(Paris, 1840). The work, consisting of four Books, opens with the accession of Eudes, and concludes just before the death of Hugh Capet. From the dethronement of Charles-le-Simple, Richerius becomes a primary authority. The earlier portion gives us valuable and authentic information concerning Eudes, and much respecting Rollo; but the first book of Richerius, like the last fragments, must be considered rather as a collection of historical notes than as a connected history. There is no attempt at chronology; and Richerius has so evidently confounded our Rollo with another Danish chieftain bearing the same name, that I have not attempted to reconcile him with the other authorities.

(VIII.) The transactions relating to the settlement of Normandy depend mainly upon Dudon de Saint-Quentin. Whatever inaccuracies there may be in the form or arrangement of his narrative, I do not see any just reason for distrusting his general accuracy. In fact, unless we accept Dudon, such as he is, we must abandon the history of the first three Norman sovereigns.

Berenger and Guido, p. 628.

Gibbon and Sismondi have elided these monarchs, whose reigns constitute a most stirring era. A general reference may be made to Muratori. The Monza relics are known to most travellers.

Louis, King of Provence, p. 632.

See, besides the history of Languedoc, Bouche, Hist. Générale de Provence, T. 1. pp. 775-784.

Richard-le-Justicier, Transjurane Burgundy, p. 634. See the Benedictine Histoire de Bourgogne.

See Collette.

Vermandois, p. 638.

Guido's parsimony, p. 639.

"Metensis vero Episcopus, dum cibaria ei multa secundum Francorum consuetudinem ministraret, hujusmodi responsa a Dapifero suscepit :-Si equum saltem mihi dederis, faciam ut tertia obsonii hujus parte sit Rex Wido contentus. Quod Episcopus audiens, Non decet, inquit, talem super nos regnare Regem, qui decem dragmis vile sibi obsonium præparat." (Luitprandi Hist. Rec. des Hist. T. vii. p. 131.)

Battle of Montfaucon, pp. 640-644. Montfaucon-en-Argonne is a small town or hamlet in the Rethelois, on the banks of the Meuse.

Méaux besieged by the Danes, pp. 644, 646.

"A.D. 888. Normanni Meldis Civitatem obsidione vallant," Ann. Vedast. Rec. des Hist. T. vII. p. 87. The account of the siege follows.

This account enables us to date the undated narrative of Dudo, p. 87. By some historians Meldis has been confounded with Melun or even Mellent.

Ravages of the Côtentin and St Lo, pp. 645, 646.

See Gall. Christ. T. x. p. 857, which contains the extract from the famous Black book of Coutances, stating that divine service was intermitted for seventy-three years, in consequence of the Danish ravages. The names of the Bishops of Lisieux are wanting from A.D. 876 to 990.

Popa, or the Poppet, p. 647.

For the capture and abduction of the damsel, see Dudon, p. 77, whom all other Chroniclers have copied, or abridged, or misrepresented. That Bernard de Senlis was the uncle of her son Guillaume-Longue-Epée, is proved by the respective declarations of Guillaume and of Bernard. Dudon, pp. 95 and 118.

Storming of Evreux, p. 648.

Besides the Chronicles, and the matter in the Gallia Christiana, I have also employed Le Brasseur (Histoire Civile et Ecclésiastique du Comté d'Evreux, Paris, 1722).

Battle of the Allier, pp. 650, 651.

It is only from Richerius, Lib. 1. c. 7-11, that we collect the details of Eudes' campaign in Auvergne, and the histories of Osketyl and Ingo. All that concerns Eudes is clear and consecutive; but I suspect some unrectifiable confusion as to Ingo.

Hunedeus, p. 662.

66 A.D. 895-896. Per idem tempus iterum Normanni cum Duce eorum, Hunedeo nomine, et quinque barchis iterum Sequanam ingressi : et dum Rex ad alia intendit, magnum sibi et regno malum accrescere facit...... Normanni vero jam multiplicati paucis ante Nativitatem diebus Hisam ingressi, Cauciaco sedem sibi, nullo resistente, firmant." (Ann. Vedast.)

"895. Northmanni iterum cum Duce eorum, qui Rollo dictus est nomine, rursus Sequanam ingressi, jam multiplicati ante Nativitatem Domini Hisam ingressi," &c. (Chronicon de Gestis Normannorum in Francia. Duchesne, Hist. Franc. S. S. T. 1. p. 530). In this Chronicle Duchesne employed two manuscripts; one reads Rodo, the other Rollo. The Recueil des Historiens does not at all remove the necessity of consulting Duchesne.

"896-897. Posthac Normanni usque Mosam in prædam exierunt, nullo sibi resistente. A præda verò illis revertentibus occurrit Regis exercitus: sed nil profecerunt. Verum Nortmanni ad naves reversi, timentes multitudinem exercitûs ne obsiderentur, in Sequanam redierunt: ibique

tota demorantes æstate prædas agebant, nullo sibi resistente. Karolus vero Hunedeum ad se deductum Cluninio Monasterio eum de sacro fonte suscepit.” (Ann. Vedast.).

"896. Carolus Rex Hunedeum Regem Northmannorum baptizari fecit, eumque de sacro fonte suscepit." (Sigebertus Gemblacensis, Rec. des Hist. T. vii. p. 310.)

Archbishop Fulco's Objurgations, p. 663.

See Frodoard, (Hist. Remensis, Lib. IV. cap. 6).

The Quarrel in Council, p. 668.

It is with this incident that the Vedastine Annals suddenly terminate, as if the pen had been struck out of the writer's hand during the dissensions.

Frederuna, p. 669.

Her dowry, Corbigny and Pontyon, is granted by Charter, dated at Attigny, 907, "anno xv regnante Domno (i. e. Domino) Karolo gloriosissimo Rege, redintegrante decimo” (Rec. des Hist. T. ix. p. 504). In this Charter he styles her "quædam nobili prosapia puella," whom he takes in marriage by the advice of his counsellors. Another Charter, granted in favour of the Church of Saint Remi, in which he notices her coronation, is dated " anno xxv regnante Karolo Rege gloriosissimo, redintegrante xx, largiore verò hæreditate indepta vi." (p. 530.)

Archbishop Hervé's Pastoral, p. 674.

This will be found, together with the letter of Pope John IX., in Dom Bessin's collection of the Norman Councils, (Concilia Rothomagensis Provinciæ, Rouen, 1717). Were any proof required that it is most inexpedient to sever the civil and ecclesiastical memorials of the mediaval era, it would be afforded by the circumstance that these important documents are excluded from the Recueil des Historiens.

Battle of Chartres, p. 676.

This event occupies a prominent position in French history. I consider Dudon de Saint-Quentin as the main source of my narrative (pp. 80, 81), engrafting, as far as is practicable, his account upon the brief chronicles of Anjou, (Dom Bouquet, T. vi. p. 252), the fragment of French history, p. 302; Hugo Floriacensis, p. 318; and Benoit's metrical paraphrase vv. 5169-6004. The notice of the satirical songs by which Ebles of Poitou was defamed, is found only in Benoit. There is much uncertainty as to the exact date of the battle, but I have adopted the most probable; rejecting also those incidents which do not appear trustworthy. For the Pré des Reculés, see Michel's Benoit, Vol. 1. p. 271.

The Followers of Rollo, p. 680.

I have ventured to assemble all the Danes who are in any wise recorded as founders of Norman families. The concluding Book (viii.) of Guillaume de Jumièges, enlarged and continued by another monk of the same monastery, contains many important genealogical notices: some are scattered in Ordericus Vitalis; and Duchesne's genealogies, appended to his editions of these Historians (S. S. Hist. Norm. pp. 1069-1104) have paginal references to the passages upon which they are grounded.— Four folio volumes, richly adorned by armorial bearings, have been devoted to the descendants of Bernard the Dane, by the industrious gratitude of Giles André de la Roque, (Hist. Généalogique de la Maison de Harcourt, Paris, 1662).—Some families, and in particular La Roche Tesson, are amply illustrated by M. Vaultier (Recherches Historiques sur l'Ancien Pays de Cinglais, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, 2 Serie, T. IV. pp. 1-293). The Crespin family are said to be descended from Rollo by a daughter, Crispine.

Pluquet (Roman du Rou, Vol. 1. p. 152) has a notice concerning the family of Osmond de Cent-villes- "présentement Ducs et Pairs de France." So also Goubé (Hist. de la Normandie, Rouen, 1815, Vol. 1. p. 91). Roger de Montgomery styles himself Normannus Normannorum, but unfortunately he and all his contemporaries forgot to tell us the name of his ancestor. Ademar of Chavanes says (Rec. des Hist. VIII. p. 232) that Rollo's followers accepted him as King.

Cession made to Rollo, p. 684.

The Frankish Proceres, in urging the marriage and the cession, held out as an inducement the homage which Rollo would render:-" Rollo, Dux Northmannorum tibi amoris et amicitiæ inextricabilis, quinetiam servitii pactum. Si dederis filiam tuam, ut ei dixisti, conjugem, terramque maritimam in sempiternam per progenies progenierum possessionem, manus suas se subjugando tibi dabit fidelitatis gratiâ, tuumque servitium incessanter explebit." (Dudo, pp. 82, 83.)

Archbishop Franco makes a most energetic claim on behalf of his patron: "... non conciliabitur tibi, nisi terram quam daturus es, in sacramento Christianæ religionis juraveris, tu et Archipræsules et Episcopi, Comites et Abbates totius regni, ut teneat ipse et successores ejus ipsam terram ab Eptæ fluviolo ad mare usque, quasi fundum et allodium in sempiternum."

Duke Robert and the Prelates and Proceres equally so: "Tunc Flandrensem terram, ut ex ea viveret, voluit Rex ei dare: sed ille noluit præ paludium impeditione recipere. Itaque spondet Rex ei Britanniam dare, quæ erat in confinio promissæ terræ." (Dudo, p. 83.)

Frodoardus (Hist. Rem. Lib. iv. c. 24) does not make any mention of the King, but connects the transaction with the baptism of the Danes after the battle of Chartres: "fidem Christi suscipere receperunt, concesVOL. I.

3 C

sis sibi maritimis quibusdam pagis, cum Rotomagensi quam pene deleverant urbe, et aliis eidem subjectis."

The exact extent of the cession made by Charles-le-Simple has been much debated by Licquet and others.

For all matters relating to the antient geography of the Duchy, we are exceedingly indebted to the labours of the late Honourable Thomas Stapleton, whose introductions to the great Rolls of the Exchequer of Normandy, as published by the Society of Antiquaries, (1840-1844), condense and almost exhaust all the information upon the subject, whilst his map brings every particular before the eye. Maps executed with such clearness and accuracy afford great aid to the study of mediaval history. Mr Stapleton's map is the most satisfactory specimen of this class hitherto produced at home or abroad.

Superiority of Britanny, p. 686.

"Emit namque Rex Francorum Karolus pacem atque amicitiam a Rollone primo Duce Normannorum, ac posteriorum parente, natam suam Gislam in matrimonium, et Britanniam in servitium perpetuum ei tradens Exoraverunt id fœdus Franci, non valentes amplius resistere Gallico ense Danica securi. Exinde Comites Britannici e jugo Normannicæ dominationis cervicem omninò solvere nunquam valuerunt, etsi multotiens id conati, tota vi obluctando." (Guil. Pict. p. 191.) It seems as if Guillaume de Poitou, the commencement of whose history is lost, had somewhat more information than we now possess.

All these Norman transactions will also be found bearing upon the mouvance of Britanny, that is to say, they elucidate the antient feudal dependence of Britanny, one of the most vexed questions in French constitutional history: a practical question also, for the French Legists argued that certain important privileges exercised by the Crown after the final reunion of the province by the marriage of the last heiress, Claude, daughter of the Duchess Anne with Francis the First, were to be decided thereby. A discussion, therefore, which, upon its first aspect, appears to be ranked only amongst the dullest, or, as some would consider, the most useless labour of archæology,-for, if thoroughly sifted and debated, it must be taken up from Clovis and a good while beyond-acquires a living interest from its connexion with the rights and franchises of the most independent and sensitive member of the French monarchy under Louis-le-Grand.

Historical literature profited greatly by this same discussion.-The States of Britanny, in order to sustain their pretensions in the least e manner, sought the historical advocacy of the congregation of r. Dom Lobineau undertook the task, actuated equally by and antiquarian enthusiasm, and the result was one huge and another huge folio of preuves, chronicles and legends,