in fact, wot is the very identical word which in Greek is spelt oida, as has been well ascertained. Just so with owe, if we trace it back. The A.S. is simply ah in the third person, as in the Codex Exoniensis, ed. Thorpe, p. 191: "næfre hlísan ah meotud than maran,"-never hath the Creator greater fame. To owe, in Old English, often means to have or possess; and the third person was successively he ah, he ow, he owes, and, lastly, he owns. The word own is one of the very few instances in which the old n of the infinitive mood has been preserved, but it has been forgotten that this n belongs properly to the infinitive only. Another verb worth notice is dare. He dare is perfectly correct; it is the same as he dear, which occurs in Beowulf. But, perhaps, as people already say he dares, we shall some day arrive at he cans! WALTER W. SKEAT. 1, Cintra Terrace, Cambridge. William found fault with it, and produced a draw-old authors never use he wots, but always he wot; ing, or painting, with the hand introduced, which he insisted ought to have been shown by his brother. This picture he exhibited for money. William followed no trade, and appeared to have had some small means; he was said to have been a non-commissioned officer in the Army or Militia, which his appearance indicated, being a stout, upright, broad-shouldered, good-tempered man, and always carried a cane or stick. He often offered for sale, to his friends or persons he knew, printed copies of his lectures, sometimes in doggerel verse. At other times he carried a small box, containing models of his inventions,-only one at a time, which were shown to the curious for a small gratuity, which his friends well knew he expected; and he was often met by, "Well, Mr. Martin, what have you new?" I remember his invitation to show me two of his inventions, which I thought excellent. The first was an improvement upon the Davy lamp, which had a glass to protect the gauze BUCHANAN'S LATIN PSALMS (4th S. xii. 60.)—In wire from the effect of currents of air in the mine, 1548 or 1549, George Buchanan, while confined in a and, if I recollect right, to put out the light if an attempt was made by the miner to open it for the monastery in Portugal by the officers of the Inquisition, translated the Psalms into Latin verse. purpose of lighting his pipe,-a dangerous custom, They were afterwards printed, and went through -the lock-key being held by the overseer. second was an improved lifeboat, editions in the same and succeeding century. -a kind of twin many half-boat with air-tubes, I have Copies command a very small price. - which could not be several editions, all with the music, printed at swamped, and required no bailing, as any water various places. One, that interests me most, bears shipped passed directly through the strong wire bot- the imprint, "Londini, apud Edw. Griffinum, tom, which was placed sufficiently high above the 1640." It is comparatively common. level of the sea so as to keep the people perfectly several copies sold for a few shillings each. The dry. About six years ago I saw a lifeboat upon this music to Buchanan's "twenty-nine" varieties of principle being tried at St. George's Pier, Liver-metre is devoid of interest, and the composer's pool. It might have been tried twenty-five years name, but for the notice of him in the volume prior to this period had Martin's friends been under consideration, would have been entirely amongst wealthy shipowners, or intelligent persons unknown. of sufficient influence, who could have appreciated and adopted his valuable invention, but unfortunately the time had not arrived, and the inventor and his invention were equally neglected. 66 Barbourne, Worcester. The J. B. P. "WHOSE OWE IT?” (4th S. xii. 6, 36, 159, 217.) -Before this phrase is dismissed, permit me to remark that the form owe is grammatically correct, and that our modern" owes" is a corruption, and 29 owns double a corruption. There are a certain set of verbs, chiefly those called auxiliary, which present the same phenomenon as is observed in the Greek oida, i.e. they have a past form, but a present signification. Now the past tense, third person singular, of a strong verb, never ends in -s, but the third person is the same as the first. Thus, he broke is of the same form as I broke; we do not say he brokes. It is just the same with other verbs which preserve the preterite form; we never use he cans, nor he mays, nor he wills (unless we alter the sense of it), nor he shalls, nor he musts. Our I have seen EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. THE PLACE OF THE GOSPELLER (4th S. xii. 78.) The Gospel was not always read from the north side of the altar (see Amalarius de Off., 1. iii. c. 18): so we read "Diaconus secundum ordinem se convertit ad austrum dum legit Evangelium quia in hac parte viri stare solent, nunc autem secundum inolitum (sic) morem se ad aquilloco legitur" (Gemma Anima, c. xvi., de Pulpito). Evangelium in alto Micrologus says-"Diaconus cum legit Evangelium juxta Romanum ordinem in ambone vertito the north as an innovation "contra ordinem et tur ad meridiem” (c. ix.). And he brands turning inhonesta." According to Durand, in France,— chori .... ascendit ab australi parte. "Procedit diaconus ad pulpitum per dextram partem In missis pro defunctis juxta altare evangelium legitur super aquilam . . lecturus transit ad partem sinistram et opponit faciem suam aquiloni" (lib. iv. fo. xcviii. b). Hence the difference in position for a choir-pulpit (north) and the nave-pulpit (south). At Chichester (1127) the Statute requires "quòd Crux feratur ante Évangelium quando in pulpito legetur." At onem vertit ubi fœminæ stant.. St. Goar, Ratisbon, and Verona the pulpit is on the south side of the nave. At St. John's Priory Church, Brecon, the stairs for epistolar and gospeller remain on either side of the site of the rood-screen, the latter ascended from the western side of the pier, and the former from the north nave aisle. The pulpitum, or roodloft (Chron. de Evesham, 283; Matt. Par., 1054, A.S., i. 285), was used by preachers (the late Bishop of Winchester delivered his sermon from that of Christ Church, Hants, as a bishop did at Chichester in the fourteenth century), and also for giving out of ecclesiastical notices (Annales de Osneia, 215; Ann. de Dunstaplia, 110; Chron. Canob. Burg., 234). At Winchester its place is defined "in medio volta, in navi ecclesiæ, ad gradus pulpiti" (Ang. Sac., i. 285). The Epistle and Gospel, after the Reformation, were read "from the pulpit, or some other meet place, so as the people may hear the same" (Cranmer's Works, ii. 156, 501, A.D. 1547; Grindal's Remains, 132"in a decent low pulpit, to be erected and made out of hand in the body of the church"). Cranmer's pulpit was the rood-loft. Gospel and Epistle were read before the altar in the sixteenth century. At Lincoln, also, the Gospel was sometimes read "ad altare," and sometimes "in pulpito" (Stat. Vicarior., 77). By the uses of Sarum and Bangor, "quandocunque legitur Epistola in pulpito, ibidem legatur et Evangelium." At Hereford it was read " super superiorem gradum," and to the north side. A lectern was placed in this position at Durham. At Salisbury and Bangor ordinarily the Gospel was read "ad gradum chori." The choir-pulpit in England naturally was placed on the north side. Genoa the Canons Penitentiary, at Sunday Vespers, preached "in gradibus sanctuarii," as St. Ambrose did, "pro gradibus altaris intra cancellos" (see Frances, 299), thus preserving the old tradition of the Gospel being read in front of the altar. At St. David's the MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT. At CHURCH NOTES IN ESSEX (4th S. xii. 188.)The inscription that formerly existed in Little Chesterford Church, Essex, to the memory of George Langham and Isabel his wife ran thus: "Hic jacent Georgius Langham, armiger, quondam dnius istius ville qui ob. xiii. die Seps tember 1462. Et Esabel urör ejus.” The tomb was about two feet above the floor, and contained engraved effigies of both the man and his wife. Many years since it was ruthlessly desecrated, and one of the figures and part of the inscription torn away. Paddington. C. GOLDING. P.S.-Lord C. A. Hervey (the rector) has since informed me that the slab, now containing the brass of the lady only, is placed on the level of the floor in the chancel. BRADLEY FAMILY (4th S. xii. 207.)—A Mr. and Mrs. Bradley were living in Jermyn Street, London, between the years 1730 and 1740, and until 1750, or even a later period. Mr. Bradley was a native of Lancashire. The pedigree of a family of the name, seated at Bryning, was entered up at Preston, Lancashire, on March 14, 1664, on the authority of James Bradley, at the visitation by Sir Wm. Dugdale. The arms assigned to this family were-Sable, a fess engrailed, in chief a mullet, between two crosses, pattée, fitchée, a border engrailed, argent (see vol. 84 of the Chetham Society Publications). Early in the eighteenth century a Mr. Thomas Bradley was living in Preston, whose son Thomas is said to have married at Keith's Chapel, Mayfair, Lucy North, an unacknowledged daughter of Francis, third Lord Guilford, and sister of the celebrated Lord Frederick North. JAMES THOMPSON. Leicester. THE GULE, THE GORDON, AND THE HOODIECRAW (4th S. xii. 206.)—The very interesting and conclusive explanation by X. X. of "The Gule of the Garioch," as being an enigma the solution of which is to be sought in nature rather than in tradition and history, tempts one to ask why X. X. pretation to the distich which he casually cites as did not apply a similar process of rational interaffording another instance of the word gule. X. X. quotes the distich thus: "The gule, the Gordon, and the hoodie-craw Are the three worst enemies Moray ever saw." I have seen the first line so printed before, with historical confirmation derived from the hostile part played by the Gordons in Elgin, and this in this connexion; but I have always suspected seemed to justify the use of the name of that clan that the following reading gave the true meaning of the distich, which I have frequently heard thus repeated in Aberdeen: "The gule, the gordon, and the hoodie-craw The three worst faes that Moray ever saw." Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary gives gordon in the sense of gorcock, the moor-cock, a species of wild fowl. Ben Jonson, it will be remembered, uses gorcrow in the sense of carrion crow. Thus, all the three "faes" of the rhyme will be accounted for in the realm of nature, without the necessity of supposing an incongruous mixture of weed, clan, and crow in the enumeration of "the pests of an agricultural country.” V. H. I. L. I. C. I. V. X. X.'s note is very interesting, and his explanation of the rhyme is probably correct. The gule, however, is not the wild mustard, but the corn marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum), according to Jamieson, Prior, and many MS. lists of names in my possession: "The old gool-ridings of Scotland were established for the purpose of exterminating this weed from the corn fields, and a penalty of a wether sheep was paid by the BALDACHINO (4th S. xii. 189.) The present agitation on this subject would render an enumeration of any post-Reformation examples in Protestant churches of interest; and "N. & Q." would be a fitter place for their record than the columns of a weekly newspaper. There is a structure, which, I think, may fairly be described as a baldachino in St. George's, Bloomsbury. In Londinium Redivivum, by J. P. Malcolm (1803, ii. 481), it is called an altar-piece": 66 "A pedestal, or basement, supports two fluted composite pillars, with an angular enriched pediment, surmounted by vases. The intercolumniation is a deep niche, beautifully inlaid, with a glory, cherubim, a large octagon filled with sexagons, and a border of scrolls." This was erected about 1731; at least, this is the date of the appointment of the first rector, long before High Churchism, as now existing, was thought of. This is shown by the fact that the "Lord's table" is at the north end. There is a baldachino in the recently-erected church of St. 1. "Deus Justificatus; or, the Divine Goodness Vindicated and Cleared against the Assertors of Absolute and Inconditionate Reprobation. Lond., 1668. 8vo." This came out anonymously, and has frequently been ascribed to Cudworth; but there can be no doubt of its being written by Hallywell. I may refer to my communication on the subject ("N. & Q.," 1st S. iii. 195). It is a very interesting treatise, and by no means of common occurrence : 2. "A Private Letter of Satisfaction to a Friend concerning-1. The Sleep of the Soul. 2. The State of the Soul after Death till the Resurrection. 3. The Reason of the Seldom Appearing of Separate Spirits. 4. Prayer for Departed Souls whether Lawful or no. Printed in the year 1667. 12mo." This is likewise anonymous, and is not noticed by Wood any more than the preceding in his list of Hallywell's works. It is, however, indisputably by that author, and bears every mark of his style. See Archibald Campbell's Doctrine of a Middle State, Lond., 1721, fol. (p. 163), of which last work I may observe in passing, I have the author's own copy, with large MSS. additions prepared for a second edition. 3. "An Account of Familism. Lond., 1673. 8vo." 4. "Vindication of the Account of Familism. Lond., 8vo." 5. "The Remains of BisP. Rust. Collected and in part Translated by Hally well. 1686. 4to." That very curious anonymous treatise"The Doctrine of Devils proved to be the Grand Apostasy of these Later Times. An Essay tending to rectify those undue Notions and Apprehensions men have about Dæmons and Evil Spirits. Lond. Printed for the Author, and are to be sold at the King's Arms in the Poultry. 1676. 8vo." and which is one of the most original and vigorous attacks ever made on the believers in witches and witchcraft, has been ascribed to Henry Hallywell; but any one who will take the trouble to compare it with his Melampronca; or, Discourses of the Polity and Kingdom of Darkness, 1681, 12mo., will at once see that the two works could not have the same author, being in the views they contain, and in their style and character, essentially different. Hallywell was an admirer and follower of Dr. Henry More, and was deeply imbued with the Platonism which entered so largely into the spirit of all the compositions of that super-celestial visionary. In Morg's MSS. Correspondence, which HENRY HALLYWELL (4th S. xii. 209.)-Wood, in the very short reference he makes to this writer in his Fast. Oxon., vol. ii. (p. 188, Bliss's Ed.), does not state where he was born, nor from what family of Hallywells he sprung. As, however, he possess, there are several letters to him from was a Fellow of Christ's College, Camb., this infor- Hallywell on apparitions, pre-existence, the milmation may, I suppose, be obtained from the ad-lennium, "plastic life," and other similar subjects, mission-register there. He appears to have been vicar of Cowfold, in Sussex, from 1694, and perhaps earlier, to 1704, when, as a new vicar was appointed in that year, his living, in all probability, was vacated by his decease. To the works published by him, and mentioned by your correspondent, must be added in which More was deeply interested. In one of them dated March 8, 1682/3, he observes : "Though my condition as to this world be not altogether such as I might reasonably desire, with sub(sic), yet I esteem myself happy in that pretiosissimum mission to a higher providence in regard of my dependants Divitiarum genus, as Boethius calls it, the free converse of my friends, by whom my mind may be improved and bettered, in which you will always be esteemed the "ACHEEN" 66 I I have a list of these baronets with the imprimatur of "Edward Walker, Garter," "Edward Byshe, Clarencieux," and "William Dugdale, Norroy." If D. S. will communicate with me, will furnish him with such of these names as may W. M. H. CHURCH. be needful to his purpose. Alvescott Rectory, Faringdon. EDWARD AND CHARLES DILLEY (4th S. xii. 190.) OR AKHEEN" (4th S. xii. 209.)The name of the state is properly Acheh, which is alleged to be a Telegu word adopted into the Malay vocabulary, and signifying "a wood leech." This may fairly be coupled with that derivation of Sumatra from a great ant"; but in the present-Information respecting the above will be found case we are unable to offer a substitute. Portuguese made Acheh into Achem, and we learned to call it Achin. This last must have been got from the Arabs or mariners of Western India, for we find it so written both in the Aín Akbari and in the Persian Geographical Tables of Sádik Isfaháni. The form probably was suggested by a jingling analogy, such as Orientals love, with Máchín (China). ["Northern Sumatra and especially Achín." Colonel H. Yule, Ocean Highways, August, 1873.] CHARLES VIVIAN. 41, Eccleston Square, S.W. in Timperley's Encyclopædia of Literary and Typo- "CASER WINE" (4th S. xii. 190.)-This is no doubt the same as what the Jews here and in Germany call cosher, that is, ceremonially pure. It is from the Hebrew câsher, which denotes that which is right or lawful, and is applied, among other things, to the flesh eaten by strict Jews, which is that of animals slain by a duly qualified WILLIAM ALDIS WRIGHT. butcher. "NOT A DRUM WAS HEARD" (4th S. xii. 147, 195, 240.)-A manuscript copy of this noble ode, and one in the handwriting of the author, before publication, is now in the possession of the Royal Irish Academy. It is contained in a letter from the Rev. C. Wolfe to one of his correspondents, of whose name I failed to take note. The letter is framed, and it hangs against one of the walls of the library in Kildare Street. My attention was drawn to it quite recently by the learned treasurer of the Academy, John Ribton Garstin, F.S.A. Having satisfied myself by reading the entire letter, I did not copy the post-mark. I would, however, suggest that the permission of the Royal Irish Academy might be asked for the reproduction of the whole, verbatim et literatim, in the pages of The roll of baronets created by Charles II., 1649-60, is given in Beatson's Political Index, i. 250, and also in Debrett's Baronetage. There are only ten recognized creations, which are now nearly all extinct. The only baronetcy created in 1650 was No. 462, that in favour of Richard Fanshaw, Esq., M.P. for the University of Cambridge, and bears date the 2nd September, 1650. According to Burke's Extinct Baronetage, this baronetcy became extinct on the death of Sir Richard's son, Richard, the second baronet, who it is said was deaf and dumb, and died unmarried in or about 1695. It is sometimes stated, as in the "LIEU" (4th S. xii. 208, 235.)—This word used Letters of Sir Richard Fanshaw during his Em-by the Devonshire gardener, the sound of which is bassies in Spain and Portugal, 8vo., 1702, that he was created a baronet by Charles I. at the siege of Oxford; this is evidently an error, and probably should be taken as the period of his knighthood. EDWARD SOLLY. Consult Dugdale's Antient Usage in bearing of such Ensigns of Honour as are commonly called Arms, where, if I mistake not, the information required will be found. H. FISHWICK. 'N. & Q." W. CHAPPELL. imitated by your correspondent by the French word "lieu," is spelt "lew" by Grose in his Provincial Glossary, who says "lee, or lew, calm, under the wind, shelter, in use in the south of England." W. DILKE. Chichester. "I MAD THE CARLES LAIRDS," &c. (4th S. xi. passim; xii. 11, 26, 158, 191.)-W. M.'s argument (p. 191) is altogether aside, being based on the misapplication of this term Laird, which is to be discovered sometimes, though not frequently, in modern times; and hence it would only be wearisome to confute such a view as that Laird at present is properly applied to the base-holding, or, indeed, any other owner or proprietor. The proper question is, at the time when the expression above quoted was used- which has been ascribed to one of the Jameses, kings of Scotland-who was, or might be, called a Laird in the proper sense of that term; or what is its meaning as it stands in that expression? This was the only question I attempted to consider. As I still contend, that meaning is as I stated it; and the latest authority I on the point which has been observed, and, as doubt not, will be held conclusive, is that of Professor C. Innes, in his Scotch Legal Antiquities (p. 37, note, 1872), citing charters, to which, as affording exact proof of the king having raised Carles, or Goodmen, to the status of Lairds, I would refer. Besides the remark of Sir George Mackenzie in his Science of Heraldry (p. 13), the same author's views may be considered as they appear in his separate work on Precedency, at pp. 49, 52, 55, 56 (edition 1680). The 25th Act of the 3rd Parl. of Chas. I., 24th July, 1644 (Sh. of Lanark), and the 12th Act of same Parl. (5th Session), 2nd February, 1646 (Sh. of Renfrew), may also be perused with advantage. In both of these the distinction between Laird and Goodman is distinctly recognized-recognized, it will be observed, in Acts of Parliament. The lesser Barons were the Lairds; the greater ones, the Lords (Mackenzie, Precedency), and none were Barons, at least, lesser Barons, who held not their lands immediately under the Crown. As to the misuse of this term Laird in modern times, I have nothing to advance, except to admit the occurrence of such misuse occasionally; being, at the same time, far from assenting to the proposition of W. M., that "usage had, or has, a complete power to extend or modify its application." On the same principle, usage only sanctioning, black might be denominated properly white, or a man ESPEDARE. a woman. Stanfords of Preston, and is now used as the laundry of the Grand Hotel. JNO. A. FOWLER. London Road, Brighton. The mistake in the Bodleian Catalogue, by which "MANSIE WAUCH" (4th S. xii. 8, 92, 177.)D. M. Moir was described as a pseudonym for James Hogg, has long since been corrected in the Library itself; but Ŏ. H., who surmises that the book itself was never looked at, does not himself appear to have looked at the entry which he criticizes, as the Catalogue makes no mention of John Galt. W. D. MACRAY. BELL-RINGING (4th S. xii. 166.)—The chapel alluded to by G. H. A. is that of Holbeck Lunds, some five miles distant from Hardraw, and in the parish of Aysgarth, in Wensleydale, one of the largest in England. It is situated where Yorkshire joins Westmoreland, on the moorland, and a more primitive place it would be difficult to find in England. The legend runs, that some years ago, when the small bell in the little turret was either missing or broken, the clerk used to come down to the chapel on Sunday at the usual hour, and thrusting his head through the hole where the bell had hung, cry out lustily, "Bol-lol, bol-lol, bol-lol," in order to summon the parishioners to service. Let me narrate even a more amusing story concerning Holbeck Lunds Chapel. Some years ago a clergyman, a stranger, going to officiate there on a DICK BARONETCY (4th S. xi. 403; xii. 86, 138.) lovely summer afternoon, on finding no kneeling -Sir Charles W. H. Dick was placed on the pay-hassock in the desk, desired the clerk to supply one, sheet of the Brighton Pavilion accounts in 1859, as Custodian of the Museum, at 30s. per week; but some time prior to date he was paid from the Museum Fund. Last year, on the removal of the contents of the Museum to the building arranged for their reception (which is now open to the public), Sir Charles's services were dispensed with. At the present time, he and his family are entirely dependent on charity. The family have not resided at the so-called seat, "Port Hall," for many years. It was, and is, the property of the who, after a brief interval, appeared with one of a very primitive description, a sod freshly cut from the turf on the outside. For a short time this sufficed tolerably well; but soon the clergyman had to rise most abruptly, as the sod proved to have been cut from an ant-hill, and, as can easily be imagined, swarmed with thousands of its tenants. Well do I recollect, on a visit to Wensleydale, one of the most beautiful districts in England, seeing Holbeck Lunds Chapel. At that time there was no burial-ground or wall surrounding it, the sheep grazed close to the building, and |