have been split, would in all probability have been available, and printed well.

I was sorry to see in "N. & Q." (Vol. viii., p. 604.) an article under this head which went the round of the papers several months ago. Anything more impracticable and ridiculously absurd than the directions | there given can hardly be imagined : "cylinders of amber!" or "cylinders of metallic amalgam !!" " excited in the usual manner," &c. I presume electrical excitation is intended. Though, how cylinders of metal are to receive electrical excitation, and to have sufficient attractive power over a sheet of paper as to rend it asunder, would be a problem which I believe even a Faraday could not solve: neither would excited glass cylinders effect the object any better; or if they could, it would be erecting a wheel to break a fly upon.

The whole proposition must originally have been a hoax: in fact, we live in a day when the masses of the people are easily induced to believe that electricity can do everything.

Another, and far more feasible plan has been proposed ("N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 413.), viz. to paste the paper to be split between two pieces of calico or linen; and when perfectly dry, part them. One half, it is said, will adhere to each piece of the linen, and may afterwards be obtained or set free from the linen by soaking.

I have tried this with partial, but not satisfactory success. It will be remembered that the results of the true process were some years ago exhibited before a scientific company (I think at the Royal Institution), when a page of the London Illustrated News was first exhibited in its usual condition, printed on both sides; and was then taken to an adjoining apartment, and in a short time (perhaps a quarter of an hour) re-exhibited to the company split into two laminæ, each being perfect. Neither the pasting plan, nor the electrical gammon, could have effected this. I hope some of your readers (they are a legion) will confer on photographers the favour of informing them of this art.

COKELY.

Curling of Iodized Paper. The difficulty which paper according to DR. DIAMOND'S valuable and simple your correspondent C. E. F. has met with, in iodizing process, may be easily obviated.

I experienced the same annoyance of "curling up" till it was suggested to me to damp the paper previously to floating it. I have since always adopted this expedient, and find it answer perfectly. The method I employ for damping it is to leave it for a few hours previously to using it upon the bricks in my cellar and I have no doubt but that, if C. E. F. will try the same plan, he will be equally satisfied with the result. W. F. W.

How the Glass Rod is used. - Would you be kind enough to inform me how paper is prepared or excited with the glass rod in the calotype process? Is the solution first poured on the paper, and then equally diffused over it with the rod ? DUTHUS.

[The manner in which the glass rod is to be used for exciting or developing is very simple, although not easily described. The operator must provide him

self with some pieces of thin board, somewhat larger than the paper intended to be used; on one of these two or three folds of blotting-paper are to be laid, and on these the paper intended to be excited, and which is to be kept steady by pins at the top and bottom righthand corners, and the forefinger of the left hand. The operator, having ready in a small measure about thirty drops of the exciting fluid, takes the glass rod in his right hand, moves it steadily over the paper from the right hand to the left, where he keeps it, while with the left hand he pours the exciting fluid over the side of the glass rod, and moving this to and fro once or twice to secure an equal portion of the exciting fluid along the whole length of the rod; he then moves the rod from left to right and back again, until he has ascertained that the whole surface is covered, taking care that none of the exciting fluid runs over the side of the paper, as it is then apt to discolour the back of it. When the whole surface has been thoroughly wetted, the superfluous fluid is to be blotted off with a piece of new blotting-paper.]

Replies to Minor Queries.

Wooden Tombs and Effigies (Vol. viii., p. 604.). - In addition to that mentioned by J. E. J., there is a wooden chest in the centre of the chancel of Burford Church, in the county of Salop, with a figure in plated armour on the top; the head resting on a helmet supported by two angels, and at the feet a lion crowned. An ornament of oak leaves runs round the chest, at the edge. This effigy is supposed to represent one of the Cornwall family, the ancient, but now extinct, barons of Burford. As I am preparing, with a view to publication, a history of this very ancient family, with an account of the curious and interesting monuments in Burford and other churches, I should esteem it a favour if any of your correspondents could furnish me with authentic inthan those of Worcestershire and Shropshire. formation relative to any members of the family, or of any memorials of them in other churches J. B. WHITBORNE.

Epitaph on Politian (Vol. viii., p. 537.).— Harwood's Alumni Etonenses, A.D. 1530, Hen. VIII., p. 22. :

"Edward Bovington was born at Burnham, and was buried in the chapel. Some member of the College made these lines on him:

Barrels Regiment (Vol. viii., p. 620.).-If the song referring to Barrel's regiment was written about 1747, it was not original, but a parody or adaptation of one in The Devil to Pay, performed as a ballad opera in 1731; and which still maintains its place, if not on the stage, in recent editions of the "acting drama." I have not an old edition of the play, but quote from a collection of songs called The Nightingale, London, 1738, p. 232.:

"He that has the best wife,

She's the plague of his life;

But for her that will scold and will quarrel,
Let him cut her off short,

Of her meat and her sport,

And ten times a day hoop her barrel, brave boys,
And ten times a day hoop her barrel."

May I append a Query to my reply? Was The
Nightingale published with a frontispiece? My |
copy is mutilated, but has belonged to some per-
son who valued it much more highly than I do, as
he has neatly repaired and replaced torn leaves
and noted deficiencies. Prefixed is a mounted
engraving of a bird in the act of singing, which,
if intended for a nightingale, is really curious; as
it is of the size and shape of a pheasant, with cor-
vine legs and beak, and a wattle round the eye
like that of a barb pigeon. The book is "printed
and sold by J. Osborn," and shows that the post
assigned to him in The Dunciad was not worse
than he deserved.
H. B. C.

Garrick Club.

[Our correspondent seems to have the veritable original engraving; the nightingale or pheasant, or whatever it may be, is mounted on a branch over a stream near to three houses, and a village on its banks is seen in the distance.]

Sneezing (Vol. viii., pp. 366. 624.).—To the very interesting illustrations given by Mr. Francis Scott of the ancient superstitions associated with sternutation, I should like to add one not less curious than any which he has given. It is recorded in Xenophon's Anabasis, lib. iii. cap. 2.

At the council of Greek generals, held after the death of Cyrus, Xenophon rose and made a speech. He set before his comrades the treachery of their late associate Ariæus; the serious difficulties attendant upon the position of the Greeks; and the

necessity for immediate and vigorous action. Just as he had alluded to the probability of a severe conflict, and had invoked the aid of the gods, one of the company sneezed. He paused for a moment in his harangue, and every one present did reverence (роσEкóvnoav) to Jupiter. The circumstance seemed to give new spirit and fortitude to the whole assembly; and when Xenophon resumed, he said, "Even now, my comrades, while we were talking of safety, Zeus the saviour has sent us an omen; and I think it would become us to offer to the god a sacrifice of thanksgiving for our preservation." He then, in the manner of a modern chairman at Exeter Hall, invited all of that opinion to hold up their hands. This appeal having met a unanimous response, they all made their vows, sung the pæan, and the orator proceeded with his discourse.

The adoration of the god, or the use of some auspicious words or religious formulary, appears to have been designed to avert any evil which might possibly be portended by the omen. It seems by no means certain that it was always regarded as favourable. Xenophon, in the case referred to, contrived very adroitly to turn the incident to good account, and to interpret it as a sign of the divine favour. The form of one of the sentences I have translated

«Ἐπεὶ περὶ σωτηρίας ἡμῶν λεγόντων οἰωνὸς τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἐφάνη.”

affords a little illustration of the benediction in
current use among the Greeks on such occasions,
σε Ζεῦ σῶσον.
J. G. F.

Does "Wurm," in modern German, ever mean Serpent? (Vol. viii., pp. 465. 624.). — F. W. J. is quite right as regards his interpretation of the word Wurm, used by Schiller in his Wallenstein in the passage spoken by Butler.

Wurm is not used in German to mean a serpent. Serpents (Schlangen) are vertebrata, and are therefore not confounded with Würmer by the Germans. The language of the people frames proverbs, not the language of science. The Germans apply the word Wurm to express pity or contempt. The mother says to her sick child, "Armes Würmchen!" signifying poor, suffering, little creature. Man to man, in order to express miserable wretch; an application arising out of contempt, will say "Elender Wurm!" meaning the contemplation of the helpless state and in

ferior construction of this division of the animal

kingdom. The German proverb corresponds to the English.

C. B. d'O.

Long fellow's Reaper and the Flowers (Vol. viii., p. 583.).-This charge of plagiarism, I think, is not a substantial one. To compare Death to a reaper, and children to flowers, is a very general idea, and may be thought by thousands, and ex

pressed in nearly the same words which Longfellow, and before him Luisa Reichardt, have used. The first line of the two respective poems are certainly word for word the same, but that is all; although the tendency of both poems is the same. Longfellow's poem is much superior to that of L. Reichardt; for, while the former has a beautiful clothing, colouring, and harmony, the latter is very crude, poor, and defective. Long-We learn that it was the common belief in ancient fellow's long residence in Germany has indeed rendered him very susceptible to the form and spirit of German poetry, and hence there exist in his poems frequently affinities as to general forms and ideas: still, affinities arising from such causes cannot justly be termed plagiarism, much less the accidental choice of a very widely existent, natural thought. When Byron wrote his opening line to The Bride of Abydos, he did not probably think

of Göthe's

"Könnst du das Land wo die Citronen blühen?" Byron was not a German scholar; and as the opening line is the only analogy between the two poems, we may justly believe it natural for any one who has lived in southern lands, to ask such a question. The charge of plagiarism, I think, ought to rest upon grounds which evince an actual copying. C. B. d'O.

Charge of Plagiarism against Paley (Vol. viii., p. 589.).—As a personal friend of the gentleman who, under the name of VERITAS, brought, about five years ago, a charge of plagiarism against Paley, I feel called upon to say a few words to FIAT JUST.

Truth cannot be refuted; and F. J. may look at the translation of the old Dutch book of Nieuwentyt's, which he will find in the British Museum library, the same place where VERITAS made the discovery while examining the works of some continental metaphysicians: and FIAT JUST. will then no doubt regret having made the rash and illogical observation, "that the accusation be refuted, or the culprit consigned to that contempt,' &c. The character of VERITAS as man, moralist, and scholar, does not deserve so unjust and rash a remark.

99

Coritani, the Belgæ, and various others too nume-
rous to mention. We must bear in mind that the
Phoenicians gave the name of Cassiterides to the
British Isles; and that in naming places they in-
variably called them after some known or sup-
posed quality possessed by them, or from some
natural appearance which first arrested their
notice and such was the case in this instance.
times, that the islands to the west of Europe were
shrouded in almost perpetual gloom and darkness:
hence the British Isles were called Cassiterides,
from Ceas, pronounced Kass, i. e. gloom, dark-
ness, obscurity; and tir, i. e. lands, plural Ceasi-
terides, i. e. "the islands of darkness." And the
tin which the Phoenicians procured from them
received the appropriate name of Cassiteros, i. e.
the metal from the islands of darkness.
FRAS. CROSSLEY.

John Waugh (Vol. viii., pp. 271. 400. 525.; Vol. ix., p. 20.).—The Rev. John Waugh was of Broomsgrove, Worcester, and died unmarried and intestate. Letters of administration of his estate in the province of York were granted Oct. 28, 1777, to his five sisters and co-heiresses, Judith, Isabella, Elizabeth, Mary, and Margaret, spinsters, who all were living at Carlisle; and were unmarried in August, 1792. WM. DURRANT Cooper.

Rev. Joshua Brooks (Vol. viii., p. 639.).— Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine for March, 1821, contains a paper entitled a "Brief Sketch of the Rev. Josiah Streamlet." Under this sobriquet, a few incidents in the life of the Rev. Joshua Brooks are related, which may interest C. (1).

G. D. R.

agree with those who date it as far back as the the animal to which charming Willie Shakspeare' thus Romans.