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In working with very heavy goods, it is well to arrange another squeeze below the surface of the bath so that the goods may be thoroughly penetrated.

After padding, the pieces are run into an open washer with several boxes, arranged as shown in the cut. In working by this method it is essential that the goods should be thoroughly washed after dyeing.

The padding liquors are usually made up in a proportion for: 12 gal. of water

15 lbs. Thiogene Black M Padding Liquor

7 lbs. Sodium Sulphide crystals

6 lbs. Caustic Soda Solution 77° Tw. Addition of oil may also be found of use.

THIOGENE COLORS IN PRINTING.

DIRECT PRINTING.-In this method of application the colors are fixed by means of reducing agents in the presence of caustic alkali; the latter is more advantageous than the carbonate. It is necessary to use an excess of reducing agent in order to obtain the full effect in steaming. Hydrosulphite NF conc. Hoechst is especially to be recommended for this purpose, as in the cold it is only slightly acted upon by alkalies, while its full effect is obtained on steaming.

All sulphur colors containing free sulphur or polysulphides will blacken copper or be injuriously affected by copper. To avoid this defect it is necessary to use such colors as are free from sulphur or the printing pastes must be prepared with the addition of a bisulphite. This converts the polysulphides into thiosulphates which are without injurious effect. The practical method of working is as follows:

The color is properly dissolved with water and soda lye on the water-bath (very concentrated colors may be dissolved with alkaline thickening). After cooling and thickening with alkaline paste, the cold Hydrosulphite NF conc. Hoechst solution is added

and finally if required-the bisulphite stirred into the printing paste.

After printing, the pieces are well dried and then steamed in the Mather-Platt quick-steaming apparatus (which must be free from air) at 212-215° F. Dark shades are developed in 9 min., light shades require about 3 min. exposure to strong steam.

The goods are washed after steaming and finally soaped in the open washing machine.

For very dark shades it is advisable to add some oil of vitriol (5 in 1000 parts cold water) to the first box; for Thiogene Blue the addition of some bichromate is advantageous.

These additions prevent the colors from bleeding into white. The following are examples of way of making up the printing pastes:

BROWN PRINTING PASTE.

50 parts Thiogene Brown S

10 parts Soda lye 40° Bé.

140 parts Water

100 parts Alkaline Thickening

are heated on the water-bath; to the warm paste
are added:

25 parts Hydrosulphite NF conc. Hoechst dissolved in
30 parts Water and

580 parts Alkaline Thickening

Finally, when cold:

65 parts Sodium Bisulphite 30° Bé. are mixed into the
printing color.

1000 parts

After printing and drying, the goods are steamed three times each for 3 min. in the Mather-Platt at 215°-217° F. They pass then at full width through an acid bath (5 parts oil of vitriol per 1000 parts water) and are finally washed and soaped.

GREY PRINTING PASTE.

5 parts Thiogene Diamond Black B

345 parts Water

10 parts Soda lye 40° Bé.

are heated on the water-bath; to the warm solu-
tion are added:

5 parts Hydrosulphite NF conc. Hoechst dissolved in
9 parts Water and

400 parts Alkaline Thickening

200 parts British Gum Thickening 1:1

Finally, when cold:

6 parts Sodium Bisulphite 30° Bé. are mixed into the
printing color.

1000 parts

BLACK PRINTING PASTE.

100 parts Thiogene Black BB conc.

100 parts Soda lye 40° Bé.

100 parts Water

100 parts Alkaline Thickening

are heated on the water-bath; to the warm paste
are added:

50 parts Hydrosulphite NF conc. Hoechst dissolved in
65 parts Water and

425 parts Alkaline Thickening

Finally, when cold:

60 parts Sodium Bisulphite 30° Bé. are mixed into the
printing color.

1000 parts

After printing and drying, the pieces are steamed for 3 min. in the Mather-Platt at 215° to 217° F., then washed and soaped.

BLUE PRINTING PASTE.

40 parts Thiogene Blue B

30 parts Soda lye 40° Bé. 130 parts Water

100 parts Alkaline Thickening

are heated on the water-bath; to the warm paste
are added:

20 parts Hydrosulphite NF conc. Hoechst dissolved in
30 parts Water and

590 parts Alkaline Thickening

Finally, when cold:

60 parts Sodium Bisulphite 30° Bé. are mixed into the
printing color.

1000 parts

After printing and drying, the goods are steamed 3 times each, for 3 min., in the Mather-Platt at 215°-217° F., then passed full width through a solution of

5 parts Bichromate

5 parts Oil of Vitriol

per 1000 water at 105° F., then washed well and finally soaped.

ALKALINE THICKENING.

125 parts British Gum

875 parts Soda lye 40° Bé.

are dissolved on the water-bath to make

1000 parts

DISCHARGE PRINTING.

The Thiogene Colors are best discharged with chlorate discharges. Although none of Thiogene Colors resist the action of

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