rest of mankind, generally robbers by land, and pirates by sea. On this account, travellers in every age have been obliged to traverse their country in caravans, or large companies with arms for their protection; and to defend themselves from the assaults of freebooters, to march with their sentinels and keep watch like an army.

caves of the earth. Even to this day, the inhabitants of Mount Taurus live in caves, and the wandering shepherds of Arabia Petrea, where they cannot find caves, content themselves with the protection afforded by rocks and trees. Caves in the East are numerous, and many of them afford large, dry and convenient dwellings.

The first dwellings constructed by the art of man are said to have been made of large branches of trees fixed in the ground, bound together at the top, and covered with other branches, reeds, leaves, &c. We are told that tabernacles, huts, and lodges were built in this manner. They were at first made so low that a person could not stand erect in them, but were subsequently built higher. They served to protect their inmates from the heavy dews and coldness of the night, as well as from the excessive heat of mid-day.

Tabernacles were in use after more commodious dwellings had been erected. They were sometimes constructed from necessity, sometimes for pleasure and convenience. In the warm season of the year they are still occasionally used among the Nomades, or wandering herdsmen of Mesopotamia.

As men multiplied on the earth, and collected into villages and cities, they cultivated the mechanic arts, and continued to improve the construction and beauty of their dwellings, until they had furnished themselves with convenient and elegant houses.

The Arabians are the only people in the world who have preserved their descent, their independence, their language, and their manners and customs, from the earliest ages to the present time; and it is amongst them that we are to look for examples of patriarchal life and manners. Sir Robert Ker Porter has given a very lively sketch of this mode of life, in the person and tribe of an Arab sheik, whom he visited in the neighborhood of the Euphrates. He says, I had met this warrior at the house of the British resident at Bagdad, and came, according to his repeated wish, to see him in a place more consonant with his habits, the tented field, and, as he expressed it, at the head of his children.' As soon as we were arrived in sight of his camp, we were met by crowds of its inhabitants, who, with a wild and hurrying delight, led us towards the tent of their chief. The venerable old man came forth to the door, attended by his subjects of all sizes and descriptions, and greeted us with a countenance beaming kindness; while his words, which our interpreter explained, were demonstrative of patriarchal welcome. One of my Hindoo troopers spoke Arabic; hence the subject of our succeeding discourse was not lost on each other. Having entered, I sat down by my host; and the whole of the persons present, to far beyond the boundaries of the tent (the sides of which were open) seated themselves also, without any regard to those civilized ceremonies of subjection, the crouching of slaves, or the standing of vassalage. These persons, in rows beyond rows, appeared just as he had described, the These were first made, it is thought, of the skins of anoffspring of his house, the descendants of his fathers from imals fastened to a long pole set perpendicularly into the age to age; and like brethren, whether holding the highest ground. The covering was drawn away from the bottom or the lowest rank, they seemed to gather round their com- of the pole, so as to form a small, round dwelling. Subsemon parent. I thought I had never before seen so com- quently tents were made oblong and larger, and cloth was subplete an assemblage of fine and animated countenances, stituted for skins. Tents were first invented in the family both old and young; nor could I suppose a better specimen of Jabal; Gen. iv. 10. Some of the tribes of Arabia of the still existing state of the true Arab, nor a more live- have long been known to live in tents. They have two ly picture of the scene which must have presented itself, kinds, the larger and the smaller ones. The latter are conages ago, in the field of Haran, when Terah sat in his tent structed with three poles, and covered with a cloth manudoor, surrounded by his sons, and his sons' sons, and the factured of wool and camel's hair. The covering of the people born in his house. The venerable Arabian sheik|larger tents is made of goat's hair, and is black. It is was seated on the ground with a piece of carpet spread under him; and, like the ancient Chaldean ancestor, turned to the one side and the other, graciously answering and questioning the groups around him, with an interest in them all which clearly showed the abiding simplicity of his government and their obedience.-Christian's Penny Magazine.

TENTS USED BY THE ANCIENTS.

Ir is supposed that men at first found shelter beneath shady trees and in clefts of rocks, and subsequently in

From the earliest ages, a large class of men in the Eastern countries have been engaged in pursuits which led them to change frequently their places of residence.As permanent dwellings were not well adapted to their circumstances, their ingenuity led them to the construction of tents.

sustained by seven or nine poles. The longest poles, three in number, are from eight to ten feet in length, and, when set perpendicular in the ground, form the middle row. The others are set up on each side of this row.

The interior of the large tents is divided by curtains into three apartments. The inner is appropriated to females. The next or middle one is occupied by the males, and the exterior by the servants, and, in the night, by the young animals. The more wealthy exclude the animals from the servants' apartment.

The bottom of the tents is covered with mats or carpets upon which the inmates sit. The fire is kindled in an excavation of the earth, around which several stones are placed.

These dwellings are easily moved, and are therefore conveniently adapted to the circumstances of those wan dering tribes whose occupation leads them to different parts of the country. When they wander from one place to another, they take their tents with them, and when they stop, erect them again. This they call pitching their

tents.

The Arabians when practicable choose to pitch their tents on a hill, so as to form a circular encampment. A collection of black tents thus arranged is said to present a pleasing appearance to the distant traveller. This beautifully illustrates the passage in Canticles i, 5.—“I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents of Kedar," (a place in Arabia Petrea,)" as the curtains of Solomon." At night, the flocks and herds gathered into the space within the tents, and were watched by the dogs, and alternately by the shepherds. See Job xxx. 1, and Isaiah lvi. 9-11.-Library of Entertaining Knowledge.

As Congress are about to convene, and as certain constitutional questions will no doubt be agitated during the session, we deem it a favorable time to insert the Constitution itself in our columns, to refresh the memory of those who have already perused it, and to inform those who have not, with regard to its contents; thereby furnishing the greatest possible facility of forming an opinion relative to the merits of the questions already alluded to. We likewise register this document in our columns, as coming within our sphere, and as furnishing the reader with a convenient reference to a matter which concerns every citizen of the United States. Its length compels us to divide it, and to insert a part only in our present number.

WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE 1.

Sec. I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section II. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he

shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New-Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

Section III. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote.

year, and of the third c ass at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such va

cancies.

No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be

an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments: when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.

Section IV. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.

The congress shall assemble at leas. once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Section V. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secresy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

Section VI. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may Section VII. All bills for raising revenue shall origibe, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the nate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second may propose or concur with amendments, as on other year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth | bills,

ment of the United States, or in any department or office
thereof.
Section IX. The migration or importation of such per-
sons as any of the states now existing shall think proper
to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to
the year one thousand, eight hundred and eight, but a tax
or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceed-
ing ten dollars for each person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

Every bill which shall have passed the house of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States: if he approve, he shall sign it; but if he shall not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it originated, who shall enter the objections at large upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the jour-proportion to the census or enumeration herein before dinal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the president of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

Section VIII. The congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow money on the credit of the United States. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states and with the Indian tribes;

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in

rected to be taken.

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States. And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

Section X. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairTo establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni-ing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of noform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the

United States:

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures: To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;

To establish post offices and post roads;

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme court: To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water:

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;

To provide and maintain a navy;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress;

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings;-and

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the govern

bility.

No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress.

No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

PUBLISHED BY

ORIGEN BACHELER, EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR,
No. 233 Broadway.

R. N. WHITE, ENGRAVER.

TERMS,

One Dollar and Fifty Cents per annum, in advance Should an order for the Magazine be received unaccompanied by advance payment, one number will be sent showing our terms, after which no more will be forwarded till payment shall have been received.

Companies of four individuals sending FIVE DOLLARS, current here, free of postage, will be furnished with four copies for one year. Companies of ten, sending Ten Dollars as above, will be furnished with ten copies.

As the sum of $1 50, which is the price of the Magazine to a single subscriber, cannot conveniently be sent by mail, it will be necessary that two subscribers at least send payment in a letter together.

Schools adopting the Magazine will be supplied at One
Dollar per annum for each copy.
dred miles, and 1 cent and 1-4 for any distance over.
The postage on the Magazine is 3-4 of a cent under one hun

Printed by George P. Scott & Co. corner of Nassau and Ann Streets

OR

WEEKLY ABSTRACT OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE.

NEW-YORK, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 1833.

Whence comes it that the field-fare and red-wing, that to be endowed with a peculiar sense in the organ of a tabupass their summers in Norway, or the wild-duck and mer- lar structure found immediately under the integuments of ganser, that in like manner summer in the woods and lakes the head, though they have not agreed as to the exact of Lapland, are able to track the pathless void of the at- character of this additional sense. Trevannius calls it mosphere with the utmost nicety, and arrive on our own generally a sixth organ of sensation. M. Jacobson, and coasts uniformly in the beginning of October? or that the Dr. de Blainville, who quotes his authority, regard it as a cod, the whiting, and the herring should visit us in innume-local organ of touch. M. Roux, who seems to have exrable shoals, from quarters equally remote, and with an amined it with great attention, believes it to be the source equal exactness of calculation? the cod pursuing the whi- of a feeling of a middle nature between the two senses of ting, which flies before it, from the banks of Newfound- touch and hearing. The bat appears to have, in like land to the southern coasts of Spain; and the cachalot, or manner, an additional sensific power; for it is observed to spermaceti whale, driving vast armies of herrings from avoid external objects when in their vicinity, while the eye, the arctic regions, and devouring thousands of those that ear, and nose is closed, and there is no direct touch: and are in the rear every hour. this peculiar feeling has been called a sixth sense generally by naturalists, without discriminating it farther.