the majority of the people, remained, and became incorporated with the invaders, whether Roman or Saxon, whose descendants, notwithstanding they have lost their mother tongue, are as much British as their brethren in Wales. His lordship strongly points out the evils and inconveniences arising from the prevalence of different tongues among members of the same nation, who thus become a sort of foreigners to each other. He adds, however, that though for judicial purposes, local improve ment, charity, and mutual intercourse, it is expedient to encourage but one language, yet that so long as the poor speak the ancient tongue, the Gospel ought to be preached in it for their benefit. His lordship, upon the whole, considers that "the revival of the Saxon language, or the cultivation of the British, beyond the necessary purposes of religion, of intercourse with the poor, of archaeology, and the exercise of poetical talent, would be more detrimental than serviceable to the public." This distinction appears sound, and has been acted upon by the most judicious friends of our various charitable societies as respects the Gaelic and Irish languages.

Some of the meteorological reports state, that during the late intensely cold weather, the thermometer, during the nights of the 19th and 20th of January, fell as low as 6 and 8 deg. in London, and a little north of London, to 3 deg. The thermometer, however, is not a test of the sensation of cold on the living frame; in other words, of the rapidity of the abstraction of caloric, which depends not merely upon the temperature of the air, but alsoupon, its degree of moisture, pressure, and rapidity of circulation. A scientific friend suggests, that it might be very useful, especially for medical purposes, if meteorolo gical observers would institute a series of experiments to shew what is the comparative rapidity with which caloric is abstracted from the human frame, in all the varying states of atmospherical temperature, moisture, weight, and rapidity. The ex periments might be tried by means of a thermometer raised, say to 98 deg., the point marked blood-heat, and observing accurately the rapidity of the first decrements of cooling, under the varying circumstances just mentioned. The persons employed in the late Arctic expedition could sustain an intense degree of cold with little inconvenience if the air was still; but a slight breeze rendered the abstraction of caloric too rapid to be supported, withbut great suffering and danger. Damp air

also, every one knows, is a very rapid conductor of heat.

Dr. A. Philip has published a series of papers to demonstrate that there are three distinct powers, the sensorial, the nervous, and the muscular, concerned in the animal system, yet without dependence on each other; that the muscular may for a time survive both the sensorial and nervous powers; that the nervous may survive the sensorial and muscular powers; and that the sensorial power is without dependence on the others, except so far as they are necessary for the maintenance of its organs. The nervous and muscular powers are the direct means of maintaining the life of the animal, and of connecting it with the external world: the former receiving impressions from the world, and the latter communicating im pressions to it. The functions of the nervous and the muscular powers are viewed by him as results of inanimate agents acting on vital parts, and are capable of being excited by electricity, or galvanism, artificially applied; but when from these we turn to the sensorial functions, we perceive results which have lost all analogy to those of inanimate matter: they have only an indirect effect in maintaining ani mal life, and are excited by no impressions but those communicated through the nervous system; and, consequently, are the results of living parts acting on each other. The sensorial are the first functions which cease when the vital powers begin to fail; while inanimate agents continue capable, for a time, of languidly exciting the nervous and muscular functions of life. This theory, rightly viewed, would appear to be strongly opposed to the principles of materialism.

PORTUGAL.

The Government of Portugal has adver tised for the best digest of a civil code for that kingdom, in place of the old system. The reward for the most approved system is 30,000 crusadoes of gold, or about 10,000.; to be paid in several years. The unsuccessful candidates are to be rewarded according to their merits. The competition is open to persons of all countries.

INDIA.

The difficulty of procuring a proper description of people to fill the situations of native doctor, has induced the Governorgeneral to direct the formation of an institution for the instruction of natives in medicine; to be called the School for Native Doctors. The institution is to be placed under the management of a medical officer. Hindoos and Moosulnians are to

be equally eligible as students, with the sole condition that they be persons of respectable cast and character, and willing to perform the duties of their calling. The immediate design of this institution is the supply of the public service, civil and military; but we hail it as one more link in the chain of causes and institutions calculated to raise the character of the native population, and to make way for the extension of science, education, and, above all, of Christianity among them.

A case lately came before a court martial at Calcutta, of an officer provoking another to fight a duel, and continuing a strain of hostility after the commander-inchief had ordered the affair to be set at rest, and the letters on both sides to be withdrawn. The court found the officer guilty of not withdrawing his letters; but, considering that he was "influenced solely by honourable feelings, and an anxious desire to be placed in a situation to clear his character from injurious reports," awarded no punishment. The commander-in-chief, after urging the many inconveniences which had arisen from this affair, and expressing his surprise that the court had adjudged no penal award, declares his persuasion that in future "the expediency will be manifest of an authoritative intervention, to stop, in an early stage,the progress of party bickerings, brought within official cognizance, and will shew the fitness of marking with severity any management for evading the injunction." We notice the subject, chiefly for the purpose of urging the duty of an "authoritative in

tervention" to prevent the practice of duelling altogether. It can scarcely be doubted, that, if duelling were in every case publicly frowned upon by those who have the bestowment of national honours and rewards, and in place of it, as has been often suggested,a court of dignified appeal, if necessary, were appointed, this relic of barbarism might be rendered as unpopular as it is disgraceful in itself and contrary to the most solemn stipulations of our naval and military service. And if duelling were rendered dishonourable in these professions, a readiness to murder or be murdered upon the slightest provocation, would not long continue to be thought a necessary mark of courage in the private walks of life; especially after it was once publicly understood that to have fought or assisted in a duel would inevitably call down the highest earthly displeasure,-to the anger of God, the deliberate duellist must be insensible, and powerfully tend to turn aside the stream of honour and patronage from flowing in so discreditable a channel.

THIBET.

An Italian paper states, we know not upon what authority, "that the Queen of Thibet has requested no less than eighty missionaries from the college of the Propaganda, to convert her semi-barbarous subjects to Christianity; she herself, it is alleged, having been converted by an Italian, who has found his way thither, and is now exercising the office of chief minister."

THEOLOGY.

Religion not Speculative but Practical, a Sermon before the University of Oxford; by the Rev. J. Knight, M.A.

Consolations for Mourners; by R. H. Shepherd. 18mo. 6d.

The Eventide, or last Triumph of the King of Kings, being a Development of the Mysteries of Daniel and St. John; by J. A. Brown. 2 vols. 18s.

The Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures proved by the Evident Completion of Important Prophecies; by the Rev. T. Wilkinson, B.D. 6s.

An Advent Sermon against Modern Infidels, and an Appeal for the People of Ireland; by the Hon. and Rev. É..J. Turnour, M.A.

The Druid's Song, or an Appeal against Infidel writers; by the same.

The Redeemer's Tears over Lost Souls; with two Discourses; by the Rev. John Howe, A.M. With an Introductory Essay; by the Rev. R. Gordon. 3s. 6d.

The Connexion of Christianity with Human Happiness; by the Rev. W. Harness. 2 vols. 8vo. 15s.

The Hermit of Dumpton Cave; or Devotedness to God and Usefulness to Man, exemplified in the Old Age of J. C. Petit, of Dumpton, near Ramsgate, with a portrait. 12mo. 5s.

Sermons by the Rev. John Hayden. 8vo. 8s.

A Vindication of the Authenticity of the Narratives contained in the first two Chapters of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke; being an Investigation of Objections urged by the Unitarian Editors of the improved Version of the New Testament: with an Appendix; by a Layman. 8vo. 10s. 6d.

The Village Preacher. Vol. III. 12mo. 5s. The Doctrines of Grace conducive to eminent Holiness; a Sermon by J. B. Innes.

Antichrist Advancing; a Sermon by the Rev. S. Pigott, A. M.

Scripture Narratives, containing every Historical and Biographical Narrative in the Old and New Testament, with 120 engravings; by the Rev. S. Barrow. 7s. bound.

Summary Account of the London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews; with Answers to Objections; by the Rev. C. S. Hawtrey, M. A. 6d. Elspeth Sutherland; or the Effects of Faith. 9d.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Negro Slavery; or a View of some of the prominent Features of that State of Society, as it exists in the United States of America and the West Indies, especially in Jamaica. 8vo. 3s.

Travels in New England and New York; by the Rev. Dr. Dwight, late President of Yale College, in 4 vols., with maps. 21. 2s.

Observations on a Pamphlet on the Consumption of Wealth by the Clergy; and on the Edinburgh Review; by the Rev. F. Thackeray, A.M.

A Letter to M. Jean Baptiste Say, on the comparative Expense of Free and Slave Labour; by Adam Hodgson. 2s.

Patronage of the Church of England considered in reference to National Reformation, the Permanence of our Ecclesiastical Establishments, and the Clerical Character; by M. Yates, D.D. 5s.

Thoughts on the Anglican and AngloAmerican Churches, in Reply to Mr. Wilks's Necessity of Church Establishments; by John Bristed, author of "The

Resources of the British Empire," and of "The Resources of the United States of America," 8vo. 10s. 6d. New York, re printed London.

Ode to the Memory of the Rev. J. Owen. Post 8vo. 6d.

A Catalogue of Greek and Latin Classics, including the most important editions in chronological order, with the principal Lexicographical Works, &c. with their prices; by S. Hayes. 2s.

East and West India Sugar; or, a Refutation of the Claims of the West India Colonists to a protecting Duty on East India Sugar. 3s.

Revived Architecture in Italy, No. 1. folio. 11. 5s.-India paper, Il. 11s. 6d. Fosbrooke's Encyclopedia of Antiquities. No. I. 4to. 5s.

Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of Napoleon; by the Count Las Cases. 8vo. French, 18s. English, 21s.

The Annual Biography and Obituary for 1823. 8vo. 15s.

Aragos's Narrative of Freycinet's Voyage. 4to. 31. 13s. 6d.

Chronology of the Last Fifty Years, from 1773 to 1823. 18mo. 15s.

Novus Thesaurus Philologico-Criticus; sive Lexicon in LXX. et Reliquos Interpretes Græcos, ac Scriptores Apocryphos Veteris Testamenti, post Bielium et alios Viros Doctos congesset edidit J. Schleusner. 3 vols. 8vo. 41. 4s.

Esop in Rhyme, with some Originals; by Jefferys Taylor, of Ongar. 12mo. 4s. The Village Church. 2 vols. 18mo. 4s.

PRESENT STATE OF THE

CHURCH OF ENGLAND. THE Rev. Dr. Yates-who is entitled to the best thanks of the members of the Church of England for his diligent exertions in pressing on the public attention, several years since, the lamentable necesssity of increased church-room, and whose suggestions were a principal cause of the formation of the Church Building Society, and the Act passed for effecting the same object-has just published a Letter to Lord Liverpool, on the patronage of the Church of England considered in reference to national improvement, the permanence of our ecclesiastical establishments, and the pastoral charge and clerical character. From his publications we shall extract some highly important statements relative to the present con dition of the Established Church; principally as respects ecclesiastical residence

and patronage. Non-residence, Dr. Yates considers, and justly, as perhaps the most serious evil with which our church has at present to contend. He remarks:

"Various deficiences, erroneous arrangements, and imperfect ministrations, in the several preparatory and superintendant departments of clerical life, have been from time to time noticed and descanted upon; but the loud voice of public censure has been more particularly directed to the concentrated danger and powerful mischief, arising from the want of a due, and full, and efficient, and personal discharge of the stated and implied duties of a parochial Christian ministry;-and this defect has been' generally considered as originating chiefly in what is termed the non-residence of the clergy."

The celebrated Consolidation Act (57 Geo. III.) like all former statutes, Dr. Yates admits, has failed of effectually se

curing clerical residence; though possibly it may have done something towards that desirable end, and might do more if the payment of the full stipend which it allots to curates were in every instance enforced by authority. The "public and detailed discussion of the subject," however, Dr. Yates allows, did much good; for "it awakened many slumbering consciences; alarmed many mercenary worldlings, and tended, more powerfully perhaps than the enforcement of the laws themselves has done, to the promotion of this most useful object."

We shall arrange our extracts under the heads of extent of non-residence; causes of non-residence; and the remedy proposed by Dr. Yates to prevent non-residence.

The present extent of non-residence amongst our clergy is perfectly appalling. "It appears, without comprehending cathedral churches and their preferments, that the number of parochial benefices in England and Wales may be estimated at twelve thousand, as included under the descriptive terms of Rectories, Vicarages, Perpetual Curacies, Donatives, and Chapelries; that these benefices are held by about six thousand seven hundred incumbents; that of these Incumbents about three thousand nine hundred hold one parochial benefice each person; and that about two thousand eight hundred hold each more than one parochial benefice....The total number of incumbents being about 6,700;-if we suppose each of these incumbents to reside upon one of his preferments, which in all cases is not the fact, even that hypothesis will still leave about 5,300 parochial benefices necessarily without resident in'cumbents; and if we also estimate that about 600 benefices are, from other causes, without resident incumbents, the number of non-residences will be about 5,900,nearly one half of the parochial benefices of the Church of England, at the present time, and under the operation of the present laws, without resident incumbents. And although the total number of benefices, and the total number of incumbents, given in the diocesan returns are not so large as the general statement, yet the proportion of non-residents is still higher; as, according to the returns for the year 1813, there were 6,375, and for the year 1814 there were 6,804, non-resident incumbents; being an officially ascertained number considerably exceeding one half of the parochial benefices of the Establishment."

The causes of this deplorable system of

non-residence, Dr. Yates considers to be chiefly as follow :

"The several modifications under which these causes present themselves may be chiefly comprehended within four leading heads, or points of consideration.

"I. The too often absent principle, in the want of a pious, a deep, and heart-pervading sense of the blessing of redemption, so grateful and predominant as to furnish the chief and commanding motives of action, and render the whole conduct subservient to the honour of God and the benefit of man.

"II. The too generally prevalent principle of a regard to the occupations, the enjoyments, and the solicitudes of time, so absorbing and overwhelming as to exclude from the general habits of life the practical influence which a due consideration of eternity must have upon them: and in its stead to give a cold technicality, a mere businesslike temporal character, to the remunerations and employments, the offices and functions of clerical engagements.

"III. The nature, circumstances, extent, and present application of the remunera tion allotted and set apart for the time, talents, and exertions, devoted, exclusively of other avocations, to the national instruc tion and improvement.

"IV. The manner in which the exercise of parochial functions is intrusted to individuals, and the motives that originate and determine such selection and appointment.

"The two first of these points, though of very powerful and extensive effect, are not immediately and directly cognizable by ecclesiastical discipline or human legislation.

"The two latter, including every consideration respecting maintenance and patronage, being in a considerable degree tangible by law and regulation, are the points to which attention will be chiefly solicited."

The principal cause of non-residence is clearly the present lamentable system of pluralities, as sufficiently appears from the above calculations, and a chief cause of these pluralities (abating the moral causes), Dr. Yates considers to be the inadequacy of a large portion of our ecclesiastical benefices to maintain their incumbents in a reasonable degree of respectability and comfort. This inadequacy will very painfully appear from the following facts :

"The result of my investigation is, that after all the improvements and augmentations which the liberality of the Crown, of the Parliament, and of individuals hath