The proper temperature for dyeing is from 180° to 200° F. and the operation is continued for about one hour. After dyeing the material is squeezed or extracted and thoroughly washed.

The usual aftertreatment with metallic salts has little effect on the fastness, the marks B and GG are much improved by an aftertreatment with sodium thiosulphate. With this method the material is washed after dyeing, and then passed through a solution of sodium thiosulphate, 2 parts to 1000 of water, and dried without washing.

THIOGENE BROWN 2R.

This is similar to Thiogene Brown R but gives a somewhat redder shade. It is dyed in the same way and can be used either alone or in combination with the other Thiogene colors.

For solution, it requires half the amount of dyestuff of sodium sulphide crystals. The usual additions of soda and salt are made to the dyebath.

The material is dyed for about one hour at about 190-200°, and then immediately well washed. Aftertreatment with copper or copper and chrome makes the shade somewhat darker and increases the fastness to boiling soda and also to light.

The dyeings made with this color possesses all the advantageous properties of the Thiogene group.

THIOGENE CYANINE G.

This Thiogene color is especially recommended on account of the brightness of the shade and its comparative fastness to chlorine.

This requires for solution twice the amount of sodium sulphide crystals as dyestuff, with the usual addition of soda and salt to 'the dyebath.

The bath oxidizes so slowly that the yarn can be dyed in the

ordinary method without sinking completely under the liquor. The piece goods can be dyed either in the jigger or by padding. When the padding method is used the shades are somewhat redder.

This color is recommended for light and medium blues, and also for shading the heavier marks of blue where the greener shades are required.

The fastness to chlorine is practically the same as indigo; the shades becoming somewhat lighter with this treatment but retaining the blue tone.

The fastness to washing, light, and acid is very good.

THIOGENE CYANINE O.

This is similar to the above and possesses all the properties, but gives shades that are brighter and a trifle more red in tone.

THIOGENE CATECHU R.

This new Thiogene color, while resembling the Thiogene Browns in general characteristics, is materially redder in shade and in combination with them can be used for the production of the ordinary cutch browns. The fastness of the shades made in this way is equal to those from the natural cutch.

Like the other members of this group it is dyed in an alkaline bath containing sodium sulphide and salt. For proper solution this dyestuff requires one and one-half times its weight of sodium sulphide crystals. The proportions of the other materials are as usual. The methods of dyeing for the various kinds of material are the same as with the Thiogene Browns. Yarn may be dyed above the liquor without bronzing and in jigger dyeing, the lists remain clear.

An after-treatment with copper sulphate or with copper sulphate and bichromate darkens the shade without its losing the reddish cast, but is not necessary unless great fastness to boiling soda is required.

It will give clear whites with chlorate discharge.

THIOGENE BLACK BR CONC.

This black is a concentrated color of the same strength and properties as the former Thiogene Blacks. In shade it is between Thiogene Black MR and 2B.

The method of dyeing is exactly the same as for the other marks. The proportions for 100 pounds of yarn or loose cotton

The above proportions are for 100 pounds of material.
In dyeing mercerized goods 25% less dyestuff is required.

THIOGENE BLACK LIQUIDS.

As the first essential in dyeing sulphur colors is the proper solution of the dyestuff, the Farbwerke vorm. Meister Lucius & Bruening, realizing this, have placed on the market several of their Thiogene Blacks in liquid form. These contain the dyestuff as a leuco compound in a very concentrated solution.

The first of this series is Thiogene Black M conc. This is a 50% solution of the leuco compound of Thiogene Black M conc. The solution being perfect, it requires no sodium sulphide to dissolve it, only a sufficient amount being added to keep the dyebath in proper condition.

The Thiogene Black M Liquid is added directly to the dyebath, which has been previously prepared with the necessary assistants.

PROPORTIONS FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS.

Method of handling being the same as for powders.
For 100 lbs. material.

4 lbs.

2 lbs.

Sodium Carbonate dry.. 6 lbs.

Salt is usually omitted in jigger dyeing.

THIOGENE BLACK BB LIQUID-THIOGENE
BLACK BR LIQUID.

These are similar products to Thiogene Black M Liquid and are handled in the same way. These differ only in shade corresponding to the same marks in powder form.

The usual proportions follow for 100 lbs. material:

The addition of oil is generally beneficial.
Mercerized goods will require only 75-80% of the above quan-

tities.

THIOGENE BLACK M PADDING LIQUID.

This is a 50 per cent. solution of Thiogene Black M conc., which is especially suited for use in padding machines. This method of dyeing is especially recommended for the production of Black, as the pieces in many cases can be taken directly from the bale and dyed without previous boiling out.

For dyeing sulphur colors in this way, the machine as shown in the cut is especially adapted for economical working and satisfactory results.

The goods pass through the boiling dye liquor, the latter being kept at a permanent level by a supply from an elevated tank. The padding machine, which gives the pieces two squeezes, has the pressure regulated so the goods take up from 65-85% of liquor; and the speed should be arranged that the goods are in the dyebath 30-60 seconds. The dye-box should contain 100 gallons of dyebath, the latter being heated by means of a steam coil.