Asconius Pedianus flourished. He had conversed with Virgil, who died 61 years before A. D. 41; but Asconius lived 85 years. He probably reached the time of Quintilian A. D. 50.

43 796 Ti. Claudius Cæsar Augustus III L. Vitellius II. Claudii 3 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 3.

Julia the daughter of Drusus, and granddaughter of Tiberius is slain by Messalina: Dio LX. 18.

Expedition into Britain. Vespasian served in this expedition. Claudius himself passed over in his third consulship. Martial is born March 1 A. D. 43.

44 797 L. Quinctius Crispinus II M. Statilius Taurus. Claudii 4 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 4.

Return of Claudius from Britain.

Death of Agrippa in the 54th year of his age, the 7th of his reign. He had been appointed to Philip's tetrarchy soon after the death of Tiberius A. D. 37. He received Trachonitis in A. D. 39, and Judæa from Claudius in the spring of 41, four years after his first appointment. His third year from the last appointment being completed in the spring, his death may be placed in the summer of 44. For the circumstances compare Acts XII. 21-23 with Josephus Ant. XIX. 8, 2.

Olympic games are celebrated at Antioch in Hyperberetæus of the 2nd year. The 92nd year of Antioch began in the autumn of A. D. 43, Hyperberetæus was the eleventh month of the year. These games are accordingly fixed to the autumn or Hyperberetæus of A. D. 44. These Olympic games were afterwards discontinued and then resumed. See A. D. 212.

45 798 Ol. 206 M. Vinicius II T. Statilius Taurus Corvinus. Claudii 5 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 5.

The younger Agrippa intercedes in favour of the Jews with Claudius, from whom he obtains a rescript dated June 28 A. D. 45.

Antipater archon at Athens.

(Apollonius Tyaneus in the East. He arrived at Ctesiphon 2y 2m after the accession of Vardanes. He remained according to Philostratus 20 months in Persia; then 4 other months in India; then returned to Vardanes, then he went to Nineveh, and from thence by Cyprus to Ionia. Damis an Assyrian, from whose account Philostratus composed his history, was the companion of these travels. He still attended Apollonius in Italy in A. D. 93, and brought his narrative to the accession of Nerva.

The acts of Vardanes (Arsaces XIX), his accession and death, are described by Tacitus, who marks that he still lived in A. D. 47, but does not fix the duration of his reign or the year of his death. Philostratus gives more than 4 years to Vardanes, namely, 2y 2m+1y 8m + 4m+(1m)=4y 3m. These

numbers, if Philostratus may be trusted, carry back the accession of Vardanes to the beginning of 44.)

Domitius Afer flourished. He was curator aquarum in the year 49. His oration pro Cloantilla was delivered in the reign of Claudius.

Clodius Quirinalis, a rhetorician of Arelate, teaches at Rome.

46 799 Valerius Asiaticus II M. Junius Silanus. Claudii 6 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 6.

The excesses of Messalina are mentioned at this year by Dio.

47 800 Ti. Claudius Cæsar Augustus IV L. Vitellius III. Claudii 7 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 7.

The Secular Games are celebrated for the sixth time. Vespasian is in Britain, Corbulo in Gaul and Germany. (The birth of Philo Byblius may be placed at this date, if he was 78 in Ol. 225. See F. Rom. Vol. 1 p. 31, 111.)

48 801 A. Vitellius L. Vipsanius.

pot. 8.

Claudii 8 from Jan. 25, trib.

Lustrum conditum. See F. H. III p. 457=467, or Epitome p. 397.

Death of Messalina in the autumn through the influence of Narcissus. The freedmen of Claudius who acquired great influence, were, besides Narcissus, Posides an eunuch, Pallas and his brother Felix, who was appointed procurator in Judæa, Harpocras, Polybius the friend of Seneca. Polybius had been slain by Messalina.

The younger Agrippa succeeds his uncle Herod towards the close of the 8th year of Claudius and of A. D. 48.

M. Antonius Liberalis a rhetorician taught at Rome. His rival Palæmon is a distinguished grammarian at Rome. He taught Quintilian.

49 802 Ol. 207 Cn. Pompeius Longinus Gallus Q. Verannius. Claudii 9 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 9.

Marriage of Claudius and Agrippina.

Dinophilus archon at Athens.

Domitius Afer is curator aquarum, and holds that office till his death in 59. Quintilian in his youth heard Afer in his old age.

Seneca through the interest of Agrippina is recalled from exile, and Nero, six years before his accession, is placed under the care of Seneca.

50 803 C. Antistius Vetus M. Suillius Nervilianus. Claudii 10 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 10.

Adoption of Domitius, through the influence of Pallas. Nero was born Dec. 15 A. D. 37, and Britannicus (who was 3 years

younger) Feb. 13 A.D. 41; and the former is now in his 13th, the latter in his 10th year.

Ostorius in Britain, who had defeated the Iceni, invades the Silures who are led by Caractacus. Capture of Caractacus, in the 9th year of the war according to Tacitus, who supposes the war to have commenced in Britain in 42, one year before the expedition of Claudius.

51 804 Ti. Claudius Cæsar Augustus V Ser. Cornelius Aufitus. Claudii 11 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 11.

Vespasian is consul suffectus in the two last months of this year and his son Domitian is born Oct. 24, 9 days before his father's consulship.

Nero receives the toga virilis. is appointed prætorian præfect. marked by Tacitus.

The pupil of Seneca. Burrus

A famine in this year is

52 805 Cornelius Sulla Faustus L. Salvius Otho Titianus. Claudii 12 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 12.

Pallas has great influence. His brother Felix had now been for some years a procurator in Judæa [compare Acts XXIV. 10] and jointly with Ventidius Cumanus had committed various acts of mal-administration. Cumanus presided over Galilee, Felix over Samaria. Quadratus the governor of Syria interposing condemned and removed Cumanus, but Felix remained till the reign of Nero.

A naval combat is exhibited on the lake Fucinus. For the aquæducts completed in this year see F. Rom. Vol. I p. 36.

53 806 Ol. 208 D. Junius Silanus Torquatus Q. Haterius Antoninus. Claudii 13 from Jan. 25, trib. pot. 13.

Nero in his 16th year marries Octavia.

The younger Agrippa is appointed to Philip's tetrarchy and to Trachonitis and Abilene about February A. D. 53. Dionysodorus archon at Athens.

54 807 M. Asinius Marcellus M' Acilius Aviola.

Death of Domitia Lepida through the management of Agrippina. Death of Claudius Oct. 13. He lived 63 2m 13d, he reigned Jan. 25 A. D. 41-Oct. 12 A.D. 54 inclusive, 13y 8m 18d.

Nero succeeds in his 17th year. Narcissus is put to death. The influence of Burrus and Seneca is marked by Tacitus and Dio.

Domitius Corbulo is appointed to Armenia.

Gallio and Seneca are mentioned at this date by Dio. The treatise of Seneca de vita beata, written in his old age, is addressed to his brother Gallio.

55 808 Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus L. Antistius Vetus. ronis 2 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 2.

Ne

The freedman Pallas is removed from the administration of affairs.

Death of Britannicus between the Saturnalia Dec. 16 A. D. 54 and his birthday Feb. 13 A. D. 55. He had nearly completed his 14th year.

Paullinus Pompeius is now in command in Germany.

Heraclides the disciple of Didymus taught at Rome in the reigns of Claudius and Nero. If Didymus was born in B. C. 63 (see F. H. III p. 205), and Heraclides lived to the reign of Nero, there was a space of about 120 years from the birth of the master to the death of the disciple.

56 809 Q. Volusius Saturninus P. Cornelius Scipio. Neronis 3 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 3.

Conon archon at Athens.

Senecæ de Clementia libri duo ad Neronem Cæsarem. Written when Nero had completed his 18th year. But the 18th year was completed Dec. 14 A. D. 55, and this treatise may be referred to the beginning of 56.

57 810 01. 209 Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus II L. Calpurnius Piso. Neronis 4 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 4.

Pomponia Græcina (Tacit. Ann. XIII. 32) the wife of Plautius, who triumphed for his success in Britain, mourned for the death of Julia 40 years. Julia the daughter of Drusus was put to death by Messalina in A. D. 43. (see 43), whom Pomponia accordingly survived till A. D. 82.

Probus of Berytus is distinguished as a Latin grammarian at Rome.

58 811 Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus III M. Valerius Messalla. Neronis 5 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 5.

Successful campaign of Corbulo in Armenia.

Sabina Poppea and Otho are described at this year by Tacitus. Otho is sent into Lusitania, where he remained 10 years. Pamphila flourished in the reign of Nero. Pamphila is quoted by Gellius and Laertius. Sopater transcribed from his tenth book.

His epistles were

Seneca wrote Ep. 91 about this year. written in old age; after the works de Beneficiis, de Tranquillitate, de Constantia. He is still in favour with Nero in A. D. 58.

59 812 C. Vipstanus Apronianus L. Fonteius Capito. Neronis 6 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 6.

Agrippina is put to death at the time of the Quinquatrus which were celebrated March 19-23.

Death of Domitius Afer the orator, who was curator aquarum A. D. 49-59. According to Quintilian the powers of Afer declined in his old age.

60 813 Nero Claudius Cæsar Augustus IV Cornelius Cossus Lentulus. Neronis 7 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 7. Nero institutes the quinquennalia at Rome. Successful campaign of Corbulo. Quadratus in the government of Syria.

He succeeds Ummius

61 814 Ol. 210 Casonius Pætus P. Petronius Turpilianus. Neronis 8 from Oct. 13. trib. pot. 8.

Boadicea is at first successful against the Romans, but afterwards the Britons are overthrown in a great battle by Suetonius Paullinus. After this success Suetonius delivered up the command of the army in Britain to Petronius the consul of this year.

Galba commands in Spain in the 8th year before he became emperor.

Thrasyllus archon at Athens.

Apollonius Tyaneus is present at the Olympic games in 61. He had arrived at Athens in the preceding autumn. After the games he went to Sparta, remained there till the end of winter, and in the spring of 62 proceeded to Crete.

Demetrius the cvnic is at this time at Corinth.

The birth of C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus of Comi may be referred to the close of 61, since his 18th year was still current in August 79. Tacitus was a little older; probably 34 or 35 years of age at his prætorship in A. D. 88.

62 815 P. Marius Celsus L. Asinius Gallus. Neronis 9 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 9.

Death of Burrus. His office of prætorian præfect is divided between Fenius Rufus and Tigellinus. Nero marries Poppæa, and Octavia in her 20th year is slain on the 9th of June. Death of the freedman Pallas.

Death of the poet Persius Nov. 24 in his 28th year. Seneca after the death of Burrus is in danger.

63 816 C. Memmius Regulus L. Verginius Rufus. Neronis 10 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 10.

Seneca completes Naturalium Quæstionum libros VII after this year.

64 817 C. Lecanius Bassus M. Licinius Crassus Frugi. Neronis 11 from Oct. 13, trib. pot. 11.

Nero exhibits in the theatre at Neapolis. Fires at Rome, Nero being at Antium. 19 and lasted six days and seven nights. gions of Rome only four remained entire. the Christians followed.

Death of Silanus. They began July Out of the 14 reA persecution of

Josephus at the age of 26 comes to Rome, where he is introduced to Poppæa.

Seneca is in danger from Nero.