20 omnibus Gallis] all the Gauls without exception, whether Belgae, Celtae or Aquitani. plerumque 'as a rule': for plerumque omnibus Schneider, qu. v. 57, equites plerumque omnes.

22

in muro se posse] Caesar, as Long remarks, seems to represent the Gauls as crying derisively, 'how are such little fellows going to lift that tower on to our wall?' as though suggesting with some irony that the only possible way of taking so strongly fortified a place would be to put the tower on the top of the duplex murus. See appendix.

CHAP. 31.

25

29

30

33

locuti] this is not for locuti sunt, but is the participle.

existimare] se must be supplied, as also with the verbs permittere and petere aç deprecari.

petere ac deprecari] petere is simply to make a request, deprecari is to beg a person not to do something; our 'deprecate' does not cover quite the same ground as deprecari: tr. 'beg as a favour'.

pro...mansuetudine] the same phrase has already occurred in 14. audirent] = audimus, in or. rect. statuisset = statueris.

traditis armis] = si traderentur arma.

possent] posse would have done equally well, cf. n. on 14 consuerint.

CHAP. 32.

p. 48. 5 si prius, quam] Kr. qu. Cic. de Off. 1. 35 tum ei qui armis positis ad imperatorum fidem confugient, quamvis murum aries percusserit, recipiendi. Cicero would have been less rigorous than Caesar in dealing with a besieged foe.

IO

12

19

21

facere dixerunt] 'they said that they were doing'; facere must not be translated as if it were facturos. imperata facere is the regular term for surrender.

muri aggerisque] murus is the wall of the oppidum, agger the Roman earthwork which had been advanced up to the brink of the fosse: the deep ravine-like space between the two was nearly filled up with the Gallic weapons.

CHAP. 33.

praesidia] they thought the Romans would remove the sentinels from the vallum and castella forming the line of circumvallation, or that at any rate a less vigilant watch would be kept.

scutis...intextis] as Kraner points out, it is not clear whether intextis agrees with scutis and ex is to be supplied with viminibus, the meaning then being 'shields made of bark or woven out of osiers', or whether viminibus intextis is an ablative absolute, in which case tr. 'shields made of bark or by the interlacing of osiers'.

23

26

27

28

29

30

qua minime arduus] we do not know where the Gauls intended to break through the Roman line of circumvallation. We gather from the present passage that most of the encompassing lines was on high ground, otherwise the Gauls could not be said to have looked out for a spot where the ascent was least difficult. Of course the first thing for the Gauls to do was to descend from their own stronghold; this they might do by the ravines on the north-west face of the hill.

ex proximis castellis] there were castella at short intervals along the whole line of circumvallation.

eo] to the place threatened.

ut a viris fortibus pugnari debuit] as brave men were bound to fight'.

iniquo loco] ablative of attendant circumstances: the ground was unfavourable to the Gauls because of the ascent required before they could reach the Roman lines.

contra eos, qui] against assailants who': the statement is perfectly general, hence the subjunctive iacerent.

turribusque] the castella previously mentioned; quite different from the turris mobilis (cf. 30) with which the Romans were going to besiege the town.

cum in una...consisteret] Caesar seems to have forgotten that he had already said in extrema spe salutis.

31 ad] ad is here adverbial='about'.

p. 49. I

2

3

sectionem oppidi universam] 'the whole booty of the town without exception'. sectio, properly 'division', came to be applied to booty that was sold and 'divided' among the conquerors.

numerus] numerus is followed here by a double genitive, capitum and milium, as in 1. 29, where see note.

CHAP. 34.

Venetos] a powerful maritime state who occupied the region now comprised in the department of Morbihan. They broke out into revolt and were subdued by Caesar in the following year, B. C. 56. Cf. III. 8 for some account of their power: they possessed several islands off the coast insulas complures Venetorum quae et Veneticae appellantur, Plin. IV. 19, 2 quoted by Desjardins. Their name survives in Vannes.

Venellos] this, and not Unellos, is shown by Glück to be the proper spelling. The district occupied by this tribe corresponds more or less with the department of Somme in the north-west of Normandie.

Osismos] the habitation of this tribe is to be sought in the department of Finisterre.

Curiosolitas] the name of this people may still be traced in the town of Corseul in the department of Côtes du Nord. Near Corseul are the remains of a Roman temple, the Fanum Martis. The name Curiosolitae has been found on an inscription discovered at Corseul: this should be substituted probably for Curiosolites in VII. 75.

P. C. I.

8

6

Esuvios] this spelling is found on some small Gallic coins discovered in Jersey. Their name is still traceable in Essey. Their territory corresponded to the central and western part of the departments of Calvador and Orne. Desjardins thinks that Bayeaux (Augustomagus) was within their limits.

Aulercos] of this important family there were three main branches, the Aul. Diablintes in western Maine, the Cenomani in eastern Maine, and the Aul. Eburovices in the neighbourhood of Evreux in the department of Eure. It is to these last that Caesar here alludes. Those who wish to know more of this tribe, the history of which is somewhat obscure, should consult Desjardins II. 490 sqq.

Redones] a tribe in the neighbourhood of Rennes (which is named after them) in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine.

CHAP. 35.

ΙΟ belli opinio] 'so high an estimate of the war', and of its serious consequences for themselves.

13

15

16

18

Illyricumque] Caesar had been entrusted in 59 B. C. with the charge of this province together with the two Gauls for a period of five years. Cf. n. on V. I.

Carnutes] an important and powerful Keltic tribe occupying a district roughly speaking coextensive with the province of Orleanais. One of their strongholds Cenabum afterwards civitas Aurelianorum is the modern Orleans.

Andes] these people have given their name to Anjou. The form Andecavi, or Andicavi, which Desjardins thinks is the oldest form, is found in Pliny, and also Andegavi which marks the transition to the modern Anjou.

Turones] the Turones occupied the department of Indre-et-Loire and have given their name to the department Touraine and the town Tours. In this district there are still abundant traces of the old Gaulish nomenclature; see the long list of names in Desjardins.

66

hibernacula] this reading has more authority than hiberna: only here in Caesar. Sall. Iug. 103 exercitu in hibernaculis composito; Nep. Ages. 3, Eum. 8: properly 'winter-tents' 'winter encampment' (Liv. v. 2 hibernacula aedificari coepta) while hiberna is the winter-quarters generally, the place where the troops wintered". Kraner.

dierum] see appendix.

supplicatio] a solemn thanksgiving, which usually lasted for 3 or 4 days. Caesar says that a supplicatio of 15 days had never been granted to anyone before: in 52 one of 20 days was decreed in his honour: VII. 90. Cf. Dict. Ant. s. v.

APPENDIX.

BOOK I.

Dr ANDREAS FRIGELL, the most recent and trustworthy investigator of the codices of the Bellum Gallicum, gives the following distribution of the more important Mss in order of merit. Cf. L. Vielhaber in Zeitschrift für die Oesterreichischen Gymnasien, 1864, p. 27: H. J. Heller in Philologus XVII and XIX:

FIRST CLASS.

(a) Parisinus (P), the tenth, or possibly the end of the ninth, century. Romanus (R), the tenth, or the beginning of the eleventh century.

(b) Amstelodamensis (A), same date as Parisinus.

Moysiacensis (M), the twelfth century.

To this class may also be added:

Vossianus (V), the eleventh century?
Codex mutilus, the tenth century.

SECOND CLASS.

(a) Thuaneus (T), the twelfth century? Leidensis (L).

(b) Ursinianus (U), the twelfth century? Hauniensis (H), the fourteenth century?

Gottorpiensis (G).

THIRD CLASS.

Jadrensis (J), dated 1437.

Colbertinus (C), the fifteenth century.

Borbonianus (Borb) the fifteenth century.

Barberinianus (Barb), the fourteenth century.

P. 2, 1. 28, the MSS have without exception ad eas res conficiendas: the repetition is intolerably harsh; I have therefore ventured to omit conficiendas supposing it to have crept in from the previous sentence: this is at least a gentler remedy than Frigell's who only leaves Orgetorix sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit, a reading which Heller appears to approve, Philologus XIX. 472.

P. 3, 1. 10, according to Nipperdey A (manu secunda) inserts imperio after potiri. See note. Vielh. Zt xv. 29.

P. 3, 1. 31, according to Nipperdey A has finitimis suis (Vielh.).

P. 4, 1. 32, there is some trace of sub iugo in MSS. Cf. Livy III. 28 sub hoc iugo dictator Aequos misit.

P. 8, 1. 4, I retain the reading of all the MSS. Kraner after Dinter writes ut magis virtute contenderent quam dolo aut insidiis niterentur. Cf. Heller, Phil. XIX. 501, whose explanation I have adopted.

P. 9, 1. 7, Frigell writes audacius subsistere, nonnunquam ex novissimo, etc., but ex is only found in a late ed. of 1514.

P. 10, 1. 4, quod debeant...praestare si. So Heller, Kraner and others for this use of praestare cf. VII. 1, 10, 17: by a natural mistake praestare got taken over to the previous sentence; this caused the insertion of satius esse after perferre in some late edds., and the alteration of perferre into praeferre in TL.

P. 10, 1. 6, R AMV TUJC have dubitare debeant strangely enough.

P. 10, 1. 10, necessariam rem T, necessaria rem A MVU C, necessario rem J: see Heller, Phil. xxxI. 319.

P. 12, 1. 31, PRAMVTU agree in Lucio Labieno. Was Lucio written in the margin over against L. Sullae, whence it was transferred to the wrong place?

P. 13, 1. 31, I retain veteranorum the reading of the MSS: so Heller, but Vielhaber insists on veteranarum, and is followed by Kraner. After this word all MSS have ita uti supra, then RVTUCJ have se in, P sed in, A M supra; sed in; all MSS have collocari and compleri et interea; the reading of the MSS then is ... veteranorum ita uti supra se (or sed) in summo iugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore proxime conscripserat et omnia auxilia collocari ac totum montem hominibus compleri et interea sarcinas in unum locum conferri et eum ab his qui in superiore acie constiterant muniri iussit. I follow Heller and Kraner in retaining this with the omission of the words ita uti supra as originally a marginal gloss, and reading sed before in summo iugo. Frigell retains ita uti supra se, and reads conlocaret and compleret, beginning a fresh sentence with inter ea.

P. 20, 1. 11, molimento: this is no doubt right; the best MSS have emolumento, the e having come from the previous atque. emolumentum is said to be used in the sense of 'exertion' in Varro de re rustica III. 14 I.

P. 22, 1. 18, dicebant, wrongly omitted by Frigell.

P. 25, 1. 33, vexerat. VTLUJCB have devexerat, which can hardly be right.

P. 27, 1. 18, fratres Aeduos appellatos. insert amicos or et amicos almost at random.

So PRAMV; the rest

P. 28, 1. 29, e suis legatis. Kraner brackets the word legatis, on the ground that legatum e suis (1. 32) can only mean 'an envoy from among his men', 'one of his men as an envoy', while e suis legatis must mean 'one of his legati'.