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the Savilian Statutes, in this matter, may easily be disregarded; for the Professor may devote his whole time to the duties of an unendowed curacy, though he may not hold a College Fellowship. This restriction, then, might well be annulled, even if the salary were increased. It is not long since one of these Professorships was resigned, because its emoluments were not sufficient to compensate the holder for the loss of his Fellowship. Other restrictions in these Statutes have, from the necessity of the case, been habitually disregarded.

What is true of Sir Henry Savile's Chairs is true of all If the wishes of those which are shackled in like manner. the Founders are to be fulfilled, the letter of their wills must be set aside.

Few Professorships are restricted absolutely to British subjects; though the condition imposed in most cases, that the holders must be Members of the University, commonly amounts to such a restriction. No doubt Englishmen and Members of the University must always have a great advantage when competing with Foreigners; and, inasmuch as congeniality between a Professor and his audience is a qualification of some importance, it would not be a matter of just complaint that some preference should be given to fellow-countrymen. Still Foreigners ought not to be excluded; and it would be in full conformity with some creditable precedents in the University if illustrious men were from time to time attracted from other countries. Not to go further back than the Reformation, we may instance the offer of the Regius Professorship of Divinity to Melancthon, and its acceptance by Peter Martyr, an Italian, in 1547; the election of Ludovicus Vives, a Spaniard, to the Chair of Greek at Corpus Christi College, in 1517; that of Albericus Gentilis, an Italian, to the Chair of Civil Law in 1587; that of Dillenius, a German, in 1728, to the Chair of Botany, -in which, but for the opposition of Sir Hans Sloane, The newlyLinnæus would have been his coadjutor. created Chair of European Languages was offered to M.

Guizot; and its duties have since been discharged by two accomplished Foreigners. In such cases, Subscription to the XXXIX Articles, which, as we before observed, is nowhere, except at the Universities, imposed on lay members of the Church of England, could not with propriety be required of Professors. It would appear from Sir Henry Savile's will, that, inasmuch as Foreigners, elected to his Professorships, are not required to be Masters of Arts, they are exempt from the necessity of Subscription. And, indeed, as is observed by Mr. Jowett, "there seems "to be no reason to fear in scientific men any peculiar hostility to our Ecclesiastical Institutions, while, on the "other hand, their habit of mind renders them averse to "such restrictions. It would be of little use to mul

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tiply Professors of Physical Science, if such men as Liebig "and Faraday were liable to be excluded." The Statute which forbids all Professors to impugn the faith of the Church of England, directly or indirectly, in their Lectures, would be justly retained in regard to such Professors, as well as all others.

On the whole, then, we must recommend that no Professors should be subject to regulations of any kind, except such as may be necessary to enforce the due discharge of their duties. All limitations as to birth, degree, or tenure of office should be repealed. If in any case this be found impracticable, new Professorships should be created by the side of those which are thus encumbered.

4. Guarantees for the activity of the Professoriate.

To provide for the regular and active discharge of Professorial duties, specific regulations may be necessary. But it must be remembered that though Statutes may compel a man to lecture, they cannot compel him to lecture well; and compulsory provisions commonly become a dead letter. The activity of the Professors will be best guaranteed by

* Evidence, p. 37.

STIMULANTS TO EXERTION.

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such securities and such stimulants to exertion as have been already mentioned, namely, modes of appointment as fit as can be devised, and acting as checks on each other;-a body of subordinate Lecturers, who would both incite their superiors to activity, and supply their place in case of neglect or superannuation ;-the interest which eminent men would take in the subjects of their Lectures ;-the power of increasing their salaries by fees;-a direct share in the Examinations of the University. The University or the Legislature might require strict residence during the academical year, a requirement to be relaxed only by a permission from the Chancellor, on the recommendation of the governing body of the University. Such residence could, of course, be enforced only on the supposition of the increase of the Professorial endowments; but it would, in that case, be highly beneficial, because it would secure to the University the presence of eminent men, and render it really a seat of learning. Where absence was really required for the sake of health, or (as might occur in the case of several of the Professorships) for the purposes of literary or scientific investigation in foreign countries, the necessary permission would readily be granted.

5. Increase of the Income of Professors.

That the Professors should have Incomes sufficient to give them an independent and prominent position will be admitted by all.

At present, the Regius Professorships of Divinity, Ecclesiastical History, Pastoral Theology, and Hebrew, the Margaret Professorship of Divinity, and the Boden Professorship of Sanscrit, are adequately endowed, ranging as they do in value from near 850l. to 18007. a-year. The next in value are the Professorships of Civil Law, of Modern History, of Exegesis, of Logic, of Geometry, of Astronomy, of Chemistry, ranging from 2007. to 371. The Chairs of Moral Philosophy, Experimental Philosophy,

Chemistry, Mineralogy, Geology, and Ancient History, have been raised to 3007. a-year by the University since Your Majesty's Commission was issued. The Regius Professorship of Greek is worth 407. a-year. The rest do not exceed 1007.

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Evils resulting from the inadequacy of such endowments may be described in the words which Lord Bacon used two centuries ago:*-"Here (says he) it followeth well to "speak of the defect which is in public Lecturers; namely, "in the smallness and meanness of the salary or reward "which in most places is assigned to them, whether they "be Lecturers in Arts or of Professions. For it is necessary "to the progression of sciences that Readers be of the most "able and efficient men, as those which are ordained for generating and transmitting sciences, and not for tran"sitory use. This cannot be, except their condition and "endowment be such as may content the ablest man to "appropriate his whole labour and continue his whole age "in that function and attendance, and therefore must have a "proportion answerable to that mediocrity or competency "of endowment, which may be expected from a profession, "or the practice of a profession. . Readers in Sciences are indeed the guardians of the stores and provisions of "Sciences, wherever men in active causes are furnished, "and therefore right to have equal entertainment with "them; otherwise, if the fathers in sciences be of the "weakest sort, or be ill-maintained, patrum invalidi referent “jejunia nati.”

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This argument is thus applied to the state of things in our own times by Professor Vaughan :†-" The splendid "incomes which talent and energy may look forward to in "the learned professions, and particularly in the Church, "must always operate to draw away from the University many of its ablest men. But this difficulty should not "induce us to neglect means for retaining and attracting * Advancement of Learning, Works, vol. ii. p. 94, ed. Montagu. † Evidence, p. 88.

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INCREASE OF SALARIES.

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great faculties to the Professorial Chairs. It cannot be right or wise that County-Court Judges, Police Magistrates, "Secretaries to Railways and public Boards should receive "for the employment of their time 1000l., 12007., 15007. per annum, while University Professors are asked to perform "duties requiring great knowledge and abilities of a less "common description without half the remuneration. I think "that there should be secured to a competent Professor such an "income as will enable him to marry in his office, and look "forward to continuance in it as the work of his life. The

University, too, should be in a position to command the "services of the most distinguished men in the several "sciences, and to hold out to its members the University "Professorships as rewards to a career of industry. The "Professorship should be a stimulus to the Master, as the "Fellowship is to the Undergraduate and Bachelor; and "when once appointed, the Professor should feel his posi"tion (generally speaking) to be his home and his destiny, so that he may continue to concentrate his interests and "exertions upon the subject. The Tutorships in the Uni"versity at present confer an income, I conclude, of at least "500l. per annum on those who hold them in connexion with "Fellowships. If the Professorships do not range conзi"derably above this, the foundation of Professorships will, "in effect, simply add a certain number of University "Tutors to the present staff of College Tutors, and their "effect on the University system will amount to very little " indeed."

What measures we shall recommend for attaining this important object will appear, and in what way the College Fellowships may be made available, in accordance with ancient precedent, for the endowment of those Chairs which need it, will best be seen when we arrive at that section of our Report which treats of the Colleges. The mode of endowing the Assistant Professorships or Lectureships we shall also consider in the same place. At present, it will be enough to state our opinion, that the fixed salary of the

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