edward Cave, and is continued under the title of The Gentleman's Magazine, at this time. It has acquired credit not only from its long establishment, but from its usefulness, and a considerable addition was made to its reputation by the labors of the learned doctor Samuel Johnson.

The second performance of this description, was The London Magazine, a valuable publication, which was continued fifty years. The Scot's Magazine, is said to have been

1 Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century, 11, 235-6.

2

Edward Cave, the founder and editor of The Gentleman's Magazine, which has been

"The fruitful mother of a thousand more,"

was the son of a shoemaker at Rugby, in Warwickshire, England; at which place he received his education in the free school. His apprenticeship he served with Collins, a printer and an alderman's deputy, in London. When he was of age, he wrote for Mist's Journal, and became the editor of a country newspaper. Through the interest of his wife, he obtained a small place in the postoffice; and some time after was promoted to the office of clerk of the franks. At length, he was enabled to purchase a small printing apparatus, with which he commenced the publication of a magazine; and, to this undertaking, he was indebted for the affluence which attended the last twenty years of his life, and the large fortune he left behind him.

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the third magazine published in Great Britain. pean Magazine was established in 1782.

The Euro

There are, at this time (1810), upwards of forty periodical works, denominated reviews and magazines, published in Great Britain and Ireland. Some of these reviews are regularly reprinted and republished in the United States. A list of the works of this description, which are published in the United States, will be found in the appendix.

The British Encyclopedia, with large additions, in twenty volumes, quarto, was reprinted by Thomas Dobson, of Philadelphia. It was published in half volumes, two of which came from the press annually.

The first public journals, printed in British America, made their appearance in 1704. In April of that year, the first Anglo American newspaper was printed at Boston, in Massachusetts Bay, by the postmaster, whose office was then regulated by the colonial government. At that period, I believe, there were only four or five postmasters in all the colonies. It was not until after the expiration of fifteen years, that another publication of the kind issued from any press in this part of the world.

On the 21st day of December, 1719, the second AngloAmerican newspaper was published in Boston; and, on the following day, December 22, the third paper appeared, which was printed in the city of Philadelphia.

In 1725, a newspaper was first printed in New York; and after that time, gazettes were gradually introduced into the other colonies on the continent, and into the West Indies.

There are now, 1810, more newspapers published in the United States, than in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.1

1 See further on, a calculation of the newspapers printed in the United States, and those published in Great Britain and Ireland. See also Appendix.

In 1754,' four newspapers only were printed in New England, these were all published in Boston, and, usually, on a small sheet; they were published weekly, and the average number of copies did not exceed six hundred from each press. No paper had then been issued in Connecticut, or New Hampshire. Some years before, one was printed for a short time in Rhode Island, but had been discontinued for want of encouragement. Vermont as a state did not exist, and the country which now composes it was then a wilderness. In 1775, a period of only twenty-one years, more copies of a newspaper were issued weekly from the village press at Worcester, Massachusetts, than were printed in all New England, in 1754; and one paper now published contains as much matter as did all the four published in Boston, in the year last mentioned.

At the beginning of 1775, there were five newspapers published in Boston, one at Salem, and one at Newburyport, making seven in Massachusetts. There was, at that time, one published at Portsmouth; and no other in New Hampshire. One was printed at Newport, and one at Providence, making two in Rhode Island. At New London there was one, at New Haven one, one at Hartford and one in Norwich; in all four in Connecticut; and fourteen in New England. In the province of New York, four papers were then published; three in the city, and one in Albany. In Pennsylvania there were, on the first of January, 1775, six; three in English and one in German, in Philadelphia, one in German, at Germantown; and one in English and German, at Lancaster. Before the

1 1 In 1748, five newspapers were printed in Boston, but one of them was discontinued in 1750; a provisional stamp act closed the publication of two more in 1755; but they were afterwards replaced by others.

2 With all deference to Mr. Thomas's knowledge of what was done in his own time, it still seems hardly probable that the paper begun in Albany in 1771, could have been continued longer than 1773. No copies of it have been discovered here later than the early part of 1772.-M.

end of January, 1775, three newspapers, in English, were added to the number from the presses in Philadelphia, making nine in Pennsylvania. In Maryland, two; one at Annapolis, and one at Baltimore. In Virginia, there were but two, and both of these at Williamsburg. One was printed at Wilmington, and one in Newbern, in North Carolina; three at Charleston, South Carolina; and one at Savannah, in Georgia. Making thirty-seven newspapers in all the British colonies, which are now comprised in the United States. To these may be added one at Halifax, in Nova Scotia; and one in Canada, at Quebec.

In 1800,' there were at least one hundred and fifty publications of this kind printed in the United States of America, and since that time, the number has increased to three hundred and sixty. Those published before 1775 were weekly papers. Soon after the close of the Revolutionary war, daily papers were printed at Philadelphia, New York, &c., and there are now, 1810, more than twenty published, daily, in the United States.

It was common for printers of newspapers to subjoin to their titles "Containing the freshest Advices both Foreign and Domestic," but gazettes and journals are now chiefly filled with political essays. News do not appear to be always

'In 1796, a small paper, half a sheet medium, 4to, entitled The New World, was published at Philadelphia every morning and evening, Sunday excepted, by the ingenious Samuel H. Smith, afterwards the able editor of The National Intelligencer, published at Washington. The novelty of two papers a day, from the same press, soon ceased; it continued but a few months. This paper was printed from two forms, on the same sheet, each form having a title; one for the morning, and the other for the evening; the sheet was then divided, and one half of it given to the customers in the forenoon, and the other in the afternoon.

It may be remarked that this number of newspapers, which seemed to be worthy of notice at the time Mr. Thomas wrote, in 1810, is only about one-third as great as that which ceased to exist in the year 1872; so rapidly do newspapers now come forth, and soon after disappear from want of adequate support.- M.

the first object of editors, and, of course, "containing the freshest advices," &c., is too often out of the question.

For many years after the establishment of newspapers on this continent, very few advertisements appeared in them. This was the case with those that were early printed in Europe. In the first newspapers, advertisements were not separated by lines from the news, &c., and were not even begun with a two line letter; when two line letters were introduced, it was some time before one advertisement was separated from another by a line, or rule as it is termed by printers. After it became usual to separate advertisements, some printers used lines of metal rules; others lines of flowers irregularly placed. I have seen in some New York papers, great primer flowers between advertisements. At length, it became customary to "set off advertisements," and from using types not larger than those with which the news were printed, types of the size of French canon have often been used for names, especially of those who advertised English goods.

In the troublesome times, occasioned by the stamp act in 1765, some of the more opulent and cautious printers, when the act was to take place, put their papers in mourning, and, for a few weeks, omitted to publish them; others not so timid, but doubtful of the consequence of publishing newspapers without stamps, omitted the titles, or altered them, as an evasion; for instance the Pennsylvania Gazette, and some other papers, were headed "Remarkable Occurrences, &c."- other printers, particularly those in Boston, continued their papers without any alteration in. title or imprint.

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