all. The intermediate class may furnish some sixteen in all, who are now exempt, or, to put it at an extreme figure, say thirty.

Ρ. 7, § 20. μὴ τοιοῦτον εἶναι τοῦτο, ‘that my estimate is false.'

Ek тρinpaρxías, 'in virtue of having been trierarchs.' The case that Demosthenes supposes is apparently that of a year following one in which no triremes had been required, so that no one could claim exemption on that ground. In that case the law of Leptines would set free for ordinary Meɩroupyiai, out of the whole number of persons who had so escaped the trierarchy, those only who had before his law enjoyed exemption, and these, Demosthenes says, could scarcely be so many as five or six.

οὐδὲ πολλοῦ δεῖ, The negative in the interposed clause seems here to affect the whole sentence. The advantage gained will not appear to compensate for the disgrace which will accrue, no, nor anything like it.' Wolf would place the comma after oudé, making it directly negative the whole sentence, but such a position would be quite intolerable. The expression itself is elliptical, aλà avròs being apparently understood after ovde Tooû dei, nor does it need only much, but everything, to make it so.'

§ 21. τῶν ξένων, i.ε. τῶν μετοίκων.

TŵV YE TOÀɩTŵν, of the citizens that would satisfy the conditions specified in the note on § 20.

οὐκοῦν . . ἑκκαίδεκα. He makes his computation as though he had put his five or six as an extreme number, instead of denying that there were so many.

§ 22. τριάκοντα . TAELOVS. The best MS. hasλelous, but thirty had already been taken as an extreme estimate, and to allow an indefinite extension of this would vitiate the whole argument.

παρὰ πάντα τὸν χρόνον, “ for the whole period that comes under consideration. The thirty additional contributors would not be serving in any one year, in which case the relief would have been very material, but would only take their turns with the rest, so that in any given year the effect would scarcely be appreciable.

άπíστws rarely has a passive sense, as here; but cp. Plat. Apol., 26 Ε, ἄπιστος εἶ σαυτῷ.

άνæeρ ý móλis, if the State continues to exist,' i.e. the same fortune which preserves the State will secure to it a sufficiency of loyal citizens, but their loyalty will be bereft of its present enthusiasm. Westermann points out that it was not till the next century that there was ever an actual deficiency of χορηγοί.

P. 8, § 23. тà μádɩσra, ‘to ever so great an extent.'

εἰς συντέλειαν ἀγαγεῖν, ‘to make the χορηγία, like the trierarchy, a matter of joint contribution.' See Excursus I., § 7. τούτων, ' of these εὐεργέται, whom Leptines would bring under contribution.'

δίδωσι τὴν ἀνάπαυσιν αὐτοῖς, gives as their promised respite to those formerly liable to contribute.' The only relief that he can give to the mass of Xerouрyoûvтes is such postponement of their turn as is caused by the introduction of a few more names upon the roster. As soon as these have served, μeтà тaûтa, the burden falls upon the old contributors as before.

yɩyvoμévηs. The present tense marks that under the system of συντέλειαι suggested by Demosthenes (τότε δὲ), the contribution would be continuous, year after year, though the smallness of its amount would cause it to be less felt than the greater burden coming at intervals. The comparison with the trierarchy is not quite exact, as Demosthenes evidently proposes to leave the exemptions in the case of the xopnyia, whereas they were suspended in the case of the trierarchy.

§ 24. σT ETIXapovou. The indicative is used rather than the infinitive, because emphasis is laid on the fact that men actually make the attempt, rather than on this fact being the result of their folly. The complaint they make is that while the city is absolutely poor, some people, through their exemptions, will become rich. Demosthenes' answer is that the poverty of the State would not be relieved by the removal of the exemptions, inasmuch as the expense from which the areλEîs are free had never been thrown upon the public treasury.

Tenμμévot, having laid grasping hands upon exemption.' inpηuévov, as the proceeds of embezzlement.' The accusative depends on exew, easily to be supplied from the preceding ἔχει.

F

§ 25. oudév. Except, indeed, so far as they would set other funds free for the service of the State in other ways.

δυοῖν ἀγαθοῖν. Dindorf unnecessarily inserts ὄντοιν, from a correction in the best MS., arising apparently from not seeing that the genitive is partitive. Of two possible blessings-money and credit-the city is rich in the latter, but deficient in the former.

πρòs άπаνтas, 'in the face of all men,' pòs with the accusative marking that they can meet the gaze of any one without being convicted of ill faith.

μáλiora μév, 'if possible,' 'as the best thing that could occur.' The following kal is emphatic, money as well as reputation.'

τό γε πιστοῖς κτλ. The construction is διαμεναι ἡμῖν τό γε πιστοῖς καὶ βεβαίοις δοκεῖν εἶναι, ‘that we should never cease to have the reputation of being faithful and steadfast.' Cp. § 6, note.

Ρ. 9, § 26. ἀναπαυομένους τινάς, viz. the ἀτελεῖς, whom Leptines would force into the minor Xetroupyla, thus preventing them from accumulating sufficient property for the adequate performance of the trierarchy.

εἰς δέον ὑμῖν γιγνομένας, become a matter of some consequence to you.' So § 41, eis déov vûv yéyovev avtų.

οὐδείς ἐστ ̓ ἀτελής. Cp. § 18.

ὁ πολλὰ κεκτημένος, 'this man you speak of as having amassed such riches.'

Tаρà μèv yàρ KTλ., 'as one follows the course of the expenditure, and so 'corresponding to it:' cause and effect being looked upon as proceeding in two parallel lines. Demosthenes shows the greater importance of the extraordinary eirovрylai in three respects: 1. from the higher object which they have in view, viz. the safety of the State as compared with the gratification of the senses; 2. from the permanence of the former, whereas the latter is but for a day; 3. from their affecting the whole mass of the citizens, instead of merely the spectators at a theatre, or those present at a feast.

§ 27. ἐνθάδε . . ἐκεῖ, what you give with one hand you receive back into the other.'

ταῦτα, the exemption from the minor λειτουργίαι, which those who were rich enough to be trierarchs enjoyed without any special grant (καὶ μὴ λαβοῦσι).

ἀναγνώσεται, sc. ὁ γραμματεύς, whose duty it was to read all documents referred to during the trial. While he did so, the waterclock was stopped, the time so expended not being reckoned in the space allotted to the speakers.

Aéye, 'let us hear,' whether by reading or quotation, whereas åvayvŵvaι implies necessarily the former.

TOUT' auró, 'just this passage;' Demosthenes probably here pointing out to the clerk the exact portion which he wished to have read. The authenticity of the passage quoted, as in so many similar instances, is very doubtful, the clause being suspiciously short, and only such as might have been put together from the subsequent remarks of Demosthenes.

§ 28. Sielρnkev, 'has expressly enacted.' Dindorf has adopted a conjecture of Dobree's dinρnkev ('has defined') here and in the only other passages where this part of the verb is found; adv. Aristocr., p. 644, 5; in Pantaen., p. 976, 27. Similarly in § 34 and elsewhere he alters dieipnoeal into dinpñola, but the alterations appear to be unnecessary.

οἱ ἐφικνούμενοι, ‘those who advance to the income that subjects them to the trierarchy.' Demosthenes means those who, by being exempted from the lesser Metroupylai, find their property increase till it brings them under liability for the

more serious one.

Toîs TOMOîs, ‘to the general mass of the people.'

μιᾶς ἢ δυοῖν φυλαῖν. The commentators seem generally to take this as meaning one choregus for each tribe, or each two tribes; i.e. ten or five altogether in each year. Such a strange interpretation of the words seems, however, to be foreign to the meaning of the passage, which is simple enough if they are taken in their natural signification. Demosthenes had said that of citizens, who alone would count as tribesmen, five or six at the most would be brought under contribution by the law of Leptines. Allowing for the ordinary intervals in the incidence of the burden, these may reasonably be represented as giving one or two each year, i.e. 'one new choregus in some one or possibly two of the tribes,' in the place of some one or two others whom the law of Leptines would thus practically exempt.

ἀπηλλάξεται. So Cobet for the MS. reading ἀπαλλάξεται, 'will be at once set free from further liability' i.e. each new contributor must not be reckoned every year, so as to set another poorer man absolutely free. At best the burden will only be deferred, and that in an insignificant degree.

λελύσθαι. See on § 1.

Taρà Toîσde, 'before these judges:' i.e. by the verdict in the present trial.

Ρ. 10, § 29. γεγράφθαι . . περιλαμβάνειν. The change from the passive construction in the earlier clauses of the sentence to the active in those which follow is noticeable, but need cause no difficulty. Either τὸν νόμον or Λεπτίνην can easily be supplied as a subject to περιλαμβάνειν and διορίζειν.

τῶν ἰσοτελῶν. The Looreleis were naturalised aliens, with uncertain, and perhaps varying privileges. They were exempt from the μeTolkov, or tax on resident aliens, and could plead in the courts without a Tроoтárηs; but it has been thought that they were not admitted to the ἐκκλησία.

ἐν μὲν τῷ μηδένα, sc. γράφειν, ‘in his using the word μηδένα. So below, ἐν τῷ τῶν ξένων, ‘when he says τῶν ξένων. βάνειν and διορίζειν are construed with διὰ τὸ above.

Περιλαμ

§ 30. Tŷ πaρ' vμŵv Tonσe, 'by your making him so.' Leucon, the son of Satyrus, was king of the Cimmerian Bosporus from B. C. 393 to B. C. 353. Theodosia (§ 33) on the south coast of the Crimea, now Kaffa, was a conquest of his own.

τὴν ἀτέλειαν. The mere fact of his not living at Athens would have saved him from the liability to Xerovpyiai, had he not always had property in the city, which exposed him to the offer of an άντίδοσις. See Excursus I., § 11.

καὶ ταῦτα, sc. εὖ ποιεῖ, and indeed he confers upon us just those benefits of which our city especially stands in need.' Wolf maintaining that raûra stands for Karà Taûтa, practically accommodates the Greek to the English construction, and this too just in the points of which the city most needs help.' But ταῦτ ̓ εὖ ποιεῖ ἡμᾶς is quite idiomatic Greek.

P. 11, § 31. YOTE Yàρ SýπTOV KTλ. The exceptional amount of corn imported into Athens was rendered necessary, on the one hand, by the poverty of the soil (τò λeπToyéwv, Thuc. i, 2),