anxious to observe events at Rome, went down (κatéßŋ i.e. from the Alps) into Gaul around the Padus, which formed a part of the consular province given him. For the river Rubicon separates the rest of Italy from the Keltic land beneath the Alps. There he stationed himself and courted popular favour (édnμaywye), while many persons visited him, whose several requests he granted, and sent them all away either already possessed of his benefits or hoping to receive them. And throughout the whole course of his campaign, unsuspected by Pompey, he was ever at one time overthrowing the enemy by the arms of the citizens, at another, taking and subduing the citizens by money drawn from the enemy'.

BOOK II.

p. 33.

4

6

CHAP. 1.

3 certior fiebat] he was from time to time informed'; the imperfect of repeated action like afferebantur.

dixeramus] the perfect tense is more usual in expressions of this kind, as above, demonstravimus; cf. however 24, 28, iv. 27. For the statement in question cf. I. 1, with notes.

omni Gallia] all Keltic Gaul: the abl. abs. is equivalent to si omnis Gallia pacaretur.

ferebant] one would have expected ferrent and below studerent and possent, the verbs of subordinate relative clauses in or. obl. being usually in the subjunctive, but Caesar is here gradually and as it were insensibly passing from or. obl. to or. rect., for it will be noticed that above quod (because) is followed first by the subjunctive sollicitarentur but afterwards by the indicative occupabantur.

II mobilitate et levitate animi] Caesar frequently alludes to the fickle character of the Gauls: with this passage cf. IV. 5.

13

14

16

17

18

conducendos] conducere is here to hire', in the next chapter it is used in its ordinary sense of 'gather together': the present passage shows how easily the one meaning passes into the other.

eam rem] i.e. kingly power.

imperio nostro] 'if our rule were established': ablative of attendant circumstances, cf. 1. 18 imperio populi Romani.

CHAP. 2.

duas legiones] these legions were the XIIIth and XIVth.

inita aestate] Kraner remarks that Caesar never has ineunte aestate. qui deduceret] for the position of the relative which here precedes its logical antecedent Q. Pedium legatum cf. 1. 21 qualis esset natura montis...qui cognoscerent, misit.

Q. Pedium] Suetonius (Caes. 83) says that Q. Pedius was a grandson of Caesar's sister. Napoleon says that he was her son and yet refers to Suetonius as his authority. Mr Long thinks, on chronological grounds, that Suetonius is wrong and that Pedius was Julia's son. was consul B.C. 43 and died during his tenure of office.

He

19

20

24

25

ad exercitum venit] probably at Vesontio (Besançon) the chief town of the Sequani.

Senonibus] the Senones occupied a large district around Agedincum (Sens) which was their chief stronghold.

dubitandum non existimavit quin] for quin with dubito ('hesitate') in a negative sentence cf. B.C. III. 37 sibi dubitandum non putavit quin; cf. B.C. III. 23 non cunctandum existimavit quin. See Mr Reid's n. on Cic. de Senect. 16. Schneider qu. by Long says, non dubitare with infinitive expresses the absence of hesitation in act, non dubitare with quin and subjunctive expresses the absence of hesitation in forming a decision.

diebus circiter quindecim] Caesar would probably travel, says Napoleon, through Langres, Bar-sur-Aube and Vitry-le-François in the neighbourhood of which he would arrive at the Belgic frontier; the distance from Besançon to Vitry is about 145 miles.

'CHAP. 3.

p. 34. I de improviso] cf. de subito (sometimes written as one word), de integro, de novo (denuo) etc.: the preposition ex is often used in the same way, ex inopinato, ex integro, ex facili etc., so in Greek ¿§ åπpoσdokýTOV. celerius omni opinione] 'quicker than any could expect'.

2

4

8

ΙΟ

12

15

17

18

19

21

24

Remi] the district occupied by this people corresponds roughly speaking to the departments of Marne and Ardennes.

Their chief

town Durocortorum afterwards called Remi is the modern Rheims. primos civitatis] the same expression occurs again in 13.

imperata facere] the usual terms for submission to a superior power. cis Rhenum] 'on this (i.e. the Gallic) side of the Rhine'.

Suessiones] this people gave its name to Soissons originally Noviodunum. Strabo says that they ranked among the Belgians next to the Bellovaci in bravery.

potuerint] the subject is, of course, Remi: they could not deter the Suessiones from joining the Belgic confederacy.

CHAP. 4.

possent] posse is sometimes used in the sense of 'to be powerful', cf. 1. 18, and this is the usual meaning of the present participle potens 'powerful': in the present passage quid possent='in what degree they were powerful', 'what power they had', cf. 8.

Belgas] for the origin of the Belgae cf. I. I.

ibi] 'in their present position'.

Teutonos Cimbrosque] for these events cf. Momms. III. 189, 190. sumerent] this represents a present subjunctive in the actual words of the report given to Caesar 'qua ex re fit ut sumant' which in or. obl. becomes qua ex re fieri (dicebant) ut sumerent.

26

28

32

propinquitatibus affinitatibusque] 'ties of kinship and affinity': propinqui are blood relations (cognati), affines relations by marriage, the cognati of husband and wife. Cf. Mr Long's note.

plurimum Bellovacos valere] this agrees with the testimony of Strabo. They were situated between the coast and the Oise their name survives in Beauvais : Bratuspantium (Breteuil) was one of their towns.

suos finitimos] neighbours of themselves, the Remi, into whose mouth this report is put. Had Caesar meant that the Suessiones were neighbours of the Bellovaci he would have written eorum or eis for

suos.

p. 35. Divitiacum] it is scarcely necessary to say that this is a different person from the Aeduan Divitiacus mentioned in the next chapter.

3 Britanniae] this is not to be understood of the whole of Britain; the authority of Divitiacus was probably confined to what Caesar calls the maritima pars of the island: of. IV. 12.

7

8

9

Nervios] cf. 15.

Atrebates] the town of Arras, formerly called Nemetocenna, in Artois owes its name to this people.

Ambianos] the Ambiani occupied both banks of the Somme and gave their name to Amiens which was originally called Samarobriva.

Morinos] the Morini (extremique hominum Morini Verg. Aen. vIII. 727) occupied the coast from Boulogne to Antwerp.

Menapios] this tribe inhabited the district lying between the Scheldt and the Rhine; we learn from IV. 4 that there were some of them dwelling on the right bank of the latter river.

ΙΟ Caletos] the Caleti occupied the department of Seine inférieure. St Vallery en Caux appears to preserve a trace of their name.

Veliocasses] they also dwelt on the north bank of the Seine; their chief town was Rotomagus (Rouen); their name may survive in the district of Vexin.

Viromanduos] the Viromandui (cf. Vermandais a district of St Quentin) dwelt east of the Atrebates, south of the Nervii.

II Aduatucos] this tribe is to be sought east of the Nervii between Brussels and Spa.

Condrusos] the Condrusi occupied the right bank of the Meuse and both banks of the Ourthe, and were situated south of Aix la Chapelle.

Eburones] the Eburones dwelt between the Meuse and the Rhine, north of Aix la Chapelle: they were clients of the Treveri: cf. iv. 6.

Caeroesos] this tribe, which is not elsewhere mentioned in Caesar, seems to have been situated on the right bank of the Ourthe below the Condrusi.

12 Paemanos] the Paemani occupied a district south of the Aduatuci between the Meuse and the Ourthe.

14

15

18

qui...appellantur] this is a remark of the writer's, and is not a part of the report of the Remi, hence the indicative.

arbitrari] se must be supplied.

CHAP. 5.

liberaliter oratione prosecutus] 'having treated them to a gracious speech'. Caesar's 'graciousness' is immediately followed by a demand for hostages, as in IV. 18 liberaliter respondit obsidesque ad se adduci iubet. prosequi aliquem aliqua re lit. 'to accompany' or 'escort a person with something', hence to honour', cf. Nägelsbach Lat. Stil. § 108.

senatum] Caesar borrows a title of the Roman constitution to describe the Gallic parliament; cf. 28 senatores.

magno opere...quanto opere] the repetition is unpleasant and is a mark of hasty writing.

26 Axonam] the Aisne: this river did not actually form the limit between the Remi and the Suessiones, but was sufficiently near the border to justify Caesar in saying that it was in extremis Remorum finibus.

28 castra] recent excavations have shown clear traces of this camp; it was situated on a slight eminence between the Aisne and the Miette about a mile to the north-east of Berry-au-Bac. "This hill, called Mauchamp, is of small elevation (about 25 mètres) above the valley of the Aisne, and in its length from east to west, it presents sufficient space for the Roman army to deploy. Laterally, it sinks to the level of the surrounding ground by slight undulations, and the side which looks upon the Miette descends by a gentle slope towards the banks of the stream'. (Napoleon.)

29

32

33

essent] Caesar might have written erant 'those places which were (as a fact) behind him'; quae essent rather means 'such places as were'. praesidium] the intrenchments of this tête-du-pont are said to be still clearly visible at Berry-au-Bac.

in altera parte] on the south bank, Caesar being on the north bank. A castellum seems to have been constructed for Sabinus and his cohorts, cf. 9 castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius. A. v. Kampen naturally expresses his surprise at Napoleon's having omitted to mark this castellum on his map.

p. 36. 2 duodeviginti pedum] 18 feet broad. The excavations made on the site of the camp have proved the correctness of Caesar's description; the depth of the fosse appears to have been about 10 feet. The 'chiasmus' or inverted order should be noticed in this sentence (pedum XII vallo fossaque XVIII pedum), cf. 12 propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem; VII. 77 fama nobiles potentesque bello. Kenn. L. Gram. Appendix F.

munire iubet] the object of iubet is omitted here as often, cf. V. 33.