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The drift deposits and their associated phenomena, everywhere conspicuous, afford the subject for the final chapter of the book, which the author presents in a strain calculated to impress the uninitiated.

They are supposed by the official geologists of the Most biologists, with no axes to grind, are able to U.S. Survey and others to include large masses of appreciate the importance of the work of both schools. altered Palæozoic sediments, while the author sup- though at present it is scarcely possible for them to ports the alternative opinion that most of these rocks | judge whether the work of the one is destined to be are Pre-Cambrian. The Triassic rocks of the of more permanent value than that of the other. The western side of the Hudson River, with their intrusive mutually destructive criticism of the two, though not diabase which forms the picturesque Palisades, and without value in stimulating healthy competition, has the sparingly exposed Cretaceous strata of Staten the unfortunate result that the biologist who is wedded Island are the only other "solid ” formations known to neither school finds it difficult to lay his hands in the neighbourhood of New York. upon an adequate but impartial description of their methods and results. To such we can cordially recommend the work on inheritance, by Prof. Johannsen, now before us. The Danish edition of this book was published in 1905, but the present edition is double the size of the original, and is practically a new work. It consists of twenty-five lectures, in the first eight of which the facts of variation and its statistical study are discussed. The author then describes at some length his own very interesting experiments upon a pure line" of self-fertilised beans (Phaseolus), which he bred for six generations. He found that selection within such a pure line did not lead to departure from the type, i.e. beans grown from a small bean were exactly the same size as those grown from a large bean of the same plant. He designates these non-heritable variations in size as 'fluctuations." These results have coloured the author's outlook upon problems of segregation, mutation, and selection, and before accepting his interpretation the criticism of his experimental results by Prof. Pearson and the late Prof. Weldon should be studied ("Biometrika,” ii., p. 499).

The arrangement of the book is somewhat confusing to the outsider, being based on the municipal divisions of the city. The style of writing is often turgid, over-ornamented, and not particularly accurate. A region is described as of “pene-Saharal loneliness"; there have been "loculicidal slippings" in the gneiss (the botanical adjective looking quite aggressive here); the drifts "tell the singular story which the long, tireless and infinite retinue of glacialists has been engaged in translating these long years"; and so on. Misprints are numerous, even in the preface "carefully" appearing as "carfully "; the so-called "bibliographies" contain few proper references; and there is no index to the volume.

In some appended notes on the archæology of Manhattan Island, some relics of the British army engaged in the Revolution are mentioned; and, considering the recency of the period, it seems curious to read that "the habits and life of the soldiery have been traced by the remains of their food, utensils, pikes, cutlery." G. W. L.

WITHIN

THE LAWS OF INHERITANCE. Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre. Deutsche wesentlich Erweiterte Ausgabe in Fünfundzwanzig | Vorlesungen. By W. Johannsen. Pp. vi+516. (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1909.) Price 9 marks. WITHIN the last few years the output of exact experimental work upon phenomena of heredity has been very large, and the progress made, as compared with that of the previous forty years, has been astounding. In England it has chiefly been produced by investigators who have strictly segre. gated themselves either to the Mendelian or the biometrical schools, and who as a rule seem unable to calise the merits of the work of their rivals. One may pause in astonishment on reading, in a recent work issued by the head of the Mendelian school, that

"Of the so-called investigations of heredity pursued by extensions of Galton's non-analytical method and promoted by Prof. Pearson and the English biometrical school it is now scarcely necessary to speak. That such work may ultimately contribute to the development of statistical theory cannot be denied, but as applied to the problems of heredity the effort has resulted only in the concealment of that order which it was ostensibly undertaken to reveal. . . . With the discovery of segregation, it became obvious that methods dispensing with individual analysis of the material are useless."

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In subsequent lectures the author discusses discontinuous variation, correlation, regression, and the effects of conditions of life, and then passes on to describe Mendel's law and de Vries's theory of mutation. Darwin's principle of natural selection acting continuously upon small, indefinite variations finds but small favour in his eyes, and he attributes the origin of species to the appearance of mutations and the production of new races by crossing, the new characters being propagated unchanged in accordance with Mendel's law. Selection produces nothing, but extirpates unfavourable mutations, and so leaves room for new and favourable ones. However, the author makes no attempt to explain how mutations, in spite of their extreme rarity, have been able to effect so much. Hence, as is only to be expected, these views on heredity, though worthy of full consideration, must be studied in a critical spirit. H. M. VERNON.

A

OUR BOOK SHELF.

Sketch of the Geography and Geology of the Himalaya Mountains and Tibet. By Côl. S. G. Burrard, R.E., F.R.S., and H. H. Hayden. Part iv. The Geology of the Himalaya. (Calcutta : Government Printing Office, 1908.) Price 2 rupees. THE fourth part of the sketch of the geography and geology of the Himalayas is entirely the work of Mr. H. H. Hayden, and is devoted to a review of the present state of our knowledge of the Himalayas. This knowledge is fragmentary; of the Himalayas east of Sikkim only a few small patches, and these close to the southern margin, have been visited, then

comes the independent State of Nepal, of which nothing at all is known, and it is only in the British territory and the native States under British control at the north-western extremity of the range that the geology is known, even approximately There is, consequently, a tendency to extend the knowledge of this region to the rest of the range, and to draw conclusions which are only doubtfully applicable.

This tendency has not altogether been avoided, and the lengthy discussion of the age of the unfossiliferous sedimentary rocks of the Simla region seems to give this subject an importance which it does not possess, especially as, in the end, it is left in a state of little less uncertainty than before. The only clue to the age of these rocks is the fact that they contain a series of beds, the Blaini, which is generally acknowledged to present unmistakable signs of glacial origin. At one time this series was regarded as of Permian age, but this explanation is rejected, and the Blaini series is correlated with the pre-Cambrian glaciation which has been studied and described in Africa, China, Australia, and, we may add, in Norway. Mr. Hayden argues with great plausibility that the complete absence of any trace of fossils in a great thickness of rocks, which might well be expected to contain them, and their abundance in the great series of deposits on the other side of the snowy range, is more reasonably explained by a difference in age than in conditions of deposition. This reasoning we we may accept, and acknowledge that the Blaini tillites are more probably pre-Cambrian than Permian in age, but the possibility that the rocks of the Simla area are a flysch facies of the fossiliferous sediments of Spiti must be borne in mind, and, until less equivocal evidence is adduced, the problem must remain unsolved..

With this exception the work is a well-balanced summary of the geology of the Himalayas, useful to those who wish to have the leading facts put briefly and clearly, and also, by the copious references to original authorities, invaluable as a guide to more detailed study.

Elementary Physiology for Teachers and Others. By W. B. Drummond. Pp. viii+198; illustrated. (London: Edward Arnold, 1909.) Price 2s. 6d. THIS is a useful little book of its kind, elementary, as its title implies, and correct in its details, an element so often lacking in similar works. Like other books of its class, it necessarily contains a good deal of what is anatomy rather than physiology, and it chiefly differs from its competitors in pointing out the applications of physiology in the health, well-being, and training of children. This is by no means an unimportant point, seeing that the work is written for school teachers. W. D. H.

Evolution: A General Sketch from Nebula to Man. By Joseph McCabe. Pp. vii+128. (London : Milner and Company, Ltd., n.d.) Price is. net. THE author of this little book defines his aim as being "chiefly to present a panoramic view of the development of the world-especially the world that lies close about us-by a conscientious use of the results of many sciences, and aided by a personal acquaintance during many years with both telescope and microscope." The style is interesting, and the slight sketch provided may send a few general readers to first-hand authorities for further information. The language is not always precise; for instance, we find "refractory liquid fire," "a lowering of climate," and so on; but on the whole the volume may serve a useful purpose by introducing non-scientific readers to some problems of inorganic and organic evolution.

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.

[The Editor does not hold himself responsible for opinions expressed by his correspondents. Neither can he undertake to return, or to correspond with the writers of, rejected manuscripts intended for this or any other part of NATURE. No notice is taken of anonymous communications.]

Magnetic Storms and Solar Eruptions.

REFERRING back to the Electrician of nine years ago (December 7, 1900), I find that, following up a suggestion of G. F. FitzGerald made in 1893, I promulgated a view of major magnetic storms which events have confirmed. See, for instance, Mr. Maunder's paper in Mon. Not. R.A.S. for 1904, vol. lxv., p. 33.

What I have to point out is that a stream or beam of electrons ejected from the sun and passing near or over the earth would cause magnetic perturbations of the kind required-positive as it approached, zero as it passed over, negative as it receded; with many minor disturbances superposed due to variations of density, as well as others due to the effect of particles caught by the atmosphere.

Such a beam or stream of electrified particles is essentially a magnetic cyclone, and the changes in magnetic force as it travels past any locality bear a fairly close analogy with the changes in wind-velocity during the passage of an atmospheric cyclone.

The relative speed of such a solar beam, as it overtakes the earth, follows from the sun's angular velocity, and is 210 miles a second.

Earth currents would, in the main, be induced as it approached and checked as it receded.

The rotation of the earth in the magnetic field of such neighbourhood of six o'clock an intense ray of the main a stream is too slow to be effective: though locally in the beam might generate east and west currents.

Now magnetic disturbances recorded during the recent storm, and quoted by Dr. Chree in the Times and elsewhere, indicate a declination deflection of 1 degrees, followed by a reversed deflection of the same amount-all within a quarter of an hour.

This means-on the above theory-that the main beam took this time to traverse the place, so that the breadth of the beam was comparable to twenty times the earth's diameter. No doubt it is diffused, at this distance from the sun, by internal repulsion of the particles.

The intensity of field which would give the above deflection is approximately one-fortieth of that of the earth's horizontal intensity, or, say, 0.004 C.G.S., as the order of magnitude.

Taking these data, together with the known charge and velocity of electrons in kathode rays-say e=10-20 electromagnetic C.G.S. units, u= 10 centimetres per secondlet us reckon the closeness of the crowd of particles in the beam necessary to account for the observed force.

The magnetic intensity at any place, distant from the axis of a linear stream of sectional radius a and current density, is given by the following expressions :

H2C

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hundred thousand amperes-which again is rather sur-midnight, when the small after-tremors commenced, and prisingly moderate, and leaves plenty of margin for under- continued until about 6 p.m. of September 27. estimate of disturbance and for local perturbations too great for the instruments.

I send this little calculation because some doubt has been expressed as to whether the magnetic effect of a solar stream would be adequate to explain observed facts. It appears to me in general outline to be ample, both in amount and kind. OLIVER Lodge.

University of Birmingham, October 4.

The Magnetic Storm.

SOME details of the magnetic variations during a period including the great magnetic storm of September 25 may be of interest to the readers of NATURE.

From the beginning of the month the magnets were comparatively quiet, disturbed from a state of calm only by small oscillations, increasing somewhat on September 7, 8, and 15 until September 21, when a greater disturbance was recorded between noon and midnight. This was followed by an approximate calm until 8.30 a.m. of September 25, when the coming storm was foreshadowed by a sudden small dip in the curves of the declination and horizontalforce magnets, and a slower fall of vertical-force curve, indicating an eastward movement in declination and a diminution of the two components of force. The pre

The seismologist cannot fail to see in these three phases of oscillation an imitation of the pendular swings produced by a distant earthquake, and the preliminary movements are undoubtedly of the first interest to the student of terrestrial magnetism. The suggestion is very pointed that, whatever be the cause of the magnetic storm, it must be something arriving in our neighbourhood, whether directly from the sun or circulating round it, of which 2 part travels quicker and has less effect than the slowe moving particles which produce the great oscillations; but we are in no position to meet the difficulties which bese any definite supposition as to the nature of these particles, and defend it against the apparent contradictions which assail it. WALTER SIDGREAVES. September 28.

THE MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL
GEODETIC ASSOCIATION IN LONDON

AND CAMBRIDGE.

THE meeting which began in London on Tuesday,

September 21, and ended in Cambridge on September 30, has been notable in several respects. Great Britain joined the International Geodetic As

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liminary oscillations thus started remained small, averaging | sociation only twelve years ago. The triennial about 10' of arc on both the declination and horizontalforce curves until some time between 11.40 a.m. and noon, whilst the films were being changed. It is, therefore, not clear on which side of the film the spot of light was carried away by the first great deflection; but in declination it remained off the paper until 11.40 a.m., when it was found returning from the east, while the horizontal force had already recovered, and, together with the vertical force, was showing a rapidly increasing intensity.

The general deflection in declination was westward throughout the storm, with many rapid moves off the film, and only two violent throws to the east, one at the commencement and the other at the end of the storm, the latter being a swing across the film from the extreme west edge over the east edge in less than two minutes of time, covering more than 2 degrees. An equally great and rapid movement on the horizontal-force curve took place at the same time near the close of the storm, with increase of the component force, and the vertical-force balance finally heeled over through loss of force.

The storm seems to have been at its height between 3.30 and 5.30 p.m., when the light spots of all three instruments were, for the most part, off the papers, and ended at 8.30 p.m. It was followed by smaller rapid oscillations of the declination and horizontal-force needles until

meeting has been held this year for the first time in England, and for the first time Greater Britain has been represented by special delegates from the Governments of India, Australia, and Canada; Chili has become a member of the association and sent a representative; and the Egyptian Government has been represented by one of the British officers of the Survey Department. The London meeting marks, then, a broadening of the interests of the association on the political and administrative side; on the scientific side it has been remarkable for the extremely interesting reports upon the special problems of the internal constitution of the earth and the lunar earth-tides.

About fifty delegates, from twenty nations, were appointed to represent their respective Governments, and came to the congress, which held its London meetings in the handsome apartments of the Institu tion of Civil Engineers, kindly placed at the disposal of the British representative. A large part of the business of the association consists in the reception and adoption of general reports of a highly condensed and technical character, impossible to summarise.

We believe that we shall do better to give an account of the principal discussions only, rather than to attempt to mention the name of every report and its author.

On Tuesday morning, September 21, the chair was taken by Mr. Haldane, Secretary of State for War, who warmly welcomed the association to England on behalf of the British Government. Sir George Darwin, vice-president, welcomed the delegates in the name of the Royal Society, in the absence of Sir Archibald Geikie, prevented by an accident from being present. General Bassot (president of the association) then took the chair and delivered his address; the permanent secretary (Prof. H. G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen) presented his report, and much business of a formal character was taken.

On the Wednesday morning the first business of importance was Prof. Hecker's account of his determination of the lunar earth-tides. Nearly thirty years ago Sir George Darwin and Mr. Horace Darwin tried to observe the lunar earth-tide in the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge, but the effect was masked by much larger deviations due to temperature. Prof. Hecker states that the effect of the solar heat was diminished 85 per cent. when his apparatus was transferred from the cellars of the Geodetic Institute to a chamber in a well shaft 25 metres below the surface. Here, in 1902 December, he installed his horizontal pendulums, and observed, with two small interruptions, until 1909 May. Analysis of the resulting curves shows an undoubted periodicity in half a lunar day, and a comparison of the observed with the easily calculated theoretical curve gives the following results-The yielding is a little larger than would occur if the earth were a ball of steel, and about half the theoretical amount for a perfect fluid; there is little lag, so that the internal friction caused by deformation of the earth must be insignificant; the ratio between the major and minor axes of the elliptical curve does not agree with theory; this is probably not caused by local irregularity, but is, perhaps, due to the position of Potsdam near the western edge of the European-Asiatic continent; an investigation, whether the shape of the surface of the earth is changed by change of barometric pressure, gave inconclusive results. Prof. Hecker concluded that the outstanding questions could be settled only by observations at a number of stations, and he asked the association to stand godfather to these investigations.

In discussion, Sir George Darwin said that the association had in the past devoted much of its funds to the study of the variation of latitude; we may feel quite sure that Newcomb was right in regarding the prolongation of Euler's nutation period as due to the elastic yielding of the earth's mass; and he regarded Hecker's work, therefore, as a second chapter in the variation of latitude investigations. He accepted as worthy of consideration Prof. Hecker's explanation of the remarkable absence of symmetry in the path of the vertical, but suggested an alternative possibility. The curve was much compressed in the N.-S. direction, showing that the earth has much greater rigidity E.-W. than N.-S. It is possible to explain this to some extent by the earth's rotation. Lord Kelvin introduced the idea of gyroscopic rigidity, that is, of greater rigidity E.-W. due to rotation. Whether this is a sufficient explanation cannot be said, because no one has succeeded in solving completely the gravitational problem of a rotating elastic globe. Prof. Hecker's examination of the barometric effect had proved abortive; but he had been pleased to receive lately a letter from Mr. Napier Denison, of the Canadian Meteorological Service, who has succeeded

in showing that on the Pacific coast, when the highpressure system moves towards Alaska, the mean position of the vertical shifts in the same direction.

Dr. Backlund (Russia) suggested that in this matter the International Seismological Association might cooperate with the Geodetic Association in providing funds.

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A commission to report on the subject was appointed follows:-Dr. Backlund (Russia); Sir George Darwin (Great Britain); Baron Eötvös (Hungary); Profs. Haid, Hecker, and Helmert (Germany); M. Poincaré (France); and Prof. Weiss (Austria).

On the Thursday morning Sir David Gill presented his report on the progress of the great African arc of meridian. The British portion has been carried nearly to Tanganyika from the south, and a small section has just recently been measured on the UgandaCongo frontier. The intervening section belongs to Germany. He understood that Prof. Helmert had already taken active steps to ask for money, and was sorry that for the moment the German Treasury had not responded with its usual alacrity. He could only hope that the little piece just completed to the north will act as a hook to which they will duly rise and be caught in the net of triangulation. We must now think of carrying the arc forward to Egypt, and from Egypt to join Struve's great arc which terminates on the Danube. Captain Lyons had travelled over most of the line in Africa, and Sir David Gill had his authority to say that the completion was only a question of money. There are no real geographical difficulties. Much has been made of the sudd, but this occupies only the valleys, and there are hills on each side. He believed, also, that it is possible to find, away from the river, a line more practicable and closer to the 30th meridian. To complete the whole from Uganda to the Danube would cost about 100,000l. He wished the association to adopt a resolution expressive of the importance of the work, and hoped that in time the Governments concerned, helped by private munificence, might be able to provide the

money.

Colonel Close (General Staff) said that when it became necessary to send a party to survey the disputed territory on the Congo-Uganda boundary, the Colonial Survey Committee gladly took advantage of the occasion to measure a section of the arc of meridian. The British Government asked the Government of the Congo to approve and cooperate, and the latter appointed a commissioner, who observed all the latitudes. The Royal Society, the Royal Astronomical and Geographical Societies, and the British Association had contributed part of the funds. The whole was an admirable example of cooperation between governments and learned societies.

On the Saturday morning, Prof. Baron Eötvös presented a very encouraging report on the results of his three years' work with his torsion balance. In 1906 he had described the plan of this remarkable apparatus, which gives a rapid means of determining abnormalities in the direction and intensity of gravity. In response to a recommendation of the association, the Hungarian Government placed an annual sum of 60,000 crowns at the disposal of Baron Eötvös, who has been enabled thereby to make many improvements in his apparatus, and to complete a gravity survey over 400 square kilometres in the great plain of Hungary. Simultaneous observations with the torsion balance and with half-second pendulums of the standard Potsdam type, combined with determinations of the deviation of the vertical from astronomical and geodetic latitudes, resulted in a complete accordance, and established the accuracy as well as the extreme Baron Eötvös' handiness of the torsion balance.

tory.

words give a graphic picture of the operations :-" M." At Home" at 32 Prince's Gardens. On September Ch. Oltay followed the traces of the torsion balance 25, the delegates and their ladies visited Windsor, on and determined by means of his pendulums the differ- the gracious invitation of the King. On September 20 ences in gravity between five stations. This voyage many of them visited the National Physical Labora into the unknown, far from mountains and from all other irregularity in the distribution of [surface] masses, had a peculiar charm. As we marched over a quite uniform plain, our instruments continually revealed to us something that was hidden below, and we could always direct our steps so as to follow or to cross a series of masses, and in this fashion know them better and better." A bye-product of this work illustrates its remarkable delicacy. Newton had shown that the gravitational attraction upon units of mass of different substances is the same within one part in a thousand; Bessel reduced the limits of possible difference to one in sixty thousand. Baron Eötvös, with his torsion balance, has reduced them to one in a hundred million, and thus set at rest the disturbing doubt whether geodesists might not have to consider more than one geoid.

We have left little space for the other topics that came before the congress. Colonel Bourgeois' report on base measurements revealed a mistrust of invar wires which was not generally shared; the resulting discussion, however, revealed some difference of opinion as to the necessity of standardising these wires in the field, and as to the respective merits of wires and tapes; it was decided to publish an interim report on the subject as soon as possible. Mr. King, Dominion Astronomer, made the gratifying announcement that his Government had authorised the establishment of primary triangulation in Canada upon a strictly geodetic basis. Colonel Burrard, representing India, described the measures which had been taken to discover whether geologists are right in supposing that the Himalayas and Tibet are moving southward and crumpling up the Siwalik range from the alluvial plain. Mr. Keeling described the geodetic operations in Egypt, resumed two years ago by the Government of H.H. the Khedive, after a regrettable interruption of twenty centuries." Dr. Backlund and Dr. Carlheim-Gyllensköld gave a further account of the geodetic operations in Spitsbergen. Colonel Bourgeois described the re-measurement by the French Academy of the historical "arc of Peru." Prof. Hecker reported on his determinations of gravity over the Black Sea, on a vessel put at his disposal by the Russian Government. There is a somewhat remarkable circumstance connected with these investigations. On his earlier voyages he omitted to take account of the alteration in gravity produced by the E.-W. motion of the ship. Baron Eötvös pointed out the omission, and Prof. Helmert showed from Hecker's observations that the correction appeared to make otherwise concordant observations discordant; hence, he said, the theory appears to be incomplete. Prof. Hecker finds, however, from his Black Sea observations that the correction in question is certainly required. It remains to be explained why the former observations were accordant without it. Prof. Helmert has undertaken that the whole shall be rereduced.

The somewhat severe and technical labours of the congress were relieved by pleasant social functions, which were, however, kept strictly within bounds, and not allowed to become the burden which the festive side of a congress is too apt to be. On September 22, Sir George Darwin, representing the British Government, gave an official dinner to the principal delegates. On September 23, the president of the Royal Geographical Society took the whole party to Greenwich by water for a visit to the Royal Observatory and the Royal Naval College. On September 24, the Treasurer of the Royal Astronomical Society and Mrs. Hills were

On Monday, September 27, the congress moved to Cambridge, where those unaccompanied by ladies enjoyed the hospitality of Trinity, St. John's, and Caius Colleges, and many others received private hospitality. On September 28. Sir Robert and Lady Ball were “At Home" at the Observatory in the afternoon, and Sir George and Lady Darwin gave an evening party in St. John's College. The final meeting was held on Wednesday, September 29, and in the evening the visitors entertained their Cambridge hosts to dinner. Thus ended an exceedingly valuable, successful, and pleasant meeting.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF AGRICULTURAL

EDUCATION.

A MEMORANDUM has just been issued setting out the arrangements which have been made between the Board of Agriculture and the Board of Education in regard to agricultural education. It has been known for some time that a certain amount of controversy existed between the two departments on account of the anomaly arising from the fact that the Board of Agriculture inspected and gave grants to the various agricultural colleges and other institutions for higher agricultural education, whereas agricul tural instruction in secondary and primary schools, like all other forms of education, was controlled by the Board of Education. On the one hand it was felt that agricultural education could not thus be dissociated from the general system of the country; on the other hand, there was the danger that so special, and in many respects so weakly supported, a subject would never receive the attention it deserved without the fostering care of its own special department. The situation became more critical as it appeared that the Board of Agriculture, however anxious to retain its connection with the colleges, was unable to obtain the funds either to make adequate grants to existing institutions or to promote the creation of fresh colleges where they were needed. The two Boards appear now to have arrived at a compromise which still leaves the higher educational institutions under the charge of the Board of Agriculture, but also secures an interchange of views by the creation of an interdepartmental committee. The Board of Agriculture is to take charge of advanced schools of agriculture serving, as a rule, more than one local education authority's area, and taking students of an age of seventeen and upwards; under its charge also will be such special institutions as deal only with one branch of agricultural instruction, as dairying, forestry, &c. As before, the Board of Education will be in charge of the agricultural instruction that is provided by the county councils and other local educational authorities, but it is not clear by which board, or in what way. pressure can be brought to bear upon the backward counties that are now doing nothing for organised agricultural education. For example, the East Sussex County Council uses part of its "whisky money" to maintain an agricultural college, which is further assisted by grants from the Board of Agriculture; the West Sussex County Council next door puts the whisky money to the relief of rates, and does nothing for agricultural education. The defect in the Board of Agriculture's administration has been the fact that it has been powerless in such cases; it could neither compel nor bribe such counties to do their duty, and what the public interested in such matters is anxious to know is how the new arrangement will be worked

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