BIOGRAPHY. licacy, as it would seem among the New Zealanders.The Battas eat it as a species of ceremony; as a mode of showing their detestation of crimes by an ignominious punishment, and as a horrid indication of revenge and insult to their unfortunate enemies. The objects of this barbarous repast, are the prisoners taken in war, and offenders convicted and condemned for capital crimes. Persons of the former description may be ransomed or exchanged, for which they often wait a considerable time; and the latter suffer only when their friends cannot redeem them by the customary fine of twenty beenchangs, or eighty dollars. These are tried by the people of the tribe where the act was committed, but cannot be executed till their own particular raja or chief has been acquainted with the sentence; who, when he acknowledges the justice of the intended punishment, sends a cloth to put over the delinquent's head, together with a large dish of salt and lemons.-The unhappy object, whether prisoner of war or malefactor, is then tied to a stake; the people assembled throw their lances at him from a certain distance, and, when mortally wounded, they run up to him, as if in a transport of passion, cut pieces from the body with their knives, dip them in the dish of salt and lemon-juice, slightly broil them over a fire prepared for the purpose, and swallow the morsels with a degree of savage enthusiasm. Sometimes, (1 presume according to the degree of their animosity and resentment,) the whole is devoured; and instances have been known where, with barbarity still aggravated, they tear the flesh from the carcase with their mouths. To such a depth of depravity may man be plunged, when neither religion nor philosophy enlighten his steps! All that can be said in extenuation of the horror of this diabolical ceremony is, that no view appears to be entertained of torturing the sufferers; of increasing or lengthening out the pangs of death: the whole fury is directed against the corpse, warm indeed with the remains of life, but past the sensation of pain. I have found a difference of opinion in regard to their eating the bodies of their enemies slain in battle. Some persons long resident there, and acquainted with their proceedings, assert that it is not customary; but as one or two particular instances have been given by other people, it is just to conclude that it sometimes takes place, though not generally. It was supposed to be with this intent that Raja Neabin maintained a long conflicted the name (by which he was best known) of Mulled for the body of Mr. Nairne, a most respectable gentleman and valuable servant of the India Company, who fell in an attack upon the campong of that chief, in the year 1755."-Cabinet of Curiosities. ADAM'S PEAK. ADAM'S Peak is the highest mountain in Ceylon, about 8,000 feet above the level of the sea, and has seldom been ascended, not so much from its height, as from the difficulty of the latter part of the ascent, which is quite perpendicular: two ladies, however, have been among the few adventurers, and got up by means of chains and pullies. The Mussulmans have a tradition that Adam, when driven out of Paradise, alighted upon the Peak; and a mark which bears a resemblance to a human foot, is supposed to be the impression made by him while expiating his crime, by standing on one foot till his sins were forgiven.-Ib. SINGULAR DENTITION. A FEMALE of the name of Mary Thompson, residing at Little Smeaton, near Pontefract, at the advanced age of ninety-six years, has, within a few months back, cut four new teeth. The last tooth perforated the gum about six weeks ago.—Ib. Mental pleasures never cloy; unlike those of the body, they are increased by repetition, approved of by reflection, and strengthened by enjoyment.-Lacon. MULLED SACK. JOHN COTTINGTON, better known by the name of Mulled Sack, was one of the most notorious highwaymen this country has produced. He was the son of a haberdasher in Cheapside, who having exhausted his property died poor, and was buried by the parish, leaving fifteen daughters and four sons, of whom our hero was the youngest. At eight years of age, he was put apprentice to a chimney-sweeper of St. Mary-le-bow, with whom he remained about five years: as soon as he entered his teens he ran away; and soon afterwards receiv Sack, from his drinking sack mulled, morning, noon, and night. To support a life of dissipation, he turned pickpocket; and one of his first robberies of this sort was committed on Lady Fairfax, from whom he got a rich gold watch and his depredations were afterwards so numerous, that his biographers state "the many various tricks Mulled Sack played upon Ludgate-hill, by making stops of coaches and carts; and the money that he and his consorts got there by picking pockets, would have been almost enough to have built St. Paul's Cathedral." Mulled Sack was detected in picking the pocket of Oliver Cromwell as he came out of the Parliament House, but escaped hanging by the political changes of the times. He next turned highwayman, and was so audacious as to rob Colonel Hewson when marching over Hounslow at the head of his regiment, in company with one Tom Cheney. They were pursued by a body of troopers: Mulled Sack escaped, but his companion, after defending himself against eighteen horsemen, was overpowered and taken: he was tried at Old Bailey, conwards, along with several other of his companions, wayvicted, and executed at Tyburn. Mulled Sack afterlaid and Gloucester, and seized the money, which they soon waggon which was conveying £4,000 to Oxford spent: he also robbed the house of the Receiver-General of Reading of £6,000, which he was preparing to send up to town. For this offence, Mulled Sack, who was taken, was tried at Reading, but acquitted-it is said, by bribing the jury. He had not been long at liberty before he killed one John Bridges, for which he was obliged to quit the kingdom, and went to Cologne, where he robbed King Charles II. then in exile, of as much plate as was valued at £1,500. On returning to England, he promised to give Oliver Cromwell some of his Majesty's papers, but, says his biographer, "not making good his promise, he was sent to Newgate, and, receiving sentence of death, was hanged in Smithfield rounds in April 1659, aged fifty-five years." Our engraving is copied from an old print, beneath which is the following inscription :— "I walke the Strand and Westminister and scorne Cabinet of Curiosities. POETRY. DAWN. THROW up the window! 'Tis a morn for life I had awoke from an unpleasant dream, Of a bereaved affection pass away With looking on the lively tint of flowers How lightly were the spirit reconciled To make this beautiful, bright world its home!-Willis. THE INSOLVENT NEGRO. A NEGRO of one of the kingdoms on the African coast who had become insolvent, surrendered himself to his creditors; who, acccording to the established custom of the country, sold him to the Danes. This affected his son so much, that he came and reproached his father for not rather selling his children to pay his debts; and after much entreaty, he prevailed on the captain to accept him, and liberate his father. The son was put in chains, and on the point of sailing to the West Indies; when the circumstance coming to the knowledge of the governor, through the means of Mr. Isert, he sent for the owner of the slaves, paid money that he had given for the old man, and restore the son to his father. A MISTAKE IN LEARNING. ▲ BARONET, who must be nameless, proposed to visit Rome, and previously to learn the language; but by some strange mistake or imposition, engaged a German who taught only his own language, and proceeded in the study of it vigorously for three months, before he discovered his error. This fact Horace Walpole related at Mrs. Vesey's, in the hearing of the veracious Bennet Langton. ITEMS OF NEWS. The late news from England is not very important.The Bank of England will no doubt be re-chartered.The compromise by which it will be effected is said to have been definitively settled in committee. There have been disturbances in Ireland, and some bloodshed between the mob and the soldiery. The news from Portugal remains of the usual complexion. Don Pedro stays in Oporto, either because he likes the place, or cannot stay any where else; he and his hopeful brother, Don Miguel, have been near enough to him to take a look through their telescopes at each other. Don Pedro remarked that Miguel was the same looking scamp as ever, and Miguel on his part said to those around him that Pedro had the same intriguing, gallows look as usual. This was brotherly love! It is rumoured in the political circles in Europe, that a vast storm seems to be organizing in some of the despotic governments. Italy is in fact heaving with hardly suppressed revolution. Joel Clough, the murderer of Mrs. Hamilton, and who was sentenced to be hung yesterday, escaped from the jail at Mount Holly, N. J. last Saturday evening, or rather about break of day on Sunday morning. The alarm was soon given, and the country scoured by hundreds of the inhabitants. A piece of woodland towards which he was tracked, and which he was seen to enter by a coloured woman, was repeatedly searched with dogs and men-yet he was not found until Sunday evening, when he had left his lurking place to proceed on his flight. Although armed with an axe he made no resistance to the two men who discovered him: at first he denied that his name was Clough, and after he found that he was known, he begged piteously for his life. He had escaped by filing off his chain with which he was fastened to the floor, and then with his candle burning away some wood-work, and thus loosening the stones of the prison wall. In all probability he was yesterday launched into eternity. PUBLISHED AT 222 WILLIAM STREET. TERMS. ONE DOLLAR AND FIFTY CENTS PER ANNUM, IN ADVANCE. Should an order for the Magazine be received, unaccompanied by advance payment, one number will be sent, showing our terms; after which, no more will be forwarded till payment shall have been received. Companies of four individuals, sending FIVE DOLLARS, current here, free of postage, will be furnished with four copies for one year. Companies of ten, sending TEN DOLLARS as above, will be furnished with ten copies. 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And not unfrequently are they forced to wind up their concerns altogether. Now we view our object to be altogether too important to be jeoparded thus; and we shall therefore require payment in all cases IN ADVANCE. Our expenses are heavy, and those throw away. Every reasonable man will at once perceive the who have our paper must pay them, seeing we have no money to propriety and necessity of these terms. *** Letters should be addressed thus: Editor of the Family Magazine, 222 William Street, New York. Book and Job Printing EXECUTED WITH NEATNESS AND DESPATCH AT THIS OFFICE. VOL. I. OR WEEKLY ABSTRACT OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1833. EARTHQUAKES. [Continued.] He says that the surface of the ground is prepared by this dry and warm weather for that kind of electrical vibration in which earthquakes consist; while, at the same time, in several places where they have occurred, the internal parts, at a small depth beneath the surface, were moist and boggy. Hence he infers, that they reach very little beneath the surface. That the southern regions are more subject to earthquakes than the northern, he thinks is owing to the greater warmth and dryness of the earth and air, which are qualities so necessary to electricity. It may here be noticed, that, before the earthquakes of London, in 1749, all vegetation was remarkably forward; and it is well known that electricity quickens vegetation. The frequent and singular appearance of boreal and austral aurora, and the variety of meteors by which earthquakes are preceded, indicate an electrical state of the atmosphere; and the Doctor apprehends that, in this state of the earth and air, nothing more is necessary to produce these phenomena, than the approach of a non-electric cloud and the discharge of its contents on any part of the earth, when in a highly electrified state. In the same way as the discharge from an excited tube occasions a commotion in the human body, so the shock produced by the discharge between the cloud and many miles in compass of solid earth, must be an earthquake, and the suap from the contact the noise attending it. NO. 16. dryness of the season, not to diffuse itself readily: it may thus, as Beccaria conjectures, force its way into the higher regions of the air, forming clouds out of the vapours which float in the atmosphere, and may occasion a sudden shower, which may further promote its progress. The whole surface being thus unloaded, will, like any other conducting substance, receive a concussion, either on parting with, or on receiving any quantity of the electric fluid. The rushing noise will likewise sweep over the whole extent of the country; and, on this supposition also, the fluid, in its discharge from the surface of the earth, will naturally follow the course of the rivers, and will take the advantage of any eminences to facilitate its ascent into its higher regions of the air. Such are the arguments in favour of the electrical hypothesis; but since it has been supported with so much ability, an ingenious writer, Whitehurst, in his Inquiry into the original State and Formation of the Earth, contends that subterraneous fire, and the steam generated from it, are the true and real causes of earthquakes. When, he observes, it is considered that the expansive force of steam is to that of gunpowder as twenty-eight to one, it may be conceded that this expansive force, and the elasticity of steam, are in every way capable of producing the stupendous effects attributed to these phenomena. Among the most striking phenomena of earthquakes which present a fearful assemblage of the combined effects of air, earth, fire and water in a state of unreThe theory of M. de St. Lazare differs from the strained contention, may be noticed the following:It ascribes Before the percussion, a rumbling sound is heard, proabove hypothesis, as the electrical cause. the production of earthquakes to the interruption of the ceeding either from the air, or from fire, or, perhaps, equilibrium between the electrical matter diffused in the from both in conjunction, forcing their way through the chasms of the earth, and endeavoring to liberate them. atmosphere, and that which belongs to the mass of our globe and pervades its bowels. If the electrical fluid selves: this, as has been seen, likewise happens in volcanic eruptions. Secondly, a violent agitation or should be superabundant, as may happen from a variety of causes, its current, by the laws of motion peculiar to heaving of the sea sometimes following the shock: this fluids, is carried towards those places where it is in a is also a volcanic effect. Thirdly, a spouting up of the similar quantity and thus it will sometimes pass from waters to a great height-a phenomenon which is comthe internal parts of the globe into the atmosphere.mon to earthquakes and volcanoes, and which cannot be This happening if the equilibrium be re-established readily accounted for. Fourthly, a rocking of the earth, without difficulty, the current merely produces the and occasionally, what may be termed a perpendicular effect of what M. de St. Lazare calls ascending thunder; rebounding: this diversity has been supposed by some but if this re-establishment be oppsed by considerable naturalists to arise chiefly from the situation of the and multiplied obstacles, the consequence is then an place, relatively to the subterraneous fire, which when earthquake, the violence and extent of which are in immediately beneath, causes the earth to rise, and when at a distance, to rock. Fifthly, earthquakes are someexact proportion to the degree of interruption of the equilibrium, the depth of the electric matter, and the times observed to travel onward, so as to be felt in diffeobstacles which are to be surmounted. If the electric rent countries at different hours of the same day. This furnace be sufficiently large and deep to give rise to the may be accounted for by the violent shock given to the formation of a conduit or issue, the production of a earth at one place, and communicated progressively by an undulatory motion, successively affecting different volcano will follow, its successive eruptions being, according to him, nothing more in reality than electric regions as it passes along, in the same way as the blow repulsions of the substances contained in the bowels of given by a stone thrown into a lake is not perceived at the shore until some time after the first concussion. the earth. From this reasoning, he endeavours to deduce the practicability of forming a counter-earth- Sixthly, the shock is sometimes instantaneous, like the quake, and a counter-volcano, by means of certain explosion of gunpowder, and sometimes tremendous, electrical conductors, which he describes, so as to pre-lasting for several minutes. The nearer to the observer vent these convulsions in the bowels of the earth. The opinion of Signior Beccaria is nearly similar; and from his hypothesis and that of Dr. Stukely, the celebrated Priestly has endeavored to form one still more general and more feasible. He supposes the electric fluid to be in some mode or other accumulated on one part of the surface of the earth, and, on account of the the place where the shock is first given, the more instaneous and simple it appears; while, at a greater distance, the earth seems to redouble the first blow, with a sort of vibratory continuation. Lastly, as the waters have in general so great a share in the production of earthquakes, it is not surprising that they should gene.. rally follow the breaches made by the force of fire, and appear in the great chasms opened by the earth. The most remarkable earthquakes of ancient times are described by Pliny in his Natural History. Among the most extensive and destructive of these, was the one already noticed, by which thirteen cities in Asia Minor were swallowed up in one night. Another which succeeded shook the greater part of Italy. But the most extraordinary one described by him happened during the consulate of Lucius Marcus and Sextus Julius, in the Roman province of Mutina. He relates, that two mountains felt so tremendous a shock, that they seemed to approach and retire with a most dreadful noise. They at the same time, and in the middle of the day, cast forth fire and smoke, to the dismay of the astonished spectator. By this shock several towns were destroyed, and all the animals in their vicinity killed. During the reign of Trajan, the city of Antioch was, together with a great part of the adjacent country, destroyed by an earthquake; and about three hundred years after, during the reign of Justinian, it was again destroyed, with the loss of forty thousand of its inhabitants. Lastly, after an interval of sixty years, that ill-fated city was a third time overwhelmed, with a loss of sixty thousand souls. The earthquake which happened at Rhodes, upwards of two hundred years before the Christian era, threw down the famous Colossus, together with the arsenal, and a great part of the walls of the city. In the year 1182, the greater part of the cities of Syria, and of the kingdom of Jerusalem, were destroyed by a similar catastrophe; and in 1594, the Italian writers describe an earthquake at Puteoli, which occasioned the sea to retire two hundred yards from its former bed. MYTHOLOGY. VULCAN. "Vulcan was the god of fire, of smiths, and of metals, and the armourer of the gods. He was born of Jupiter and Juno, though, as some say, of Juno only. He was so deformed, that Jupiter kicked him out of heaven; whence he fell into the island of Lemnos, and, as might be expected, was not a little lamed by his fall, having one of his legs broken; and had he not been caught, as he fell, by the Lemnians, he would have broken his neck. As a requital of their kindness, he took up his residence Among them for a time, and built his forges, teaching them the various uses of fire and iron. From softening and polishing iron, he received the name of Mulciber, or Mulcifer; and from being cast into Lemnos, he was called Lemnius. He afterwards removed to the volcanic islands of Lipari, near Sicily, where he forged the thunder bolts of Jupiter. "Nor was his name unheard or unadorned To noon he fell, from noon to dewy evc, MILTON. The beautiful Venus, strange to say! was the wife of Vulcan. when of old, as mystic bards presume, With radiant eye she viewed the boiling ore, Heard undismay'd the breathing bellows roar, Admired their sinewy arms and shoulders bare, And ponderous hammers lifted high in air: With smiles celestial blessed their dazzled sight, And beauty blazed amid infernal night." But notwithstanding all her beauty, she proved unfaithful to her husband. He desired to marry Minerva, and Jupiter consented, if he could overcome her diffidence; for Jupiter had given him leave, when he made arms for the gods, to choose a wife from among the goddesses. But upon his choosing Minerva, Jupiter admonished her to refuse him, which she accordingly did. "His most celebrated works are the famous palace of the sun; the armor of Achilles and Æneas; the beautiful necklace of Hermione, and the crown of Ariadne. According to Homer, the shield of Achilles was enamelled with metals of various colors, and contained twelve historical designs, with groupes of figures of great beauty; the seats which Vulcan constructed for the gods were so contrived, that they came self-moved from the sides of the apartment to the place where each god seated himself at the table when a council was to be held. "Vulcan wrought a helmet for Pluto, which rendered him invisible; a trident for Neptune, which shook both land and sea and a dog of brass for Jupiter. "Vulcan also fabricated palaces of gold for the celestial deities. "At Rome were celebrated the Vulcania, feasts in honor of Vulcan; at which they threw animals into the fire to be burnt to death. The Athenians instituted other feasts to his honor called Chalsea. A temple besides was dedicated to him upon the mountain Ætna, from which he was sometimes called Ætnæus. This temple was guarded by dogs, whose sense of smelling was so exquisite, that they could discern whether the person that came thither were chaste and religious, or wicked. They used to meet, and flatter and follow the good, esteeming them the acquaintance and friends of Vulcan their master. "It is feigned that the first woman was fashioned by the hammer of Vulcan, and that every god gave her some present, whence she was called Pandora. Pallas gave her wisdom, Apollo the art of music, Mercury the art of eloquence, Venus gave her beauty, and the rest of the gods gave her other accomplishments. They say also, that when Prometheus stole fire from heaven to animate the man which he had made, Jupiter was incensed, and sent Pandora to Prometheus with a sealed box, but Prometheus would not receive it. He sent her with the same box again to the wife of Epimetheus, the brother of Prometheus; and she, out of a curiosity natural to her sex, opened it, which as soon as she had done, all sorts of diseases and evils, with which it was filled flew among mankind, and have infested them ever since. And nothing was left in the bottom of the box but Hope. "Vulcan's servants were called Cyclops, because they had but one eye, which was in the middle of their foreheads, of a circular figure: Neptune and Amphitrite were their parents. The names of three of them were Brontes, Steropes, and Pyracmon: besides these, there were many more, all of whom exercised the art of smithery under Vulcan, as we are taught by Virgil.— Æn. 8. NATURAL HISTORY. PHYSIOLOGY. Pursuing the subject of natural history in regular order, we come next to the structure of the human frame, together with the functions of its various parts. We copy the following from the " Family Encyclopedia, or Compendium of Universal Knowledge," by Charles A. Goodrich. HUMAN STRUCTURE.-The animal frame is composed of bones, muscles, brain, nerves, arteries, veins, cartilages, membranes, glands,-also of chyle, blood, milk, &c. BONES are white, hard, brittle, and almost insensible; they support and form the stature of the body, defend its viscera, and give power to the various muscles. The number of bones in the human body is generally 240: but in some individuals, who have two additional bones in each thumb and great toe, they amount to 248. TEETH, a set of bones, situated in the upper and lower jaws, for the purpose of mastication. In adults, | body. It is black in the negro; white, brown, or yellowish in the European. The true skin is a very sensible membrane extended over all parts of the body, and has nerves terminaitng so plentifully on its surface, that the finest needle cannot prick it without touching some of them. ABSORBENTS are a set of small colorless vessels, which pervade the whole surface of the body both externally and internally. Their office is to take up what ever fluids are effused into the different cavities, and to pour out their contents for particular uses. For the purpose of absorption, they are highly irritable at their extremities, and are very replete with valves, to prevent the escape or return of their contents. Their number, when compared with other vessels, is four times greater; and they are divided into lymphatics and lacteals, according to their respective offices, the former conveying lymph, the latter chyle. CARTILAGES, or gristles, are smooth, solid, flexible, elastic parts, softer than bone, and seem to be of the same nature; some even become bones by time; some again are much softer, and partake of the nature of ligaments. They terminate those bones that form moveable joints, and in some instances serve to connect bones together. In the nose, ears, and eyelids are carti- · lages. A MEMBRANE is a thin, white, flexible, expanded skin, formed of several sorts of fibres interwoven to gether. The use of membranes is to cover and wrap up the parts of the body; to strengthen them, and save they are 32 in number, or 16 in each jaw-bone, consist-heat; to join one part to another; to sustain small vesthem from external injuries; to preserve the natural ing of 4 cutting, 2 canine, and 10 grinders. sels, &c, or their The teeth are of various sizes, being arranged in the following order; four in front, termed cutting teeth, on A GLAND is an organic part of the body, destined each side of which is a sharp pointed canine or eyetooth: for the secretion or alteration of some peculiar fluid, and adjoining to these are five grinders on each side, the last composed of blood-vessels, nerves and absorbents. of which is denominated the tooth of wisdom, because The glands are designated either according to the it seldom appears before the 25th year. The front and peculiar fluids which they contain, as mucous, sebaceeye-teeth are furnished with only one root each; the two ous, lymphatic, salival, and lachrymal glands; first grinders with two; and the hindermost generally structure, as simple, compound, conglobate, and conwith three or four; which may in most persons be as-glomerate glands. The vessels and nerves of glands certained by the number of small tubercles on the crowns. The tooth is divided into two principal parts; viz. the crown, which projects above the gums, and the root, that is enclosed within the sockets. The crown is a hard, fine, glossy white enamel, serving to defend the substance against external injury. The root is open at the bottom, where it is connected with vessels and nerves, by which it receives nourishment, life and sensation. MUSCLES, of which it is said there are 446 in the human body, dissectable and describable, are parts of the animal body destined to move some other parts, and hence are termed the organs or instruments of motion. They are composed of flesh and tendinous fibres, and contain vessels of all kinds. FLESH is the fibrous or muscular part of the animal body muscular flesh is composed of a great number of fibres or threads; it is commonly of a reddish or whitish color. The ancients distinguished five different kinds of flesh, but the moderns admit one only, fleshy and muscular parts being with them the same. SKIN is the general covering of the body. Though apparently a simple membrane, it consists of several parts. The outermost is the scarf-skin: it has no nerves, and is extended over every part of the true skin, except where the nails are; it is this skin which is raised by the application of a blister; it is the thickest in those parts accustomed to labor or pressure, as the hand and foot. The rate mucosum is a web-like mucous substance, lying between the scarf and true skin, which chiefly gives the color to the exterior of the human always come from the neighbouring parts, and the arteries appear to possess a higher degree of irritability. Glands appear to the eye as whitish membranous masses. The BRAIN consists of the whole of that mass which, with its surrounding membranes and vessels, fills the greater part of the skull. It is said to be larger in man, in proportion to the nerves belonging to it, than in any other animal. It consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, tuber annulare, and medulla oblongata; the whole weighs usually about forty-eight or fifty ounces; but its weight varies in different subjects. The CEREBRUM, which is by far the largest portion, is contained in all the upper part of the skull; it is divided into a right and left hemisphere by a membrane termed falx. Each hemisphere is also again subdivided into three lobes, the two lying in the front portion of the skull being the largest. It is surrounded with membranes, and accompanied with blood-vessels. The CEREBELLUM, or little brain, is situated in the back part of the skull beneath the posterior lobes of the cerebrum, from which it is separated by a membrane called the tentorium. It is divided by the falx minor into two hemispheres, which are again subdivided into lobules. The Tuber annulare is of a roundish form, about ar inch in length, and of the same width. From the tuber annulare arises the medulla oblongata, which forms the beginning of the spinal marrow. [To be Continued.] |