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1. 213. equus, the horse fell to the ground, cast his rider over his head, and there lay the consul of Rome spilt on the ground.'

1. 218. senatu. So often had augury been used by the senate to oppose Flaminius, that he had been made to despise it altogether. He therefore, the late censor, at once assigns a rationalistic reason for the standard's being immovable, and starts off to fight. One can hardly help comparing his conduct with that of Fabius, who, with equal disbelief, used current beliefs to help on his victory. Flaminius put his sickle to the corn before it was ripe, and reaped only mischief to himself and no fruit for the world.'

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1. 222. quo, in order the more to whet the edge of the consul's anger and stir him to avenge the wrongs done to the allies.'

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1. 224. nata, made by nature for ambuscade.'

ubi maxime, at the exact point where the lake nestles close under the hills.' Hannibal was in fact ascending the hills which divide the lake from the basin of the Tiber.

1. 226. de industria, 'purposely;' 'as if there had been left room only for that purpose and nothing else.'

1. 228. in aperto, ' on the clear space,' 'on the open ground.'

1. 231. locat, the historic present, here takes the past subjunctive. 1. 232. obiecto; he might put forth his horsemen to occupy the neck of the strait, and all might thus be enclosed within the lake and the mountains.' In other words, he barred the outlet with his infantry; the entrance of the pass was to be closed by the cavalry, who advanced behind the heights as soon as the Romans were well in.

clausa, used adjectivally.

1. 233. essent, imperfect subjunctive.

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1. 235. inexplorato, adverb, the morrow after, before it was full daylight, without any reconnoitering, he made his way to the head of the pass, and as soon as his columns began to open out into the wider ground, he saw only those enemies who were in face of him, whilst the ambushes behind and above him were concealed from his notice.'

1. 238. So most editors for deceptae, which is in the MSS. Madvig, however, argues that we never find 'decipio' in prose in the sense of λavoáveiv (a very broad assertion of a negative), and that 'deceptae' could never have crept in for decepere.' He proposes acceptae,' 'taken to himself,' implying that Flaminius had actually courted his environment.

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1. 239. id. Break up the sentence in translation: The Carthaginian had now exactly what he had wished. The enemy was in his power,

shut in by the lake and the fells, and surrounded by his own troops. He at once gave,' &c.

1. 239. clausum. The lake was on their right; the mountains on their left; the consul himself, at the head of his forces, was facing the flower of Hannibal's infantry; and the Numidian cavalry had closed the inlet. Polybius talks of Flaminius leading his troops παρὰ τὴν λίμνην εἰς τὸν ÚπоKEίμevov avλ@va, and implies that they were caught, not between the hills and the lake, but in a valley beyond this defile. Livy seems to write as if his information was derived from some one who had described the experience of the rear than of the van. Any one can picture the scene of the heads of columns mounting the hills, whilst the last man in the rear was just being closed in by the Carthaginian cavalry. Imagine, for instance, 20,000 men marching from Keswick to pass along Derwentwater up Greenup Fell, with an army posted to receive them at the head of Greenup Fell and in possession of the hills between Thurlmere and Borrowdale. The battle would to some begin

on the fell, to others on the defile.

1. 242. decucurrerunt, they charging each man the nearest enemy he could;' i. e. not forming in any order, but in a kind of guerilla fight, for which the Spaniards would be specially fit.

1. 244. agmina, 'the companies of the enemy, running from several hills, were seen well enough of one another, and so were the more able to combine in their attack.'

1. 246. priusquam; here with the subjunctive, as implying an action which could not possibly have commenced, and was intended not to have commenced. 'Before they could possibly use their eyes suffi

ciently.'

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1. 247. satis cerneret, used absolutely. Comp. Si satis cerno, is herclest.'

Ter. Ad.

1. 248. instrueretur is also subjunctive, to imply the design of the enemy.

1. 250. perculsis, when all were thus at their wits' end, the consul alone kept his composure tolerably, considering how imminent was the danger.'

1. 251. turbatos, marshalled his ranks when disordered, as each kept turning at the varied noises.' 'Quoque' abl. of 'quisque.'

1. 254. nec enim, 'for, he assured them, they could not hope to escape thence by vows and beseechings to the gods, but by proving their might and manhood.'

1. 256. fieri. N.B. not 'faciendam esse.' 'It is with the sword that men force their way through the centre of a host.'

1. 256. quo, 'the less men fear, the less danger commonly betides them.'

1. 257. ceterum, for the rest,' like aλλá. Howbeit, by reason of the noise, neither word of advice nor word of command could reach them.'

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1. 258. tantum, ' so far were the soldiers from recognizing their own standards, that scarce had they spirit enough to take up arms, and some were surprised and slain, finding them more of a burden than a defence.'

1. 259. ut noscerent is a substantive sentence subject to aberat.' Hence, we do not find this construction with any other person of 'absum,' the subject in each case being the substantival 'ut' clause. 'I am so far from admiring those scoundrels that I can hardly help hating them,' Ego vero istos tantum abest ut ornem ut effici non possit quin eos oderim.'

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1. 260. ut competeret is an adverbial sentence defining tantum.' Competo,' literally = 'to correspond,'' to be adequate.'

1. 264. strepentium; more often used of things than persons. Here it might refer to the noise of the blow resounding on the rattling armour. But it is better to refer it to the bawling' of the victors.

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were swept away by the column of those in

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1. 269. claudebat. Note the change of tense by translating and still.' 'In vain had they tried sallies in all directions. Still the mountains and the lake on either flank, the enemy before and behind, hemmed them in. It was quite clear,' &c.

1. 272. de integro, 'afresh, not in due order by the Principes, Hastati, and Triarii, nor according to the accustomed manner, that the vanguard should fight before the main battle and the standards, and behind them the rearguard, and that the soldier should keep each his own legion, his own cohort, and his own company.'

For this use of ille, compare the use of the Greek article, and Virg. Aen. 5. 457:

• Nunc dextra ingeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistra ;'

and Ib. Georg. 2. 125:—

Et gens illa quidem sumptis non tarda pharetris.'

It seems to imply no more than emphatic contrast or repetition.

1. 273. hastatos. The whole infantry of the legion was drawn up in three lines. In the first were the 'hastati,' or pikemen. These were the youngest of the soldiers. The second line was formed of the 'principes,' men of mature age, who anciently were in the front. In the third were

the triarii,' so called from their position, who carried two long 'pilae,'
or javelins. The usual depth of each line was ten men. The divisions
of the second line, equal in extent to a 'manipulus,' were in general
placed opposite the intervals of the first. The cavalry were divided into
ten 'turmae' of thirty men. A 'cohors' comprised three 'manipuli,' and
was the tenth part of a legion. See note on 1. III.

1. 280. mare, 'forced the sea up the streams,' i. e. against the current.
1. 281. senserit. 'None felt, not for a moment.' Stronger than

'sentiret.'

1. 283. infestior, more openly hurtful.' 'Infensus' seems used to
express hostile disposition, 'infestus' hostile attack. Cp. In ipsum
infestus consulem dirigit equum, adeoque infensis animis concurrerunt
ut duabus haerentes hastis moribundi ex equis lapsi sint.' Infensus':

orvyepès, ‘infestus’= λóyxny othoas. Both seem derived from ‘fero'
and 'ferio,' whence 'fendo.'

1. 284. robora. See note on line 43.

1. 286. insignem, and being as he was specially noticeable in his
rich armour, he was assailed most furiously by the enemy, and defended
equally so by his fellow-citizens.'

1. 287. Insuber, Lombard.'

1. 288. quoque, as well as by his arms already mentioned.

1. 289. cecidit. Flaminius had been consul in 223 B.C., and was already
in the field when the senate's scruples were aroused by prodigies. They
at once sent orders to recall him. He took the despatches, put them in
his pocket unread, and went to the battle. Having gained a complete
victory over the Insubres, he declared, when he did read the despatches,
that the gods themselves had solved the senate's scruples, and that it
was needless to return.

1. 291. manibus. Ablative of 'manes.'

1. 293. infesto, (see note on line 283), in form of attack.'

1. 294. spoliare, 'when he tried, however, to take his spoils, the
triarii stept over the corpse with their targets and kept him off.'

1. 296. etiam, and soon neither the depth of the lake nor the height of
the mountains could check their rout.'

1. 297. per omnia,' were the defile never so narrow, were the crags
never so steep, armed men upon men fell headlong one upon another.'
1. 300. prima, ‘entering at the edge of the pool where it was
shallow.'

1. 301. fuere, 'some there were whom the heedlessness of fear urged
to take to flight by swimming.' For this poetic infinitive after
'impello,' compare Virg. Aen. 1. 9, 10 ;—

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1. 302. capessere, 'I let myself take ("capere sino")'='undertake.' So 'facesso,' I set about,'' lacesso,' 'I provoke,' 'arcesso' ('accedere sino'), 'I send for.' 'Sino' thus becomes agglutinate with the single verb and forms a compound, as we see by the perfect 'capessivi,' &c. 1. 303. immensa, ' endless.'

1. 304. nequicquam, ‘after tiring themselves to no purpose.' 1. 307. primi, 'vanguard.'

1. 311. nec, ‘nor yet.' 'They could not know (by hearing) nor yet, so dark was it, make out by sight.'

1. 312. re. Mr. Potts, in his excellent Hints towards Latin Prose Composition,' (page 30), illustrates the simplicity of the Roman style by the use of the word 'res,' which he likens to a blank cheque to be filled up from the context to the requisite amount of meaning. Here translate, At last as the scale began to sink.' For a long time res aequatae fuere,' at last one side kicked the beam.

1. 313. nebula, ‘the mist, dispelled by the gradually-increasing heat of the sun, discovered the day.' Properly speaking, the mist hides the day, but the Romans recognized the claims of the negative agent as much as of the positive. Compare Virg. Ecl. 2. 26:—

'Quum placidum ventis staret mare.'

liquida, (lit. 'buxom'), 'as the light cleared.'

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1. 314. perditas res, utter havoc and foul discomfiture of the Roman host.'

1. 316. citatissimo, 'get themselves away with all the manner of haste they could.' So 'citato equo,' 'at full gallop.'

1. 318. For super cetera, compare 1. 30.

extrema goes with 'fames.'

1. 321. Punica. The writer of the history of the Caudine Forks ought to be more careful before bringing a charge of bad faith in the matter of capitulation. It is obvious that the Romans could not help themselves. Probably Maharbal had overstepped his powers in offering the terms he did. It would have been easy for them to send to Hannibal who was close by. And Hannibal was acting on a settled line of policy in his treatment of Roman prisoners as opposed to Italian.

1. 323. coniecit. Note the abrupt change of subject, and how awkward it makes the sentence. Livy is generally more careful.

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