πραγματεύεσθαι καὶ κακοπαθεῖν τὸν βίον ἅπαντα τοῦ παίζειν χάριν, σπου δάζειν δὲ καὶ πονεῖν παιδιᾶς χάριν ἠλίθιον φαίνεται καὶ λίαν παιδικόν.

1. 19. illo quidem] § 66, § 95.

quietibus ceteris] 'the other modes of refreshing the body.' See on this metonymic plural § 41, § 78, Nägelsbach lat. Stilistik p. 183 and cp. Sallust Cat. xv. 4 neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat.

1. 20. cum satis fecerimus] subjunctive of repeated action, P. S. Gr. P. 343.

1. 21. ipsumque] que='further,' cp. § 87, § 108, § 150, II § 20, § 7, § 82.

profusum] lavish,' 'excessive,' § 124.

1. 22. ingenuum] i. q. liberale § 96, quale hominem libere natum decet, 'becoming a freeman;' facetum 'witty, humorous.’

1. 23. quae-non sit] consecutive subject with qui.

honestatis actionibus] i.e. actionibus quas honestas praescribit. 1. 25. eluceat] jussive subjunctive.

§ 104, 1. 26. inliberale] = Gr. åveλeúßepov, 'unworthy of a freeman,' 'vulgar,' 'coarse,' opposed to ingenuum, 1. 22. petulans, 'spiteful,' flagitiosum, 'shameful,' 'scandalous,' elegans, 'in good taste,' urbanum, ' gracious,' ingeniosum, 'clever.'

1. 28. Plautus] Cicero's criticism on Plautus is more just than that of Horace who in his A. P. 1. 270 says

at nostri proavi Plautinos et numeros et
laudavere sales, nimium patienter utrumque,
ne dicam stulte, mirati.

1. 29. antiqua comoedia] the old, or great political Comedy of Athens 470-390 B.C. of which Aristophanes (448-385 B.C.) is the principal representative. Plautus and Terence imitated Menander, Philemon and Diphilus, the writers of the new comedy, 320-250 B. C., which more resembled our modern comedy of manners.

Socraticorum libri] Brut. § 292 ego ironiam illam, quam in Socrate dicunt fuisse, qua ille in Platonis et Xenophontis et Aeschini libris utitur, facetam et elegantem puto.

1. 31. a sene-collecta] not taken down at the dictation of Cato but collected by him, de orat. II § 271 nam quod apud Catonem est qui multa rettulit, ex quibus a me exempli causa compluscula ponuntur, per mihi scitum videtur cet. Cato Censorius died B. C. 149.

άτéуμата] 'terse, pointed bon mots:' ad fam. IX 16, 4 audio Caesarem, cum volumina iam confecerit àπopleyμáтwv, si quod ad eum afferatur pro meo, quod meum non sit, reicere solere. Such ἀποφθέγματα were called dicta (de orat. II § 222 haec bona dicta, quae salsa sint; nam ea dicta appellantur proprio iam nomine, Cic. ap. Macr. Saturn. II I, 14 nostri cum omnia quae dixissemus dicta essent, qua facete et breviter et acute locuti essemus, ea proprio nomine appellare dicta voluerunt) or dicteria.

1. 32. alter est, si tempore fit cet.] 'the one kind of jest is, if employed at a seasonable time, as for instance when a man's mind is disengaged from business, worthy of a great man (i. q. dignus hominis praestantia § 106); the second kind is not worthy even of a free man etc.' The same opposition occurs de or. II § 252 obscenitas, non solum non foro digna sed vix convivio liberorum.

1. 33. tempore] sc. suo, as loco suo § 142, Heine reads in tempore= temperi 1 § 58.

1. 34

rerum turpitudini cet.] de orat. 11 § 236 haec ridentur vel sola

a

vel maxime, quae notant et designant turpitudinem aliquam non turpiter, i.e. sine verborum obscenitate, ib. § 242 praestet (orator) ingenuitatem et ruborem suum verborum turpitudine et rerum obscenitate vitanda.

P. 39, 1. 2. modus]‘measure,' 'just degree' or 'limit,' 'compass :” § 140 cavendum est...ne extra modum prodeas, Tusc. v § 80 adhibeat oratio modum.

omnia profundamus] 'give ourselves up to unrestrained excesses.' 'Ne totos nos quasi effundamus laetitia, extra nos fiamus.' Z. Cp. § 203 1. 21, II § 65.

1. 3. elati] 'carried away,' 'transported.' 'Proprie efferri est cursu longius quam par erat procedere. Liv. III 5 Furium legatum longius extulit cursus. Hinc eleganti metaphora de iis quorum appetitus evagantes a ratione non satis retinentur. Cp. Tusc. v § 15 motus turbulenti iactationesque animorum incitatae et impetu inconsiderato elatae, rationem omnem repellentes. H.

1. 4. campus noster] sc. the campus martius, which was used by the young Romans as an exercise ground, for riding, swimming, driving and various games and sports. Horace Od. 1 8, 3, III 7, 25,

quamvis non alius flectere equum sciens
aeque conspicitur gramine martio:

and Epist. I 18, 54, A.P. 162, Sat. II 1, 8, Statius silv. V 2, 113–116.

studia venandi] 'amusement of the chase,' which Horace Epist. I 18, 48 calls Romanis sollemne viris opus; cp. Od. 111 24, 56, Sat. II 2, 9.

§ 105, 1. 6.

CHAPTER XXX

officii quaestionem] 'inquiry about duty,' § 87 1. 31. 1. 7. in promptu] 'before our eyes,' § 61, § 95.

1. 8.

pecudibus reliquisque beluis]=pecudum naturis 'those of cattle and all other sorts of beasts,' § 76, § 96 1. 6. 'Pecudes,' says Zumpt, 'bestias cicures et domesticas dicimus, in primisque oves; de omni genere animalium ratione non utentium bestias proprie dicere debebat: dixit autem beluas, quoniam de maioribus bestiis intellegi voluit, bestiarum autem nomine etiam pisces et conchylia comprehenduntur, quorum cum homine comparatio aliena erat a re.'

1. 10. feruntur] i.e. instinctively, in opposition to ducuntur: cp. § 118 deducimur-feruntur, § 145 deferri-deducitur.

1. 12. delectatione] Zumpt remarks on the propriety of the word, which implies more than oblectatio, 'improvement' as well as mere 'gratification,' II § 6.

1. 15. sed]='ouv, 'but,' 'however:' II § 73, III § 97. At and igitur are similarly used § 121, ergo § 134, after a digression.

siquis est paulo erectior] not 'if a man is ever so little elevated above instinct,' 'has but a little elevation of character,' but, as Zumpt takes it, 'is a little too alive to the excitements of pleasure.'

§ 106, 1. 19. quispiam qui aliquid cet.] if there be one such person found as to set some value on sensual gratification,' 111 § 120.

1. 25. delicate] 'voluptuously.'

§ 107, 1. 28. personis] 'characters,' § 97, § 98.

1. 29. communis] 'universal, arising from the fact of our all being

partakers of reason and so superior to the brute creation.' Ex eo= secundum id.

1. 32. et ex qua cet.] and from which the rational method of finding out our duty is derived.' For we find out what our duty is, by reflecting how much and in what respects human nature is superior to that of beasts.

P. 40, 1. 2. in formis aliis inesse] and so in the case of figures, some have a noble, others a graceful appearance.' See supplementary

note.

1. 3. sic in animis] 'so, in the case of dispositions, there are still greater diversities.' Cp. Persius Satir. v 56,

mille hominum species et rerum discolor usus,

velle suum cuique est, nec voto vivitur uno.

§ 108, 1. 4. erat] Sic Cicero loqui solet de iis quos antea quidem vidit sed qui iam non supersunt. H. Crasso] L. Licinius Crassus, the great orator, born B.C. 139, consul B.C. 95, (Verr. II 49, 122, Brut. § 229), died when Cicero was in his sixteenth year B.C. 96. He is one of the interlocutors in Cicero's dialogue de oratore, in which we find particular allusions to his character. See especially I § 24, II § 220 non fere quisquam reperietur praeter hunc (Crassum) in utroque genere leporis excellens et illo, quod in perpetuitate sermonis et hoc quod in celeritate atque dicto est. Brut. 143 equidem-Crasso nihil statuo fieri potuisse perfectius. Erat summa gravitas, erat cum gravitate iunctus facetiarum et urbanitatis oratorius, non scurrilis lepos; Latine loquendi accurata et sine molestia diligens elegantia; in disserendo mira explicatio, cum de iure civili, cum de aequo et bono disputaretur, argumentorum et similitudinum copia; Herenn. 4, 22, de orat. 11 § 188, orat. § 106, § 132, de off. I § 131, Brut. § 138, § 145, § 197, § 207, § 256, § 301, de off. II § 47, § 63. The fragments of his speeches are given in Meyer's Orat. Roman. fragm. p. 146 ff. He is mentioned again II § 57.

L. Philippo] Lucius Marcius Philippus, Q. F. Q. N. the same according to Orelli (onomast. Tullian. p. 381) who is spoken of by Horace Epist. I 7, 46 as strenuus et fortis causisque Philippus agendis clarus, was a tribune of the plebs B. C. 103 (de off. II § 73), consul B. C. 91 with Sext. Julius Caesar. Cicero speaks very highly of him, II § 59 magno vir ingenio, pro Mur. § 36 summo ingenio, opera, gratia, pro Quint. § 72 L. Philippus, eloquentia, gravitate, honore florentissimus civitatis, Brut. § 173 where after ranking him next (proximus sed longo intervallo tamen proximus) to Crassus and Antony he speaks of his summa libertas in oratione, multae facetiae; satis creber in reperiendis, solutus in explicandis sententiis; erat etiam imprimis, ut temporibus illis, Graecis doctrinis institutus, in altercando cum aliquo aculeo et maledicto facetus, ib. § 186, § 207, § 301, § 304.

1. 5. magis de industria] 'more studied,' whereas in Crassus and Philippus it was rather a natural endowment.

1. 6. in C. Caesare] Gaius Julius Caesar L. F. Strabo Vopiscus, called also Sesquiculus, aedile B. C. 90 when his brother Lucius Julius Caesar was consul, was slain together with him B. C. 87 when Marius and Cinna obtained possession of Rome. Wit was the chief characteristic of his oratory; but he was deficient in power: Brut. § 177 festivitate et facetiis et superioribus et aequalibus suis omnibus praestitit, oratorque fuit minime ille quidem vehemens, sed nemo umquam urbanitate, nemo lepore, nemo suavitate conditior, and Tusc. V § 55 C. Caesar, in quo mihi videtur fuisse specimen humanitatis, salis, suavitatis, leporis, de

orat. III 30 novam quandam rationem attulit orationis-res tragicas paene comice tractavit. He is introduced by Cicero as one of the speakers in the de oratore, II § 12. See below § 133, de orat. II § 98, III § ic, Brut. § 98, Philipp. II § II, de off. II § 50.

1. 7. Scauro] § 76. Cicero, de orat. I § 214, speaks of him as vir regendae reip. scientissimus-prudentia tamen rerum magnarum magis quam dicendi arte nitebatur, Brut. § 110 M. Aemilius Scaurus et P. Rutilius, quorum neuter summi oratoris habuit laudem, et uterque in multis causis versatus erat, ib. § 116 habemus in Stoicis oratoribus Rutilium, Scaurum in antiquis. The character of his oratory is given in Brut. § 111 in Scauri oratione, sapientis hominis et recti, gravitas summa et naturalis quaedam inerat auctoritas, non ut causam sed ut testimonium dicere putares, cum pro reo diceret.

Druso] M. Livius Drusus was the son of M. Livius Drusus who was tribune of the plebs with C. Gracchus B. C. 122 (Brut. § 109). He was himself tribune of the plebs B. C. 91, when, having organised a conspiracy against the government, he was assassinated (interfectus domi suae, de nat. III § 80, § 81, Her. 4 § 31). Cp. Brut. § 222 M. Drusus, M. Bruti magnus avunculus, gravis orator ita duntaxat, cum de rep. diceret, pro Rab. Post. § 16, pro Cluent. § 153, pro domo § 120, pro Mil. § 16. Asconius in Cornel. p. 68 M. Livius Drusus, tribunus pl. cum senatus partes tuendas suscepisset et leges pro optimatibus tulisset, postea eo licentiae est progressus, ut nullum in his morem servaret. Itaque L. Marcius Philippus consul a. u. c. 663, qui ei inimicus erat, obtinuit a senatu, ut leges eius omnes uno senatus consulto tollerentur. Decretum est enim, contra auspicia esse latas neque iis teneri populum.

1. 8. C. Laelio] § 90. Cp. pro Mur. § 66 quis C. Laelio comior, quis iucundior eodem ex studio isto? quis illo gravior, sapientior?

1. 9. Scipione] i.e. the younger Africanus, § 87 1. 3 note, § 116, § 121. ambitio] 'desire of popularity,' Germ. Menschengefälligkeit ' (Heine). Cp. ad Qu. fr. I I, II praesertim cum hi mores tantum iam ad nimiam lenitatem et ad ambitionem incubuerint, ad fam. XIII 5, I nam cum multi a me petant multa, non committo, ut ambitione mea conturbem officium tuum. See suppl. notes.

1. 10. tristior] 'more austere,' 'more sad' in the old sense of the word, i.e. 'more earnest.'

de Graecis] n. to III § 34.

1. 11. simulatorem quem epwva cet.] Elpwv is properly one who conceals what he possesses, what he thinks; the term was applied to Socrates, because he was so much in the habit of dissembling his real knowledge. Hence we should have expected dissimulatorem rather than simulatorem. But it is clear that every act of dissimulatio involves a corresponding simulatio. Thus Socrates, to use the words of Cicero Brut. § 292, omnium se rerum inscium fingebat et rudem; and therefore was a simulator properly so called. Still eipwveía corresponds in its literal meaning to dissimulatio, and it is so translated by Cicero Acad. II § 15 cum aliud diceret atque sentiret, libenter uti solitus est ea dissimulatione, quam Graeci eipwveía vocant. Eipwv, according to Quintilian's translation (Inst. 9, 2, 46), is agens imperitum et admirator aliorum tamquam sapientium. Cp. Brut. § 292 cum de sapientia disceptetur, hanc sibi ipsum detrahere, eis tribuere illudentem, qui eam sibi arrogant: ut apud Piatonem Socrates in caelum effert laudibus Protagoram -se autem omnium rerum inscium fingit et rudem.

1. 13. Periclem] Plutarch. Pericl. c. 5 où púvov ús čOLKE Tò øpbvηpa

σοβαρὸν καὶ τὸν λόγον ὑψηλὸν εἶχε—ἀλλὰ καὶ προσώπου σύστασις ἄθρυπτος Eis yeλwra: de orat. III § 138, Valer. Max. VIII 9.

1. 15. Q. Maximum] i.e. Fabius Cunctator, § 84.

1 16. praeripere] i. e. 'summa celeritate hostium consiliis praevenire,' 'to anticipate (and so frustrate) the enemies' designs.' A stronger expression than praecipere i.e. praesentire, the reading which though it rests on inferior authority Orelli adopts: cp. § 81 1. 25.

1. 17. Pheraeum Iasonem] Jaso, the Túpavvos of Pherae, was the first who planned an invasion of Persia by the combined forces of all the Hellenic states. His death B.C. 360 cut short his ambitious designs. Xenoph. Hellen. VI § 20, Diod. Sic. xv p. 373.

1. 18. versutum et callidum factum Solonis] On occasion of the contest between Athens and Megara respecting the possession of Salamis, the ill success of the attempts of the Athenians to make themselves masters of the island had led to the enactment of a law forbidding the writing or saying anything to urge the Athenians to renew the contest. Solon, indignant at this dishonourable renunciation of their claims, evaded the law by feigning madness, and in this disguise reciting a short elegiac poem, which he had composed, calling upon the Athenians to retrieve their disgrace and reconquer the 'lovely island.' The law was repealed, war declared, and the expedition successful. Iustin. II 7, Valer. Max. v 3. qui...vita eius] [Verr. II § 174 de quibus, ut eos iudices habeamus, legem...promulgatam videmus: cp. Poppo in Mützell's Zeitschrift für das Gymnasialwesen, XVIII 657. J. E. B. M.]

1. 19. plus aliquanto] 'considerably more.' Aliquanto means 'in some degree,' great or small, as determined by the context. Cp. § 81, 1. 27. For the position of the comparative cp. Brutus § 270 melius aliquanto, ad Att. v 21 minus paulo, Sueton. Tiber. 62 plures aliquanto, Liv. XXVII 36, 7 minor aliquanto numerus, V 29, 5 maius aliquanto

certamen.

§ 109, 1. 21. de insidiis]=per insidias. Hand Tursell. Tom. II p 628, who compares Tibull. I 1, 37 neu vos de paupere mensa dona nec e puris spernite fictilibus. For the change of prepositions cp. Liv. XLII 24, 4 ob nullam aliam causam nisi propter constantem fidem.

1. 22. qui quidvis perpetiantur] conditional subjunctive, the protasis being dum-consequantur.

1. 24. Sullam] See for instances Plutarch Sull. cc. 5, 6, 28 where he is called alwπn, Sall. Iug. 95, 3 where he is thus characterised: facundus, callidus et amicitia facilis, ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingeni incredibilis, multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor.

M. Crassum] § 25, III § 73. Plut. Crass. c. 3 οὐδενὶ γὰρ οὕτως ἀπήνε τησε 'Ρωμαίων ἀδόξῳ καὶ ταπεινῷ Κράσσος, ὃν ἀσπασάμενον οὐκ ἀντιπροσηγόρευσεν ἐξ ὀνόματος and c. 6 δεινότατος ἦν Κράσσος πάντας ἀνθρώπους κολακείᾳ κατεργάσασθαι, and in his comparison between him and Nicias c. I ἃ δὲ ἔξαρνος ἦν ἐλεγχόμενος, ἐπὶ κέρδεσιν ἐν βουλῇ λέγειν καὶ τοὺς συμμάχους ἀδικεῖν καὶ γύναια περιὼν κολακεύειν καὶ συνεπικρύπτειν τοὺς πονηρούς, τούτων αἰτίαν οὐδὲ ψευδῆ ποτε Νικίας ἔλαβεν.

1. 26. contra] i. e. fuisse contrarium, I § 49, II § 7, de fin. § 50 alia aestimabilia, alia contra.

Callicratidam] § 84: Xenoph. Hellen. 1 6 §§ 1-33. He succeeded Lysander as admiral of the Lacedaemonian fleet B. C. 406. His straight