built in the sea, it must have sunk down after its construction from the effects of a earthquake; and after continuing thus partly submerged for a length of time, another convulsion must have elevated its ruins again; so that at present, its pavement is raised about a foot above the level of the sea. And other ruins in the neighborhood, besides two Roman roads, which are still visible beneath the waters, confirm the fact of the subsidence, though these have not been re-elevated, as the temple has. Saturday Magazine. NAPOLEON AND THE RED MAN. THE following singular story was circulated almost immediately after the fall of Napoleon, and with the credulous obtained ready belief: tion:-The red man said, "This is the third time of my apparition before you; the first time we met was in Egypt, at the battle of the Pyramids. The second, after the battle of Wagram. I then granted you four years more, to terminate the conquest of Europe, or to make a general peace; threatening, that if you did not perform one of these two things, I would withdraw my protection from you. Now I am come for the third and last time, to warn you that you have but three months to complete the execution of your designs, or to comply with the proposals of peace which are offered you by the Allies; if you do not achieye the one, or accede to the other, all will be over with you-so remember it well."-Napoleon then expostulated with him to obtain more time, on the plea that it was impossible, in so short a space, to reconquer what he had lost, or to Ever since the retreat of Napoleon across the Rhine, make peace on honourable terms. "Do as you please, and his return to his capital, a visible change had been but my resolution is not to be shaken by entreaties, nor observed in his habits and his conduct. Instead of wear- otherwise, and I go." He opened the door, the Empeing the livery of woe for the discomfiture of his plans of ror followed, entreating him, but to no purpose; the red ambition, he had dismissed his usual thoughtfulness; man would not stop any longer. He went away, castsmiles played on his lips, and cheerfulness sat on his ing on his Imperial Majesty a contemptuous look, and brow. His manners had become light and easy, and his repeating in a stern voice, “three months-no longer." conversation lively. Business seemed to have lost its Napoleon made no reply; but his fiery eyes darted fury, charms for him, he sought for amusement and pleasure, and he returned sullenly into his cabinet, which he did and, like another hero of an inferior rank, whenever not leave the whole day. Such were the reports that his spirits sunk, he had recourse to the sparkling cup, were spread in Paris three months before the fall of Nato "raise them high with wine." Balls and other en-poleon Bonaparte, where they caused an unusual sensatertainments succeded each other, and the Parisians betion, and created a superstitious belief among the peogan to fancy either that Napoleon was certain of making ple that he had dealings with infernal spirits, and was an advantageous peace with the Allies whenever he bound to fulfil their will or perish. What is more rethought proper, or that his downfal was at hand, and markable, in three months the wonderful events justified therefore that he wished to spend the last weeks of his the red man's words completely; more unfortunate than imperial dignity in enjoyment and ease. A new con- Cæsar, or Henry IV. of France, these presages did but scription had been ordered, and the legislative body had foretel his ruin, and not his death. Who the man really been dismissed; but these were signs of his existence, was who visited Napoleon in a red dress, has never been not of his activity. Indolent, at least in appearance, he known; but that such a person obtained an interview remained buried in pleasure, whilst the invaders crossed with him, seems to be placed beyond a doubt. Even the Rhine, and, rapidly approaching Paris, threatened the French papers, when Bonaparte was deposed, reto destroy at once his throne and the metropolis. On a curred to the fact, and remarked, that his mysterious sudden his conduct experienced a change-his face visitant's prophetic threat had been accomplished. assumed his deep and habitually thoughtful gloom Cabinet of Curiosities. -his attention was once more entirely engrossed by the cares due to his armies-and every day witnessed new reviews of regiments in the Place du Carrousel. Sleep could no longer seal his wakeful eyes, and his wonted As if nothing seems to have been created in vain, not activity, in which perhaps no other mortal ever equalled even pebbles, we have had stone-eaters. Lest we, howhim, was displayed with more energy than ever. All the ever, should be suspected of a joke, we give our authotime he could spare from his armies and cabinet, he be- rities. First, then, there was one Lazarus, who used to stowed on the State Council. So striking an opposition exhibit at Venice and Ferrara, and could not distinguish between his present and past conduct, could not fail to between sweet and bitter, salt and insipid things. excite a powerful agitation in the minds of the Parisians, ate glass and stone, wood and living creatures, coals, live and to make them strive to trace a change so abrupt in fish, clay, linen, woollen clothes, hay, subble, or any the manners of the Emperor to its true cause; but to thing This story, odd as it is, is authenticated by Cothe still greater astonishment of the whole city, the re-lumbus, Bartholinus, and Schotte. port of an interview of Napoleon with his genius, under the shape of a mysterious red man, transpired. The gentleman from whom this curious communication was received, heard it related, with the following particulars, on the 1st of January, at Paris, where he spent the whole of the winter:-The 1st of January, 1814, early in the morning, Napoleon shut himself up in his cabinet, bidding Count Mole, then Counsellor of State, and since made Grand Judge of the Empire, remain in the next room, and hinder any person whatever from troubling him. while he was occupied in his cabinet. He looked more thoughtful than usual. He had not long retired to his study, when a tall man, dressed all in red, applied to Mole, pretending that he wanted to speak to the Emperor. He was answered, that it was not possible. "I must speak to him; go and tell him that it is the red man that wants him, and he will admit me." Awed by the imperious and commanding tone of that strange personage, Mole obeyed reluctantly, and trembling, executed his dangerons errand. "Let him in," said Bonaparte sternly. Prompted by curiosity, Mole listened at the door, and overheard the following curious conversa STONE-EATERS. He We find also, in Mr. Boyle's Philosophical Essays, an account of a Lorrainer, aged about fifty-eight. "This man loathes nothing, however unpleasant. He has been seen to chew and swallow glass, stones, wood, bones, the feet of hares, linen, hair, woollen-cloth, fishes, metals, dishes, pieces of tin, suet, tallow candles, cockle-shells, hay, straw, and live mice. Strange as all this may sound, it is authenticated by Sennertus, Nesterus, and the parson of the parish ;" and lastly, as Mr. Boyle introduced it in his Philosophical Experiments, pt. 2, essay 3, p. 35, we may presume he believed it. Bulmer, in his Artificial Changeling, speaks of a common soldier, who, in his presence, ate no hing but stones for twenty-fours hours together; adding, that he is said sometimes to have ate half a peck of ston s in a day. Another Lithophagus, or stone-eater, was brought to Avignon, May, 1760, who had not only swallowed flints of an inch and a half long, a full inch broad, and half an inch thick, but such stones as he could reduce to powder, as marbles, pebbles, &c. he made up into paste, "which to him was a most agreeable and wholesome food." He swallowed flints about twenty-five a day, one day with another. He was blooded at Paris by some physicians, and in two hours his blood became as fragile as coral. This last account was taken by Gramger, (see his Biographical History,) from Father Paulian's Dictionnaire Physique.-We ourselves remember a foreigner eating a plate full of stones at the Royal Circus, in St. George's Fields, and afterwards (to do away all doubt) opened his waistcoat, and walking to the boxes, where the spectators knocked at his abdomen, when the desired rattling of the swallowed pebbles was heard by the wondering audience with delight ineffable. Cabinet of Curiosities. SINGULAR ENCOUNTER WITH A LIONESS. This is a representation of an occurrence which took place in the tower of London, and is strikingly illustrative, not only of the courage of the individual concerned, but also of the native superiority of the moral courage of man to the strength and ferocity of the inferior animals. The tale is well told in an elegant publication entitled "The Tower Menagerie." "It cannot be doubted that the lighter and slenderer shape of the lioness, and her consequently greater activity, tend, in an especial manner, to the formation of that lively and sensitive character by which all her actions are so strongly marked; but there is another cause, no less powerful than these, which operates with peculiar force, in the vivid excitability of her maternal feelings, which she cherishes with in ardour almost unparalleled in the history of any other animal. From the moment she becomes a mother, the native ferocity of her disposition is renovated, as it were, with tenfold vigour; she watches over her young with that undefined dread of danger to their weak and defenceless state, and that suspicious eagerness of alarm, which keeps her in a constant state of feverish excitation; and woe be to the wretched intruder, whether man or beast, who should unwarily, at such a time, approach the precincts of her sanctuary! Even in a state of captivity, she may have been previously subjected to the control of her keeper; she now loses all respect for his commands, and abandons herself occasionally to the most violent paroxysms of rage. "Of this, the individual lioness now in the Tower affords a striking example. We have already observed, in our account of the lion, that, for a considerable time after her arrival in England, she was so tame as to be allowed frequently to roam at large about the open yard; and even long after it had been judged expedient that this degree of liberty should no longer be granted, her disposition was far from exciting any particular fear in the minds of her keepers. As an instance of this, we may mention that when on one occasion, about a year and a half ago, she had been suffered through inadvertence to leave her den, and when she was by no means in a good temper, George Willoughway, the under keeper, had the boldness, alone, and armed only with a stick, to venture upon the task of driving her back into her place of confinement; which he finally accomplished, not, however, without strong symptoms of resistance on her part, as she actually made three springs upon him, all of which he was fortunate enough to avoid. Tourist. NATURAL WONDERS IN AMERICA. It is very surprising, that two of the greatest natural curiosities in the world are within the United States, and yet scarcely known to the best informed of our geographers and naturalists. The one is a beautiful fall in Franklin (Habersham) county, Georgia, the other a stupendous precipice in Pendleton district, South Carolina: they are both faintly mentioned in the late edition of Morse's Geography, but not as they merit. The Tuccoa fall is much higher than the Falls of Niagara. The column of water is propelled beautifully over a perpendicular rock, and when the stream is full, it passes down without being broken. All the prismatic effect seen at Niagara illustrates the spray of Tuccoa. The Table mountain in Pendleton district, South Carolina, is an awful precipice of nine hundred feet. Many persons reside within five, seven, or ten miles of this grand spectacle, who have never had curiosity or taste enough to visit it. It is now, however, occasionally visited by curious travellers, and sometimes by men of science. Very few persons who have oncc cast a glimpse into the almost boundless abyss, can again exercise sufficient fortitude to approach the margin of the chasm. Almost every one, in looking over, involuntarily falls to the ground senseless, nerveless, and helpless, and would inevitably be precipitated and dashed to atoms, were it not for measures of caution and security that have always been deemed indispensable to a safe indulgence of the curiosity of the visitor or spectator. Every one, on proceeding to the spot whence it is usual to gaze over the wonderful deep, has in his imagination a limitation graduated by a reference to distances with which his eye has been familiar. But in a moment, eternity. as it were, is represented to his astonished senses, and he is instantly overwhelmed. His system is no longer subject to his volition or reason, and he falls like a mass of mere matter. He then revives, and in a wild delirium surveys a scene which for a while he is unable to define by description or imitation.--Cabinet of Curiosities. LARGE BELLS. Bells, says Weever, were formerly baptised, anointed, exorcised, and blessed by the bishop, and were then imagined to have the power of calming storms, causing fair weather, re-creating the dead, and driving the devils out of the air. The great bells of Lincoln and Oxford Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury; hence were baptised by the name of Thomas, in honour of they are called the great or mighty Tom. Croyland Abbey had the first ring of bells in England; they were six in number, and put up in Edgar's reign. The Jews made use of trumpets to assemble the people to worship; and sounding boards are used for the same purpose at the present day by the monks in Egypt, and also in Greece, where they strike upon them with a mallet. The following are the largest bells extant : One in Philadelphia, in America, with this inscription-"Proclaim liberty throughout all the land to the inhabitants thereof" The great bell of St. Paul's, London Great Tom of Lincoln, which holds four hundred and twenty-four gallons, ale measure One in the cathedral at Antwerp, founded in 1440 lbs. 2,080 9,408 9,894 16,000 POETRY. Geehale. An Indian Lament.-ANONYMOUS. THE blackbird is singing on Michigan's shore For he knows to his mate he at pleasure can hie, The sun looks as ruddy, and rises as bright, And reflects o'er our mountains as beamy a light As it ever reflected, or ever expressed, When my skies were the bluest, my dreams were the best. The fox and the panther, both beasts of the night, I will go to my tent, and lie down in despair; I will paint me with black, and will sever my hair; I will toss with disdain to the storm-beaten shore: O! then I shall banish these cankering sighs, I will dig up my hatchet, and bend my oak bow; Nor lakes shall impede me, nor mountains, nor snows;- They came to my cabin when heaven was black: I heard not their coming, I knew not their track; COURAGE is incompatible with the fear of death; but every villain fears death; therefore no villain can be brave. He may indeed possess the courage of a rat, and fight with desperation when driven into a corner. If by craft and crime a successful adventurer should be. enabled to usurp a kingdom, and to command its legions, there may be moments when, like Richard on the field of Bosworth, or Napoleon on the plains of Marengo, all must be staked; an awful crisis when, if his throne be overturned, his scaffold must rise upon its ruins. Then indeed, though the cloud of battle should lower on his hopes, while its iron hail is rattling around him, the greatest coward will hardly fly to insure that death which he can only escape by facing. Yet the glare of a courage thus elicited by danger, where fear conquers fear, is not to be compared to that calm sunshine which constantly cheers and illuminates the breast of him who builds his confidence on virtuous principle; it is rather the transient and evanescent lightning of the storm, which derives half its lustre from the darkness that surrounds it.-Lacon. PELTING CUSTOM. ITEMS OF NEWS. The British Navy is at the present time the largest in the world. It consists of 557 vessels carrying from 2 to 120 guns each of various calibre. It employs in time of peace 20,000 sailors and 12,000 marines. The head quarters of the marine forces is at Gibraltar. The amount of taxes raised in England from the accession of George III. to 1815, was over thirteen hundred millions of pounds, and all this was inadequate to meet the public expenses by a deficit of five millions more. A London Journal speaks of the death of a female who ate habitually from 12 to 30 pounds of food per day, and whose dying words were, that her attendants would eat that she might enjoy by sight what was denied her palate. The censors of the press in Russia have authorised the publication of a school book prepared by evangelical Christians; of which twenty thousand copies are already in circulation. According to an article of the 7th of May last, the University of Berlin has forty-six regular and forty-four extra professors, fortythree private tutors :-altogether, one hundred and thirty-three teachers. There are eighteen hundred and thirty-two regular students, and from five to six hundred persons who follow courses of lectures. It is a matter of public record, that Dr. Gall in visiting hundreds of criminals in the European prisons, was enabled to state the crimes they were guilty of, without any other knowledge of them than what he gained from examining their heads. CAPT BACK is now at the northwest extremity of Lake Quinipique, where he will winter. Judge Thatcher, of the Boston Municipal Court, has decided that a person who does not believe in the existence of a Supreme Being is not a competent witness. Not long since, a Mormon preacher in Vermont, by way of establishing his infallibility, asserted that his flesh could not be hurt; upon which a bystander gave him a blow that brought him sprawling to the ground. As soon as he recovered himself, he found that the argument made use of by the Vermonter was too strong, and he made off. Counterfeit notes for the sum of five dollars, on the FARMERS' BANK AT LANCASTER, PA. were a short time since put in circulation. They are dated March 9th, 1832. Letter A, paper dark and greasy. As this is the first counterfeit on this bank, it would be well for the public to be upon their guard. On a common tea-kettle of steam when raised to its greatest known power, there is a pressure of 400,000 lbs. As flame tends upwards, the safest way for a female whose clothes are on fire is to fall prostrate: an upright position is sure to prove fatal. One crop of oranges does not arrive at maturity before the blos soms of the succeeding crop appear. LOCAL AGENTS. Henry G. Woodhull, Rochester, N. Y. and vicinity. Editor of the Germantown Telegraph, Germantown, Pa. FOR SALE AT THIS OFFICE. BACHELER AND OWEN'S Discussion on the EXISTENCE of GOD, and the AUTHENTICITY of the BIBLE.-Price, $1,50. Graham's System brought to the Test of Scripture, (pamphlet,) by the Editor.-Price, 12 1-2 cents. PUBLISHED AT 222 WILLIAM STREET, BY ORIGEN BACHELER, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. R. N. WHITE, ENGRAVER. TERMS. Companies of four individuals, sending FIVE DOLLARS, current here, free of postage, will be furnished with four copies for one year. Companies of ten, sending TEN DOLLARS as above, will be furnished with ten copies. ONE DOLLAR AND FIFTY CENTS PER ANNUM, IN ADVANCE. Should an order for the Magazine be received unaccompanied by advance payment, one number will be sent showing our terms, On the election of a bailiff at Kidderminster, the inha-after which, no more will be forwarded till payment shall have been received. bitants assemble in the principle streets to throw cabbage stalks at each other. The town-house bell gives signal for the affray. This is called lawless hour. This done (for it lasts an hour) the bailiff elect and the corporation in their robes, preceded by drums and fifes (for they have no waits) visit the old and new bailiff, constables, &c. &c. attended by the mob. In the mean-time, the most respectable families in the neighbourhood are invited to meet and fling apples at them on their entrance.-Cabinet of Curiosities. As the sum of $1 50, which is the price of the Magazine to a single subscriber, cannot conveniently be sent by mail, it will be necessary that two subscribers at least send payment in a letter together. Schools adopting the Magazine will be supplied at ONE DOLLAR per annum for each copy. The postage on the Magazine is 3-4 of a cent under one hundred miles, and 1 cent and 1-4 for any distance over. OR WEEKLY ABSTRACT OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. VOL. I. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1833. NATURAL HISTORY. The PASSIONS. In the proper management of the Passions consists mostly human wisdom. As every effort of the memory or imagination arouses some associate passion or affection, the mind rarely continues long in a quiescent state, that is, entirely divested of every thing sensible, and unconscious of any particular feeling. It is by observing such associate feelings, that we are enabled to ascertain the nature and operation of the passions (or suffering) of the mind, and discover three distinct modes or states of passion, which differ from simple feeling only in duration and intensity, but not in quality. The state called passion is violent and transitory; emotion is less so; and affection is the least violent and most permanent. Hence we distinguish between the lowest and highest degree of feeling by the terms passion, emotion, and affection, which are always employed to express the sensible effects of objects or ideas concerning them on the mind. The word passion, therefore, is strictly and properly used to designate the first feeling, impression, or percussion, as it were, of which the mind is conscious from some impulsive cause; by which it is wholly acted on without any efforts of its own, either to solicit or escape the impression. The passion or state of absolute passiveness, in consequence of any sudden percussion of mind, is necessarily of short duration. The strong impression immediately produces a reaction correspondent to its nature, either to appropriate and enjoy, or avoid and repel the exciting cause. This reaction is very significantly denominated emotion, which is applicable to the sensible effects produced on the mind in consequence of a particular agitation. Emotions, then, although often erroneously used as synonymous with passions, are only the effects of them. The term AFFECTION always implies a less violent and, generally, more durable influence, which persons and things have on the mind. It is usually associated with ideas of good, but there exists no necessary connexion. Hence we find that the term passion is applicable to all the violent impressions made on our minds by the perception of something very striking and apparently interesting; emotion, to the external marks or visible changes produced by the force of the passion on the corporeal system; and affection to the less violent, more deliberate, and more permanent impressions, by causes which appear sufficiently interesting. The range of affection may extend from those stronger feelings which border upon emotions, to the mildest sensations of pleasure or displeasure which we can possibly perceive. In like manner, the desire of any thing under the appearance of its goodness, suitableness, or necessity to our happiness, consitutes the passion of love; the desire of avoiding any thing hurtful or destructive constitutes hatred or aversion; the desire of a good which appears probable, and in our power, constitutes hope; but if the good appear improbable or impossible, it constitutes fear or despair. The unexpected gratification of desire is joy; the desire of happiness to another under pain or suffering is compassion; and the desire of another's suffering, according to this hypothesis, is revenge or malice. The desire of happiness is, then, it appears, the spring or motive of all our passions. Some wise and reasonable motive seems certainly necessary to all wise and reasonable actions. To act without a motive, would be the NO, 23. same as not to act at all; that is, such an action would answer no further or better end than not acting; but whatever wise ends are intended by the passions, if they are not kept under due regulation and restraint, they soon become the sources of our misery. Authors have arranged the passions into grateful and ungrateful, primitive and derivative, &c.; but the simplest classification is into the selfish and the social, according to the exciting cause; in the former, the idea of good predominates; in the latter, that of evil. The only emotions which cannot be considered as connected either with the selfish or social feeling, with self-love or apprehension, are surprise, astonishment, and wonder: these are excited by something novel, embarrassing, or vast and incomprehensible in the object, without any reference to its peculiar nature; and, exerting their influence indiscriminately in passions of the most opposite characters, are aptly denominated introductory emotions. The passions and affections founded on self-love, and excited by the idea of good, are joy, cheerfulness, mirth, contentment, pride, vanity, haughtiness, arrogance, &c.; desires inordinate, as gluttony, drunkenness, lust, &c. avarice, rapaciousness, emulation, ambition, and hope. The passions and affections operating on the principle of self-love, in which the idea of evil is immediately present to the mind, are sorrow, grief, melancholy, discontent, vexation, &c. The virtuous affections inspired by sorrow, are patience, resignation, humility; and fear, terror, despai, remorse, cowardice, doubt, shame, &c. Fortitude, cou age, intrepidity, are virtuous affections, excited only by exposure to those evils which are usually productive of fear, to which they are diametrically opposite. To this class also belong anger, resentment, indignation, and peevishness; fortitude, courage, and intrepidity, are likewise influenced by anger, with which they are always more or less blended. The passions and affections derived from the social feeling, which extends its regard to the state, conduct, and character of others, and their relative circumstances, deportment, merit, and dispositions, as contrasted with ourselves, may be classed ander the cardinal affections of love and hatred, in which the idea of good or evil is predominant. The benevolent desires and dispositions appear in the parental, filial, fraternal, conjugal, and friendly affections. Sympathy is that inward feeling which is excited by the situation of another, or which harmonizes with the condition and feelings of its object; in this manner it may become a passion, an affection, or a disposition. Sympathy indicates a susceptible mind, and impels men to plunge into water, or rush into flames, to succour a fellow creature. The sympathetic affections are very numerous, and discriminated by various appellations. They may be considered as they respect distress, such as compassion, mercy, commisseration, condolence, pity, generosity, liberality, charity, and condescension: as they relate to prosperity, in the sensation of joy, gladness, happiness, &c. at the good fortune of others; and as they proceed from sympathetic imitation, or affections derived from good opinion, such as gratitude, thankfulness, admiration, esteem, respect, veneration, awe, reverence, with the deviations of fondness and partiality. The passions occasioned by displacency, in which evil is the predominant idea, are of two kinds; those in which malevolent dispositions are indicated, and those volence. of simple disapprobation, without any mixture of male- sea in a calm for ten or twelve more; subterranean Those arising from malevolent dispositions noises were then heard, and electric discharges perare hatred, envy, rancor, cruelty, &c.; anger, rage, received, more powerful than those during an average venge, resentment, and jealousy. The displacency oc- thunder-storm; and the agitation of the earth increased casioned by unfavourable opinions gives rise to horror, to such a degree, both of the oscillating and horizontal indignation, contempt, disdain, and irrision. The five kind, that in the short space of a minute the whole city, grateful passions, as they have been called, of love, de- with upwards of thirty other towns, and numerous villas, sire, hope, joy, and pleasing recollection, enhance each farms, and other buildings in the adjacent country, to other; so do the five ungrateful ones of hatred, aversion, an extent of 300 square miles, were completely overfear, grief, and displeasure. turned, and 80,000 persons killed, and thousands more wounded. This city stood at the foot of the declivity of the highest mountain in that country, called La Silla, and on the margin of an immense plain, through which several rivers flowed; it was elevated considerably above the level of the sea, and enjoyed a remarkably fine climate. The day of this awful catastrophe happened to be Good Friday, and the people were crowded in the churches, beneath which they were buried by thousands; two of these, La Trinidad and Alta Gracia, in the immediate neighbourhood of the mountain, experienced most forcibly the effects of the shock; they were upwards of 150 feet in height, and no portion of their ruins, exceeding five or six feet high, were left standing. As soon as the first panic was over, the survivors set to work to rescue those who lay buried in the ruins and yet lived, or to collect the bodies of the dead for burial; but these were too numerous to admit of being interred, and, in order to avoid a pestilence from the decaying corpses, they were obliged to be burned in piles with the timber from the ruins. As happiness and misery, virtue and vice, depend on the proper exercise of the passions and affections, the study of their nature and influence should become a distinct and primary branch of education. Virtue, therefore, consists not only in an exemplary desire of regulating all our thoughts and pursuits by right principles, but also by so acting as to produce beneficial results to others as well as to ourselves. Vice is distinguished by unhappy effects, by conduct and propensities opposed to those of virtue, and consists in depraved affections and ungoverned passions. An incessant desire to propagate some particular sentiment or principle, to make proselytes, from whatever motive, is called zeal. The decided ascendency of some particular object in the mind is denominated a passion, as a passion for music, &c. When this predilection occupies all our thoughts, and incites us to the most vigorous exertions, with such an ardor and constancy as to brave all difficulties, it is termed enthusiasm. Even our motives form various species of desire, which characterize the prevailing disposition; such as integrity, fidelity, loyalty, honesty, industry, honor, &c. according as they are influenced by worthy or unworthy dispositions. An invincible predilection to some one thing, opinion, or scntiment, extreme contempt for all other kinds of knowledge, and an obstinate opposition of private opinion as the only counterpoise to public sentiment, without any regard to the weight of evidence on either side; are the invariable features of fanaticism. EARTHQUAKES. In such a country, the want of water was soon experienced as a great aggravation of the evil; for all the cisterns and conduits were ruined, and the springs and rivulets either dried up or diverted from their course. Hunger was next added to the other calamities; no provisions were saved, and none were brought to market, and many persons absolutely died for want of food. The shocks continued for many months; some so violent as to rend several mountains asunder, frequently occurring at intervals of only five minutes for days together, and that was thought a very tranquil one on which only fifteen or twenty were experienced. cesses, and to the perpetration of new enormities. In an era less remarkable, a mere convulsion of nature It is curious to remark the effects of such a calamity South Carolina was shaken by earthquakes in 1811, which continued till the destruction of the Caraccas, in on the human mind, according as it is influenced by remorse or fear. In less than two days after the first blow, the following year. The valley of the Mississippi, from New Madrid to the mouths of the Ohio and St. Francis, two thousand individuals were married who had previwas convulsed to such a degree as to cause the forma- ously lived in unhallowed union. Many poor relations who had hitherto been neglected, were sought for and tion of several large lakes and islands. A tract of coun- acknowledged by their wealthy kindred; neglected chiltry many miles in extent, near the Little Prairie, on that dren were owned, and legitimate restitutions made, and river, was covered with water three or four feet deep; law-suits terminated; while the timid and the depraved and when this disappeared, it left a plain of sand: some accused themselves of concealed crimes, owning murof the lakes were twenty miles in extent, and were form-ders they had committed; others rushed to fresh exed in the course of an hour; and others were as rapidly drained. The burial ground at New Madrid was precipitated into the river; and the inhabitants of that city would have had no influence on a new government; but, state that the earth rose in great waves, which, when they had reached a fearful height, burst, and volumes notwithstanding the prosperity Venezuela then enjoyed, of water and sand were thrown up into the air, to the the seeds of discontent had fallen on one class of the tops of the trees. Seven years afterwards, the remains community. The principles which formed the basis of the new constitution were democratical, and it had been of hundreds of these fissures were still to be seen. this occasion, a degree of presence of mind was shown necessary to deprive the clergy of some of their priviby the people rarely met with; and the more remarka-leges, which of course created enmity in their minds to ble, because experience had not inured them to such the present government. Immediately after the earthevents. They observed that these chasms in the ground quake, the priests proclaimed that the Almighty conran from S. W. to N. E.; they accordingly cut down demned the revolution: they denounced his wrath on large trees, so that they might fall at right angles to this all who favoured it;, and a counter-revolution, attenddirection, and stationed themselves on the trunks: by ed by great blood-shed, was the consequence. this expedient of a bridge, as it were, they were presery; November, 1822, the first shocks of which were felt at An earthquake commenced in Chili on the 19th of ed from being swallowed up by fissures which opened the same moment over a distance of 1200 miles, and repeatedly beneath them. the coast, for a length of 100 miles from Valparaiso, was raised more than three feet above its former level; part of the bed of the sea remained dry at high water, and there is reason to believe that a permanent change of surface, with respect to elevation, was effected over 100,000 square miles. The shocks continued to the end of the ensuing September, and, even at that distance On EARTHQUAKE IN VENEZUELA, On the 26th of March, 1812, at five in the afternoon, after a calm but excessively sultry day, a tremulous motion in the ground was felt at Caraccas, sufficiently strong to set the church-bells ringing; this lasted five or six seconds, and the earth continued undulating like the |