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The effect of previous magnetic history on magnetisation: E. Wilson, G. E. O'Dell, and H. W. K. Jennings. It is well known that if a piece of iron be subjected to a considerable magnetising force, and then be tested for permeability corresponding to a lower force, the permeability so obtained may differ widely from the permeability which would have been obtained had the material been previously demagnetised. The principal object of this paper is to examine the effect of previous history upon the dissipation of energy by magnetic hysteresis. A ring of iron was carefully demagnetised, and the hysteresis loop No. 1, corresponding to a force H, was obtained. The force was then increased to a value H, for the purpose of producing previous history, and removed. A hysteresis loop No. 2, corresponding to the force H, was then obtained. As is well known, this loop shows a reduced permeability. The ring was carefully demagnetised, and a hysteresis loop No. 3 obtained as follows. A magnetising force supplied by an additional coil was gradually increased, until on reversal of the original force Ha change of magnetic induction exactly equal to that observed in the case of loop No. 2 was obtained. Two loops (Nos. 2 and 3) have now been obtained, each having the same change of magnetic induction and the same net change of force H. The change from loop No. 1 to loop No. 2 has been brought about by inter-molecular force, whereas the change from loop No. 1 to loop No. 3 has been brought about by the application of an externally applied constant force. If the effect of inter-molecular force were capable of being exactly equivalent to that of the externally applied constant force, one would expect to find that the energy required to perform a complete cycle would be the same in each case-that is, the area of loop No. 2 would be equal to the area of loop No. 3. The experiments show that within certain limits the area of loop No. 2 is greater than that of loop No. 3. the difference depending upon the magnitude of the reversed force H and the previous history.

Mineralogical Society, June 15.-Principal H. A. Miers, F.R.S., president, in the chair.-Carnotite and an associated mineral-complex from South Australia: T. Crook and G. S. Blake. The carnotite of Radium Hill, near Olary, South Australia, occurs in a definitely crystalline condition. The crystals are tabular and orthorhombic in symmetry. The carnotite of Colorado, though not so definitely crystalline, also contains tabular crystals which are orthorhombic in symmetry, and probably identical in mineral characters with those of South Australia. From the general characters of these crystals it appears that carnotite is a mineral belonging to the uranite group, and that it may be regarded as the vanadium analogue of auturite. The black lodestuff in which the Radium Hill carnotite occurs is heterogeneous in constitution. It consists essentially of ilmenite, which is impregnated with magnetite, rutile, carnotite, and a mineral which is possibly tscheffkinite. The evidence provided by a study of the complex does not necessitate the view that new minerals are present, such as that to which the name "davidite " has been given.-The species pilolite, and the analysis of a specimen from China: G. S. Whitby. The specimen examined is from a new source, and possesses the formula Al,O,.2SiO2,2(MgO.2SiO2),7H.O, a formula which is simpler than those given by Heddle and by Friedel to the pilolites which they investigated. The author considered that, for the present, the term pilolite should be applied to those varieties of mountain leather and mountain cork which (1) cannot be referred to asbestos, on account of their large water-content; (2) cannot be identified with serpentinous asbestos, on account of the relatively small amount of magnesia which they contain; and (3) hold their water in such a way that, when it has been expelled

by heating, it is gradually re-absorbed to its origina. amount from the atmosphere.-Phenakite from Brazil Dr. G. F. Herbert Smith. Crystals of phenakite recently discovered at the gold mine, San Miguel de Piracicaba, Brazil, all display the new form 252 noted by other observers, and another, 4595, lying near it. The tetartohedral character of the symmetry is clearly marked. Preliminary note on the occurrence of gyrolite in Ireland F. N. A. Fleischmann. The mineral gyrolite, though well known as occurring in the basalts of the westers islands of Scotland, has not hitherto been recorded from Ireland. Specimens have now been found in the basalts and dolerites in the neighbourhood of Belfast. mineral occurs in small spherical aggregates, forming a crust on faroelite; it is associated with apophyllite, and occasionally with chabazite. The chemical compositier and the optical characters of the mineral agree with those of gyrolite. The mineral is found only in the harder and denser layers of the basalt, and never in the soft, highly amygdaloidal layers.

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Zoological Society, June 15.-Dr. A. Smith Woodward. F.R.S., vice-president, in the chair.-The organ of Jacobson in Orycteropus: Dr. R. Broom. Orycteropus has a long narrow organ of Jacobson which opens into the naso-palatine canal. The arrangement of the cartilage. is quite different from the type found in the highEutheria, and there is also a marked difference from the arrangement in Dasypus. The general structure nearest to that of the marsupials, though there are a number of striking differences.-Some points in the stru ture of the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla), with a note on the cerebral arteries of Myrmecophaga: F. E. Beddard. Decapod Crustacea from Christmas Island, collected by Dr. C. W. Andrews: Dr. W. T. Calman. An abnormal individual of the echinoid Amblypneustes H. L. Hawkins.-The decapods of the genus Gennadas collected by H.M.S. Challenger: S. Kemp.-Notes on a young walrus (Odobaenus rosmarus) recently living in the society's gardens: Dr. P. C. Mitchell.-Notes on th viscera of a walrus (Odobaenus rosmarus): R. H. Burne.

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Royal Meteorological Society, Jun 16. - Mr. 11. Mellish, president, in the chair.-Interdiurnal variability of temperature in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions R. C. Mossman. The author discussed the day-to-day difference in the mean temperature of successive days at few places in the Antarctic regions for which necessary detailed daily observations are available. The greatest mean annual temperature variability, viz. 59. was recorded during the "drift" of the Belgica in the ice pack, this high value being closely followed by a mean of 5.3° at the South Orkneys. In the Victoria Land region, Ross Island and Cape Adare have a somewhat lower temperature variability of 4.5°, the values of the southern station being higher in summer and autumn ard lower in winter and spring than at the northern station. South Georgia occupies an intermediate position betwer a continental and an oceanic climate in its curve of variability, the mean monthly values varying according to the proximity of the pack ice. At this station the seasonal values show a small variation, and this is also the case at Ushuaia, in Tierra del Fuego. The variability at the Falkland Islands and New Year's Island is very smali, pointing to the conserving influence exerted by the insula conditions which prevail at these places. The maximum variability occurs in winter, and the minimum in summer, at the three Antarctic stations, as well as at South Georgia and the South Orkneys. The smallest variability at any season for any station occurs at the South Orkneys in summer, being only 1-4°. It is at this season that cloud amount and fog frequency are at a maximum, while, at the same time, rapidly moving cyclonic disturbances are of infrequent occurrence.-Temperature records during balloon ascents: E. Gold and Dr. W. Schmidt. The authors described experiments made with the view of ascertaining if appreciable errors could enter into the temperatures recorded in balloon ascents owing to errors in the alcoholcarbonic acid method of testing the apparatus.-The exposure of thermometers: L. C. W. Bonacina.

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EDINBURGH.

Royal Society. June 7.-Fr. Cum Brown, vice-presi dent, in the chair.-The anatomy of the Weddell seal: Prof. D. Hepburn. Dr. W. S. Bruce, leader of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, had been fortunate to catch a young male seal only two or three days old, and it was this young specimen of the Weddell scal the anatomy of which was described in detail. Attention was particularly directed to the abdominal cavity, and especially to the peritoneal arrangements and the organs of alimentation. The length of the animal was 51.5 inches, and the length of the intestine 50 feet.-Lower Palæozoic Hvolithidae from Girvan: F. R. Cowper Reid. The description was based on specimens in Mrs. Gray's collection. Nearly all the species were new; ten well-defined species of Hyolithes were established, also three of its subgenus Orthotheca. Two other forms were referred to Ceratotheca, and five new species of Pterotheca were recognised. The affinities of these new species were found to be rather with the Scandinavian than with English members of the group. The rich development of the Hyolithidæ in the Girvan district as compared with other British areas was noticed, and a marked feature of their stratigraphical distribution was the abundance of species in the Blaclatchie beds.-The atomic weight of platinum: Prof. E. H. Archibald. The experimental feature of the paper was the extreme care taken to ensure absolute purity of the platinum salts of chloro- and bromo-platinic acids used in the determination. Assuming the values given by the International Committee for the atomic weights concerned in the calculation, the author found the atomic weight of platinum to be not far from 195.25.-Groupvelocity and the propagation of waves in a dispersive medium: G. Green. The aim of the paper was to develop the idea of group-velocity contained in Kelvin's paper of 1887 on the waves produced by a single impulse in water, &c., and to remove difficulties raised by Kelvin in later papers as to the applicability of Osborne Reynolds's and Rayleigh's dynamical interpretation of group-velocity. The idea of group-velocity used was essentially the same as the principle of stationary phase" used by Lamb in his investigation of ship waves, but applied in this paper to the Fourier trains which constitute any wave-disturbance. The whole investigation was useful in directing attention to the manner in which group-velocity was concerned in the modification of an initially regular group of waves, or of any disturbance initially confined to a finite portion of a dispersive medium, and in showing, thereby, that the idea of group-velocity contained the explanation of the modus operandi of dispersion.-The theory of Jacobians in the historical order of development up to 1860: Dr. T. Muir.-Nematonurus lecointei, a deepsea fish first discovered by the Belgica, and found again by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Prof. Louis Dollo. The one specimen obtained by Dr. W. S. Bruce was found in lat. 62° 10' S. and long. 41° 20′ W. at a depth of 1775 fathoms, and it constitutes the first macrurid found in the Antarctic seas. The corresponding Arctic zone has yielded eight species in six genera. The results were regarded by Prof. Dollo as unfavourable to the theory of bipolarity.-An experiment with the spark gap of an induction coil: Dr. Dawson Turner. When the spark gap is just long enough to prevent the easy passage of the spark, a dielectric rod or plate brought near the positive electrode facilitates the discharge, but when brought similarly near the negative electrode it has no obvious influence on the passage of the spark.

PARIS.

Academy of Sciences, June 21.-M. Bouchard in the chair.-Dimethylcamphor and dimethylcampholic acid: A. Haller and Ed. Bauer. Camphor forms a sodium derivative when treated with sodium amide, from which the monoalkyl and dialkyl derivatives are readily obtained. The mixture of monoalkyl and dialkyl derivatives can be separated by taking advantage of the fact that only the mono-derivatives combine with hydroxylamine to form an oxime. Dimethylcamphor, heated with sodium amide, gives an amide, probably dimethylcampholamide, from which the corresponding acid has been obtained.-The strata of the island of Elba: Pierre Termier.-The new

Daniel comet: M. Javelle. Observations of this comet were made at Nice on June 16, 17, 18, and 19. The comet was nearly circular, with a diameter of 1.5'. There was a faint nucleus of magnitude 11 to 12.-Observations at the Observatory of Marseilles of the comet 1909a (Borrelly): Henry Bourget. Nucleus scarcely perceptible, of about 10-5 magnitude.-Observations of the comet 1909a (Borrelly-Daniel) made at the Observatory of Besançon with the bent equatorial: P. Chofardet. Observations made on June 17 and 19. Diameter, 15'; nucleus, very faint; magnitude, 11 to 12.-A question of minimum: S. Sanielevici.-The series of Dirichlet: Marcel Riesz.— Flight and the shape of the wing: L. Thouveny.—An experimental method for aerodynamical researches: A. Rateau. The surfaces or models to be studied are placed in a very homogeneous air current moving with a definite velocity. The results of experiments on a thin rectangular plane are shown graphically, and it is shown that there IS no possible angle of inclination of the plane between 29° and 36°. This discontinuity was quite unexpected.The heat of polonium: William Duane. The sensitive differential calorimeter used in these experiments has been described in an earlier paper; 0-2 gram of polonium salt gave off 0.0117 calorie per hour. Polonium and radium in quantities which give the same ionisation currents give off practically the same quantities of heat. This fact is favourable to the hypothesis that the heat given off by these bodies is due to the kinetic energy of the a rays.The ionisation of air by high-tension electric mains: L. Houllevigue. The observed case of a hailstorm following exactly the direction of a high-tension cable has been explained by the suggestion that the wire emits torrents of ions carrying large electric charges. Direct experiment fails to confirm this hypothesis. The number of ions, positive and negative, existing in the neighbourhood of a high-tension wire is sensibly nil. Indeed, the high-tension lines appear to reduce the number of ions in the immediate neighbourhood rather than increase them.-A new form of the characteristic equation of gases: A. Leduc.-A new application of the superposition, without confusion, of small electrical oscillations in the same circuit: E. Mercadier. The original experiments were carried out with a complete metallic circuit; similar experiments have now been successfully carried out between Paris and Lyons, using a single telegraph wire with earth return.-A galvanometer for alternating currents: M. Guinchant. The galvanometer described was designed to replace the telephone in Kohlrausch's method of measuring the resistance of electrolytes. The accuracy of the measurements is of the same order as when the telephone is used.-The action of some organo-magnesium compounds on methyl-2-pentanone-4 F. Bodroux and F. Taboury. The reaction is complex, as employing the reagents in molecular proportions there is always a considerable proportion of unaltered ketone in the reaction product, together with the ethylene hydrocarbon corresponding to the tertiary alcohol which should normally have been produced. The tertiary alcohol is formed with a yield varying from 40 per cent. to 60 per cent. of the theoretical.-Some derivatives of thioindigo: M. Péchamp. Elateric acid : A. Berg.-Pseudomorphine: Gabriel Bertrand and V. I. Meyer. scopic methods indicate that pseudomorphine is derived from two molecules of morphine with the loss of two atoms of hydrogen, and its formula would thus be C1HNO.The crystalline schists of the Ural: L. Duparc. The elaboration of the nitrogenised material in the leaves of living plants: G. André.-The influence of time on the anti-virulent activity of the secretions of vaccinated animals and the relative immunity of the tissues: L. Camus.-The influence of a prolonged stay at a very high altitude on the animal temperature and the viscosity of the blood: Raoul Bayeux. The body temperature and the viscosity of the blood, under the influence of high altitudes, undergo modifications which are proportional to the stay at the high altitude.-Hay fever: Pierre Ponnier. The tectonic relations of the earthquake in Provence Paul Lemoine. A geological sketch of the regions situated to the east and north-east of Tchad : G. Garde. The geology of the Peloponnesus: Ph. Négris. The position of the localities which appear to

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have been most troubled in the earthquake of June 11, 1909 M. Jullien.-The oxydases of the waters of Chaldette (Lozère): F. Garrigou.

NEW SOUTH Wales.

Linnean Society, April 28.-Mr. C. Hedley, president, in the chair.-The geology and petrology of the Canoblas, N.S.W. C. A. Süssmilch and Dr. H. I. Jensen. The Canoblas are a group of extinct volcanoes in the vicinity of Orange, N.S.W. The western tableland here has an elevation of about 3000 feet. The surface of the tableland is a peneplain, above which rise residuals of a still older plain. This peneplain was cut out of a series of folded Devonian and Silurian rocks, and has since been elevated to its present altitude (3000 feet). The Canoblas Mountains proper consist of lavas and tuffs, deposited upon the peneplain.-Observations on the development of the marsupial skull: Prof. R. Broom. A fairly complete series of the diprotodont Trichosurus vulpecula, and an interesting early stage of the polyprotodont Dasyurus viverrinus, have been studied.-Notes on the synonymy and distribution of certain species of Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new species of Tenebrionida: H. J. Carter. The paper comprises notes upon the synonymy and distribution of a number of species referable to the three families Buprestidæ, Tenebrionidæ, and Cerambycidæ, accumulated during a recent visit to Europe, and especially to the museums in Brussels, Paris, London, and Oxford, together with the descriptions of twenty-one species of Tenebrionidæ proposed as new.

CALCUTTA.

Asiatic Society of Bengal, May 5.-A Gonimya from the Cretaceous rocks of southern India: H. C. DasGupta. Coptis: I. H. Burkill. The author endeavours to determine the source of the roots of Coptis sold in India. Three kinds are sold, one, as is well known, coming from the Mishmi hills, and being derived from Coptis Teeta, Wall, the other two imported over-seas, and possibly being, respectively, roots of Coptis Teeta, var. chinensis, Fine and Gagnep, and of Coptis anemonaefolia, Sicb. and Zucc. Plants of Coptis Teeta in cultivation at the Lloyd Botanic Garden, Darjeeling, have been studied, and figures drawn from them.-Morphological and physiological differences between Marsilea left on dry land and that growing in water: Nibaran Chandra Bhattacharjee. Marsilea quadrifolia does not fruit when growing in water, but only on dried earth.-Notes on the history of the district of Hughli before the Mohammedan period : Nundo Lal Dey. The drug astukhudus, nowadays Lavandula dentata, and not Lavandula Stoechas: I. H. Burkill. It is probable that the importation of Lavendula dentata into India began with the Portuguese trade. Before that, Lavendula Stoechas from Asia Minor served as the drug astukhudus from the time when the Mohammedans introduced it. The Manikyala tope: H. Beveridge. First notes on Cymbopogon Martini, Stapf: 1. H. Burkill. The two varieties, Motia and Sofia, are to be distinguished from one another by the absence or presence of the chemical body carvon, by the angle at which the leaves arise, and by different preferences in the matter of climate.

CAPE TOWN.

Royal Society of South Africa, May 19.-Dr. L. Crawford in the chair. The possible existence at Kimberley of oscillations of level having a lunar period: Dr. J. R. Sutton. The outstanding seismic feature of Kimberley is the diurnal variation of level whereby the crust of the earth rises and falls once a day under the influence of some solar action as yet uninterpreted. This matter was discussed in a paper read before the Royal Society of South Africa last July. The present discussion is concerned more with variations of level depending upon the gravitational influence of the moon. The observations do not cover a sufficiently extended period to admit of an exhaustive analysis, but, so far as they go, they imply perhaps that when the moon is south of the equator its attractive force causes the whole of the enormous protuberant mass of the earth's crust forming South Africa to oscillate periodically east and west during the course of the lunar day. This oscillation tends to mask whatever true lunar tide there may be in the solid earth. Only

For this

when the moon is nearest to the earth does the pendulum move in such a manner as to suggest that there is such a tide. The rainfall of South Africa. The possibility of prediction over the south-west: A. G. Howard. investigation, which extended over five complete years. three stations were selected, so as to secure a triangle of observations, and at each the rise or fall of the barometer in twenty-four hours was noted, together with the direction of the wind at L'Agulhas. From a consideration. of the various conditions, which fell under twenty-six heads, and were worked out daily during five complete years, it was found possible to construct a table for prediction purposes. This was applied to the rainfall for the year 1908, and the element of error under each condition of barometer was :-(1) when the pressure was decreasing generally, 5.23 per cent., and (2) when the pressure was increasing generally, about 11 per cent., proving the argument that it is possible to predict rainfall over the district from the date suggested.

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"Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins
(Order Cetacea), exhibited in the Department of
Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), Crom-
well Road, London, S. W."

Bohn: La Naissance de l'Intelligence."-W. B.
Owen: "The Dyeing and Cleaning of Textile

Fabrics. A Handbook for the Amateur and the
Professional."-Prof. Walter M. Gardner
Hildebrandsson and Hellmann: "Codex of Reso-
lutions adopted at International Meteorological
Meetings, 1872-1907 "
Abbey:
"The Balance of Nature, and Modern
Conditions of Cultivation: A Practical Manual
of Animal Foes and Friends, for the Country
Gentleman, the Farmer, the Forester, the
Gardener, and the Sportsman.”-R. L. . . .
Letters to the Editor :-

Diurnal Variation of Temperature in the Free
Atmosphere.-E. Gold

Temperature of the Upper Atmosphere.-F. J. W.
Whipple

The Aeronautical Society.-Eric Stuart Bruce;
Prof. G. H. Bryan, F.R.S.

The Darwin Celebrations at Cambridge

A New Analytical Engine. By Prof. C. V. Boys,
F.R.S.

Prof. D. J. Cunningham, F.R.S.
Dr. G. F. Deacon.
Notes

Our Astronomical Column:

Astronomical Occurrences in July Comet 1909a (Borrelly-Daniel) The Shape of the Planet Mercury. Observations of Sun-spots, 1908 Observations of Saturn and its Rings Tables for the Reduction of "Standard Co-ordinates to Right Ascension and Declination The Transvaal Observatory, Johannesburg The Comets of 1907 and 1908 The Royal Society Conversazione Some Papers on Invertebrates The Research Defence Society

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Is the Association of Ants with Trees a true
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University and Educational Intelligence
Societies and Academies

Diary of Societies

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THE

JULY No. NOW READY.

SCHOOL WORL D.

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF EDUCATIONAL WORK AND PROGRESS.
SIXPENCE MONTHLY. YEARLY VOLUME, 7s. 6d. NET.

PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.

By

The Construction and Reading of Weather Maps. I. (Illustrated.) By E. Gold, M. A., F. R. Met. Soc. -The Educational Work of Matthew Arnold. By Robert S. Wood.-Motive and Purpose in Experimental Work. By G. F. Daniell, B. Sc.-The Newspaper in the Schoolroom. By A. Barber.-The New Regulations for Secondary Schools.-The Board of Education and Modern Languages.-The Army Qualifying Examination. de V. Payen-Payne. - Educational Notes from France. By Jeanne Morin.- Personal Paragraphs. By Onlooker.-The Conference of Headmistresses.-Assistant Teachers in Council.-Technical Education and Secondary Schools. By J. Wilson, M.Sc.-Correspondence: Conditions of Service of Secondary-school Teachers. By Fred Charles, B.A — Quantitative Work in Science in Secondary Schools. By H. G. Williams, B.Sc.—Silica Apparatus. (Illustrated.) By A. J. Robinson, M.Sc.-The Diffusion of Gases. (Illustrated.) By Ll. T. Jones, B.Sc.-A Method of Setting up a Barometer. (Illustrated.) By A. C. S.-The Determination of the Volume of a Gas. By W. Willings, B.Sc. MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON.

Some Recent Contributions to "Nature."

The following are among the Articles which appeared in the Journal
for June :-

June 3.-"The Oldest Remains of Man" (Illustrated), by Dr. William Wright; "A
Great Endowment and its Influence," by Prof. John Edgar; "Germany
and the Patents and Designs Act, 1907,"; "Dr. von Neumayer,
For.Mem.R.S.," by Hy. Harries; "T. Mellard Reade," by H. B. W.;
"Polar Magnetic Storms," by G. W. W.; “ Rock Engravings in South
Africa " (Illustrated); "The International Congress of Applied Chem-
istry"; "Education and Research in Applied Chemistry," by Prof.
Raphael Meldola, F.R.S.; “The Campaign against Malaria," by Prof. Ronald
Ross, C.B., F.R.S.

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June 10.-"A Great Naturalist" (Illustrated), by J. S. G.; "An Angler in North
America (Illustrated), by G. W. L.; "The Water Supply of Kent," by
M. B.; "The Winnipeg Meeting of the British Association"; "The
Darwin Centenary Celebration"; "The Astrographic Conference at
Paris"; "The American Philosophical Society"; "The Italian Earth-
quake of December 28, 1908" (With Map); "The Royal Observatory,
Greenwich"; "The Association of Teachers in Technical Institu=

tions."

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June 17.—“Spruce's Travels in South America" (Illustrated), by A. W. H.; “An
Antarctic Album' " (Illustrated), by J. W. G.; American and Canadian
Waterways"; "The Problem of an Ultra-Neptunian Planet";
"The
Welsh Gorsedd," by the Rev. W. Griffith; "Scientific Work of the Inter-
national Congress of Applied Chemistry" (Illustrated); "The Supply of
Secondary Education in England and Elsewhere,” by A. J. Pressland;
"The South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies."

June 24.-"Evolution: Old and New," by Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S.; "Frost and Ice
Crystals" (Illustrated), by G. F. H. S.; "Water Power in the United
States" (Illustrated); "Scientific Research in the Sudan" (Illustrated), by
J. W. W. S.; "The Darwin Commemoration at Cambridge"; "The
New Institute of Physiology at University College, London" (Illustrated);
"The Investigation of Gaseous Explosions" (with Diagrams), by Prof. E. G.
Coker; "Chemical' Embryos,” by A. D.; "Spectroscopic Researches."

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