This is in Old-H., and sometimes, which betrays its origin from the Skr. preposition. In P. means "other," and it is declined in the oblique pl. “others,” and होरनां. It has also an indeclinable form होरस, which is analogous to, and has the genitive case-ending irregularly tacked on to it. In such forms as and, an सभनां irregular has been inserted between the stem and the termination. This is probably due to the tenacity with which all pronouns retain archaic forms; the nom. pl. of the old declension would have been सभनि होरनि, and in adding the plural oblique (i.e. Prakrit gen. pl. ) ending, which is i, it has been forgotten that the off is an inflection, and a new plural base has thus been formed, to which the oblique has been added. The same process has operated in H. अपनों, where the न of अपना has similarly been incorporated into the stem. In all languages of the Indo-European family such eccentricities are found in the pronoun, and had their origin at that stage of the progress of language when the old synthetical forms were breaking down and becoming confused, and before altogether disappearing, were being used in a way which would have broken the heart of Cicero to hear. Precisely similar to such forms as I is the French "leurs;" the Latin genitive masc. illorum becomes "leur"="their," and like the modern Indian genitives, has become an adjective, and, as such, has been supplied with the plural signs, which comes from os, the termination of the Latin accusative, so that "leurs" would be translated back into illorumos! just as contains the elements of Skr. सर्वाणि + आनां. So also Italians, forgetting that loro illorum is already a genitive, prefix to it the genitive preposition, and say di loro="of them," as also da loro, "from them," and con loro, "with them," as if a Roman should have said de illorum, de ab illorum, cum illorum. Thus language plays sad tricks with ancient forms, whose meaning has ceased to be felt or understood. Not less eccentrically Hindi says

आपस में "among themselves," as if there had existed a Sanskrit phrase . Priscian in the one country, and Panini in the other, had, fortunately for their peace of mind, passed away before such processes were invented. Panjabi uses a genitive case-affix with आपस, and makes आपस दा, and an objective आपस नुं, also an ablative आपस ते. When a form— whether derived from a nominative or from an oblique form— in Prakrit had once established itself in the mind of the hornyhanded Panjabi peasant, he, knowing nothing about direct or oblique forms, treated it as a stem, and added the usual caseendings to it. So true is it that man is not the master of language, but merely the instrument by which the processes of speech develope themselves according to natural laws. Man in fact makes nothing; nature makes, and man merely places materials in such a position that the forces of nature can work on them. Man collects the wood, applies the fire, and sets the pot on it; but the forces of nature thus brought together boil the water in the pot. So man utters sounds by means of his vocal organs, but nature controls the form which his utterances shall take; and man unconsciously works out great and deepreaching developments of speech far beyond his cognizance or comprehension.

Compound pronouns are in common use, but they present no remarkable features. The laws of their composition may be studied in the grammars of the several dialects, but do not come within the scope of a work which deals with structure only, because structurally they have nothing to be explained beyond what has already been stated when treating of them separately. Gujarati has two pronouns peculiar to itself. One is a, pl. "self or selves," obl. a, the origin of which is by Taylor. (p. 73) correctly referred to the Skr. :; the of being hardened to and the dropped, the visarga becomes, and

the ablative affix, having lost its special signification, has been applied to all the cases of the pronoun. The word seems

to have been formed in two halves, as it were: : becoming separately and ut, and the affix becoming separately a. The word when first compounded must have been used adverbially, "by themselves" or "of itself;" and then, through the common custom of forgetfulness of its origin, the compound has been treated as a nom. pl., and regularly inflected. A regular form a is still in use, but as a distributive, and with the full form पोता added to it; thus तेओ पोत पोताने घेर गया they went each to his own house," literally, "they his own, their own, house went."

The other pronoun is, a remote demonstrative "that," which is also written. The origin of this word is uncertain. पेहेलो means "first," but I think this is a different word from . After e the Gujaratis often insert in speaking an inorganic, so that the two words come to be alike. My own idea is that is shortened from , and that again from uft, a secondary formation from "distant," just as in Panjabi we have "on this side," "on that side" उरला “on परला (of a river, road, etc.), so that would literally mean "yonder," just as in the colloquial English of rural counties we hear "yond' man," or "yon man," for "that man,” German jener "that."

§ 78. The language of the Gipsies in various countries of Europe, though its vocabulary is a medley of words taken from the languages of all the lands in which this strange race has sojourned, is purely Aryan in its structure; and Modern-Aryan too, being in many respects quite as far removed from the old synthetical system as any of the seven languages now under discussion. In respect of the pronouns, other than personal, it preserves the traces of its origin very clearly. Thus we have the interrogative kon "who?" kaya "what?" with its oblique kas, also kalės, pl. oblique kalén, and the indeclinable ka "which." In addition to this, they have a more definite interrogative karâ,

which in sound and meaning is almost identical with G. a. It is singular that they have also the unique (so far as the Indian languages go) G., Gipsy so, from which comes an ablative sostar, which, when pronounced with the accent on the first syllable sóstar, means "why?" but with the accent on the last syllable sostár, "because," literally "from what." From this again comes a further interrogative savo "qualis ?" parallel to kava. The Kashmiri, with which the language of the Gipsies is most generally in accord, here diverges from it, and the connexion is closer with Gujarati than with any other of the languages. Kashmiri has and for "who?" or "what?" युस कुस oblique kas as in Gipsy, but here, as far as the meagre information accessible enlightens us, the resemblance stops, and Kashmiri runs into its usual similarity with Panjabi.

The reflexive pronoun "self" is represented by forms derived from the stem, as masc. po, fem. pi, obl. pe. An older form, which Paspati (p. 71) says is rare in the present day, is pinro m., pinri f., pinre obl. Here we see with the loss of its initial â and the old genitive affix ro, ri, re, shortened from koro. With this agrees the possessive of the two first personal pronouns minro, -ri, -re, "mine;" tinro-, ri-, re, "thine;" and plurals strikingly Indian amaro, -ri, -re, “our;" tumaro, -ri, -re, “your.” But the language still possesses the simple genitives mo, to, as in H. B. O., at, though it differs from H. in treating them as possessives, and consequently as adjectives, and inflects them for gender and case mo m., mi f., me obl. ; so also to, ti, te. In addition to the reflexive po, pi, pe, it has also pes="each other."

Demonstratives are aka and avaka "this," oka, ovoka, "that," akavka and okovka "this here," "that there," which do not ally themselves very closely to the corresponding words in any of the Indian languages. Peculiar also are kadava m., kadayá f.; kadalá nom. pl. m., kadale f., "this," and odova "this." Perhaps we are here to suppose the operation of some influence other than Indian.

The demonstratives aka and oka form sets of parallel pronominal adverbs, just as do the demonstrative types of the Indian group. Thus we have akaté okoté "here and there," akatar, okotar, "hence," "thence." The latter of these corresponds in the manner of its formation to the Panjabi, which expresses "hence" and "thence" by adding the ablative of the old synthetic system under the form to the words for "here" and "there" respectively, as "from here," "thence." In like manner, tar is

"hence,"

"there,"

"here,"

the sign of the Gipsy ablative. Thus too M. has "hither," and the ablatival form इकडून “hence,” so also तिकडे and तिकडून "thither" and "thence;" and the same method runs through all the languages, for which reason the words expressive of "motion from" have not been given in the lists above exhibited, as they are merely the ablatives of the words expressive of "rest at."

The only two authorities for the Gipsy, namely Paspati and Miklosich, which are procurable here, do not give a full series of pronouns and pronominal adverbs; and it may be conjectured that, in the rude speech of this people, they are not all to be found. Those noted, however, are in striking conformity with our Indian group.

§ 79. In concluding, amidst constant interruptions, this volume on the Noun and Pronoun, I have a few further remarks to make of a general character. Attention has already been directed in several parts of this volume to the varying nature of the seven languages in point of simplicity; but the geographical aspect of this question remains to be noticed. The most complicated of the seven languages are Marathi and Sindhi, and, as far as we know anything of it, Kashmiri. If Gujarati and Panjabi were as complicated as these three, then we might establish a regular gradation from east to west; for the Oriya and Bengali, the most eastern members of the group, are distinguished by