they taught themselves, in which respect the critical judgment of Aristotle threw a light upon the opinions of his predecessors. A collection of historic documents illustrative of the gradual development of philosophy, was the first step towards a history of the science. Even in modern times the earliest attempt at this sort of history was made in the form of a compilation, and the model assumed was the work of Diogenes Laertius. The prevailing notion of the time was that of a primitive philosophic race (§ 16), and that all philosophy was derived from revelation; the ethnographical method being adopted in the execution (cf. § 25, obs.). First period. Bayle awakened a spirit of criticism in this kind of undertaking; Jac. Thomasius extended the circle of study necessary to the same; and Leibnitz indicated what the history of philosophy ought to be. Second period. from Brucker to Tennemann: philology and criticism improved the materials collected; some imperfections in the works of the preceding age were corrected, and the science assumed more elevated pretensions. Brucker published the most complete work yet known, which, by a laborious assemblage of documents, by the judiciousness of his remarks, and particularly by what it contains on the biography of the philosophers, continues to be useful: but is deficient in a philosophic spirit. Gurlett and Tiedemann pursued a better method, and rendered great services to its special history.-From Kant to our own time; a zealous industry has been applied to its improvement in respect of theory and method; and, in consequence of the inquiries which this new sort of study has suggested, examination has been made of its proper sources and principles; documents have been revised, and their contents more ably stated; under the influence, more or less sensible, of a philosophical spirit and system. The German nation has done.

• See a review of the principal services rendered to the history of philosophy since 1780, in the Philosophical Journal of NIETHAMMER, 1795, Nos. viii. and ix. TENNEMANN's Review of the Labours of the History of Philosophy in the last fifteen years of the eighteenth Century, in the Ergünzbl, der Allg.

C

the most for this description of history, as regards both its manner and its matter; but there is still occasion for much labour in this extensive field.

VII. Bibliography of the History of Philosophy.

37. Under this head are comprehended the works relative to the history of philosophy in general and in particular. We shall particularise the writings on individual subjects, as they shall come under consideration. The works on the universal history of philosophy may be arranged under five heads: (a) Treatises on its Literature and Method. (b) Collections. (c) Miscellanies. (d) Detailed histories. (e) Outlines.

(a) Bibliographical Treatises.

J. JONSIUS, De scriptoribus Hist. Philosophicæ libri iv, Francof. 1659.-Recogniti et ad præsentem ætatem usque perducti, cura J. CHR. DORN, Jen. 1716, 8vo.

J. ANDR. ORTLOFF, Bibliographical Manual of the History of Philosophy, Erlangen, 1798, 8vo. part i, never completed. N. B. The Treatises on Method have been cited under the preceding sections.

(b) Collections.

JAC. THOMASII, Schediasma historicum, quo varia discutiuntur ad historiam tum philosophicam tum ecclesiasticam pertinentia. Lips. 1665, 4to. The same work under this title: Origines historiæ philos. et ecclesiast., cura CHR. THOMASII, Hal. 1699, 8vo.

J. FRANC. BUDDEI, Analecta Historiæ Philosophiæ, Hal. 1706, 8vo. second edition, 1724, 8vo.

Acta Philosophorum: by CHR. AUG. HEUMANN, 3 vols. 8vo. Hal. 1715-23.

JAC. BRUCKERI, Otium Vindelicum, sive meletematum Historico-philosophicorum triga, Aug. Vind. 1729, 8vo. Miscellanea historia philosophicæ, litterariæ, criticæ, olim sparsim edita, etc. Aug. Vind. 1748, 8vo.

Lit. Z. 1801, s. 81-147, and CARUS, Hints on the History of Philosophy Leips. 1809, s. 21-90.

CHR. ERN. DE WINDHEIM, Fragmenta historiæ philosophicæ, etc. Erl. 1753, 8vo. With essays of various other authors.

MICH. HISMANN, Magazine of Philosophy and its History, Goetting. et Leips. 1778-83, 6 vols. 8vo. In this work are many essays translated from the Académie Royale des Inscriptions, etc.

† GEO. GUST. FUELLEBORN, Collection of Pieces towards a History of Philosophy, Züllichau, 1791-99, Fasc. xii, 8vo.

GUILL. TRAUGOTT KRUG, Symbolæ ad Histor. Philosophiæ, Leips. 1813, 4to. Part first.

J. FRED. FRIES, Pieces towards a History of Philosophy, Heidelberg, Fasc. i.

(c) Miscellanies, containing researches and remarks on the History of Philosophy.

The true Intellectual System of the Universe, by RALPH CUDWORTH, etc. Lond. 1678, folio, second edition, by BIRCH, 1743, 2 vols. 4to. and 8vo. Lond. 1820, and Oxford, 1829.

CUDWORTHI Systema Intellectuale hujus Universi, seu de veris naturæ rerum originibus commentarii, quibus omnis eorum philosophia qui Deum esse negant, funditus evertitur: accedunt reliqua ejus opuscula, Jen. 1733, folio; second edition, Leyd. 1773, 2 vols. 4to. translated by Mosheim [with the addition of many learned notes and dissertations by the translator.].

HUETII, Demonstratio Evangelica, Paris, 1679, folio, often republished.

Dictionnaire historique et critique, par J. BAYLE, Rotterd. 1697, 2 vols. folio. The best edition is the fourth, reviewed and augmented by DESMAIZEAUX, Amst. et Leid. 1740, 4 vols. folio. Various translations and extracts. [A continuation has been published by J. G. CHAUFPIE, Amst. 1750, likewise in 4 vols. folio.]

ERN. PLATNER, Philosophical Aphorisms, with some Principles for a History of Philosophy, Leips. 1782, 2 vols. 8vo. a second edition, 1793-1800, 8vo.

(d) Detailed Histories.

The History of Philosophy by THOMAS STANLEY, Lond. 1655, folio, third edition, 1701, 4to. Latin translation with corrections by GODEFR. OLEARIUS, Historia Philos. Lips. 1711, 4to. et Ven. 1733, 4to.

Histoire critique de la Philosophie, où l'on traite de son Origine, de ses Progrès et des diverses Révolutions qui lui sont arrivées jusqu'à notre temps, par M. D*** (ANDR. FR. BOUREAU DES

LANDES), Paris, 1730-36, 3 vols. Another edition, Amsterd. 3 vols. 8vo.

J. J. BRUCKER, Questions on the History of Philosophy, Ulm, 1731-36, 7 vols. 12mo. with a Supplement, 1737, 12mo.

J. BRUCKERI, Historia critica Philosophiæ a Mundi incunabulis, etc. Lips. 1742-44, 5 vols. 4to. a new edition without alterations, but augmented by a Supplement, 1766-67, 6 vols. 4to. An English Abridgment by W. ENFIELD, History of Philosophy from the earliest times, etc. Lond. 1791, 2 vols. 4to. again in 8vo. 2 vols.

AGATOPISTO CROMAZIANO (APPIANO BUONAFEDE), Della Istoria e della indole di ogni Filosofia, Lucca, 1766-71, 5 vols. 8vo. Again Venice, 1782-83, 6 vols. 8vo. For the continuation of this work see § 38 (a).

History of Philosophy for Amateurs, by J. CHRIST. ADELUNG, Leips. 1786-87, second edition, 1809, 3 vols. 8vo.

J. GLIEB BUHLE, History of Philosophical Reason, Lemgo, 1793, 8vo. vol. I. Instead of this work, which he did not continue, Buhle published † A Compendium of the History of Philosophy, and a critical Bibliography of this Science, Goetting. 1796-1804, 8 vols. 8vo. We may here add the work cited in § 38. on Modern Philosophy, which is preceded by a Review of the Ancient Systems of Philosophy up to the fifteenth century. G. GOTTLIEB TENNEMANN, History of Philosophy, Leips. 1798-1819, 11 vols. 8vo. One vol. of second edition published by A. WENDT, 1828.

DEGERANDO, Histoire comparée des Systèmes de la Philosophie, 1804, 3 vols. 8vo. second edition, augmentée, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1822. A German translation by TENNEMANN, Marburg, 1806-7, 2 vols. 8vo.

J. HENR. MART. ERNESTI, An Encyclopedic Manual of General Hist. of Philos. and its Bibliography, Lemgo, 1807, 8vo.

FRED. AUG. CARUS, Hints for a Hist. of Philos. Leips. 1809, 2 vols. 8vo. (in the fourth volume of his posthumous works). E. G. STECK, the History of Philosophy, vol. I, Riga, 1805, 8vo.

+ C. J. H. WINDISCHMANN, Die Philosophie im Fortgang der Weltgeschichte, Bonn, 1827, 8vo.

(e) Outlines.

Omitting the sketches of the History of Philosophy, which, since the time of Buddeus, may be found at the head of many Manuals of Philosophy, we shall merely notice the following abstracts:

GEO. HORNII, Historia Philosophica, Lugd. Bat. 1655, 4to. LAUR. REINHARTI, Compend. Hist. Philosoph. Lips. 1724, 8vo. Jo. GOTTL. HEINECCII, Element Hist. Philosophicæ, Berolin. 1743, 8vo.

J. BRUCKER, Abridgment of his Questions on the History of Philosophy, Ulm, 1736, 12mo. with additions, 1737; under the title of Elements of the Hist. of Philos. Ulm, 1751, 8vo.

J. BRUCKERI, Institutiones Hist. Philosophicæ, Lips. 1747, 8vo. second edition, 1756, third edition, by FR. GOTTL BORN, Leips. 1790, 8vo.

+ C. G. W. LODTMANN, Brief Sketch of the History of Philosophy, Helmst. 1754, 8vo.

FORMEY, Abrégé de l'Histoire de la Philosophie, Amstd. 1760,

8vo.

FR. ANT. BUESCHING, Sketch of the History of Philosophy, Berlin, 1772-74, 2 vols. 8vo.

CHRIST. MEINERS, Sketch of the History of Philosophy, Lemgo, 1786, 8vo. second edition, 1789.

Jo. GURLITT, Sketch of the History of Philosophy, Leips. 1786, 8vo.

FR. XAV. GMEINER'S, Literary History of the Origin and Progress of Philosophy, and of its Sects and Systems, Greiz. 1788-89, 11 vols. 8vo.

J. AUG. EBERHARD, General History of Philosophy, Halle, 1788, second edition, 1796, 8vo. Abstract of a general History, Halle, 1794, 8vo.

GEO. SOCHER, Historical Sketch of the Systems of Philosophy from the Greeks to Kant, Munich, 1802, 8vo.

FRED. AST, Sketch of the History of Philosophy, Landshut, 1807, 8vo.

+CH. AUG. SCHALLER, Manual of the History of Philosophical Discoveries, etc. forming the second part of the Magaz. für Verstandesübungen, Halle, 1809, 8vo.

† PH. L. SNELL, Brief Sketch of the History of Philosophy: Part first, History of Ancient Philosophy, Geissen, 1813, 8vo. Part second, History of the Philosophy of the Middle ages, Ibid. 1819, 8vo.

GAETEN WEILLER, Sketch of the History of Philosophy, Munich, 1813, 8vo.

Jos. HILLEBRAND, History and Methodical Systems of Philosophy, forming the second part of his Introduction to Philosophy, Heidelberg, 1819, 8vo.