1 Rarely used, and never except in the apodosis of a sentence which has the relative in its protasis.

The reader will see by casting his eyes down any one of the columns how perfectly symmetrical all the languages are; how H. has यहां, वहां, जहां तहां, कहां, and दूधर, उधर, जिधर, तिधर, किधर ; Marathi एह्वां, जेहां, तेहां, केहां; and the same in all the other languages.

The adverbs will be explained in their proper place, and all the pronouns have been commented on above. The forms in use are often numerous, especially in Sindhi; thus the demonstratives

and are pronounced and in Lar, or the coast district of Sindh. In Gujarati the adverb of time appears as

,

,, successive stages of shortening; and many other trifling dialectic variations occur; but in the above tables only one, and that the central or typical form, has been recorded, except in cases where two forms appear to be used with equal frequency, in which case both are given. Much of this redundance of form is doubtless due to the absence hitherto of any settled standard of spelling in all the languages. Native scholars have unfortunately set themselves to improve their mother-tongue by the resuscitation of Sanskrit words, instead of striving to fix the orthography of the words really in use among their contemporaries; and from this misdirected energy of theirs it has too often resulted that the language presents a disjointed heterogeneous aspect, certain parts of it, as the nouns and the nominal part of compound verbs, being highly refined classical Sanskrit; while other parts, as the inflectional and connecting particles, are rude in form and unsettled in orthography. This unfortunate practice, moreover, has misled such European scholars as have taken a cursory glance at the subject into supposing that the modern languages are far more closely allied to Sanskrit than they really are; and Bengali, which, from its phonesis and organic structure, is proved to be a very poor and rustic patois, has had so many "purpurei panni" sewn on to it, that it has been regarded as the eldest daughter of Sanskrit, which has preserved, with greater fidelity than its sisters, the family type.

It is in truth one of the youngest grand-daughters; and an examination of its essential features shows that it has wandered further from the original forms than any of the allied speeches.

§ 77. Besides the pronouns which have been arranged in classes above, there are certain miscellaneous pronouns which it is difficult to classify exactly under any of the heads which have preceded. Such is S. “all," which is declined throughout, so is G., while in the other languages it is indeclinable, as H. सब, P. सभ, 0. सवु, B. सब Traces remain of this pronoun B.. having been inflected in Old-H., which seems to be a reproduction of Skr. सर्बे . S. has also an emphatic form सभोई “every one,” also compounds सभुको and सभुकोई. These two latter are treated as compounds in S., but their equivalents are written as two distinct words in the other languages. In S. it is necessary to regard them as compounds, because being capable of inflection, if it were written as a separate word it would have to be inflected also. Unique, as far as I have been able to ascertain, is the curious S. adjectival pronoun fæst, or façılê m., fasurÊf., meaning "every," which seems to have come from Skr. H, originally of course meaning "mortal," but subsequently shading off into the meaning of human beings in general, just as Latin homo has become French on, or as in German man has lost its distinctive meaning, and now implies merely "they," "people in general," and the like. would become, and by further softening, aided by the fondness of Sindhi for the i-sound, it would successively be cut and मिड़यो. The The is merely the emphatic increment, as is shown by the fact of the inflection taking place in the syllable which precedes it as it does in also, thus:

(सभोई

Nom. sing. masc. (मिड्योई)

}

Nom. sing. fem.

( सभा ई.
fagent.

The ablative plural shows the form of the synthetic abl. in , with the emphatic added, thus f. Only the obl. sing. fem. seems to show some divergence. The feminine of an adjective in o generally ends in 2, and its formative or oblique in ia, as “dry” (m.), at (f.), obl. fem. f. What appears to have happened is, that the type of the oblique ia has been added to the irregular feminine in a, and the emphatic i altogether omitted.

In सभुको a double inflection occurs; thus fem. सभका, where सभ is fem. of सभु, and का fem. of को; but in the declension no further change takes place in the termination of the first number of the compound, which remains throughout.

Although is in the languages where it occurs indeclinable, yet H. P. and G. have a declinable adjective from, which takes the form m. सारा, / सारी, obl. सारे, and like S. सभु, means "the whole." P. declines in the oblique, as i,

; the latter is an instrumental, but is used as an oblique with the objective affix T in the first line of Bhai Mihr Singh's "Panjab dâ Roshan Kissâ.”1

सचा साईं सभनीं ताईं कुदरति जिस खिलारी ॥

"The true God who has spread out his power for all." Similarly Panjabi makes a declinable word out of the indeclinable H. "other," also used as a conjunction "and."

This work was written for me by the author, and is in the purest Panjabi of Gujrat, a town in the most fertile portion of the Panjab, near the banks of the Chenab. The MS. is in my possession, and has never been edited or printed.