FACULTY. - Professors JOHN P. GULLIVER, Egbert C. SMYTH, WILLIAM J. TUCKER, JOHN PHELPS TAYLOR, J. WESLEY CHURCHILL, GEORGE HARRIS, EDWARD Y. HINCKS, WILLIAM H. RYDER, GEORGE F. MOORE. Professor Gulliver is assigned to literary work in connection with his department.

LECTURERS.-Rev. F. F. ELLINWOOD, D. D., Hyde Lecturer on Comparative Religion; Professor N. S. SHALER, S. D., Winkley Lecturer on Modern Science and Religious Beliefs; Rev. A. H. BRADFORD, D. D., Southworth Lecturer on English and American Congregationalism. CALENDAR.-The next Seminary Year begins on Wednesday, Sept. 16. Opening Lecture at 4 P. M., by Professor Tucker. Recesses: Dec. 21, Jan. 4, March 17-21. Vacation: June 9, 1892,

to Sept. 14.

COURSE OF STUDY.-JUNIORS: N. T. Greek, Hebrew, Biblical Exegesis, Biblical History, Theism and Revelation, Theory and Art of Public Speaking. MIDDLE CLASS: N. T. Biblical Theology, Systematic Theology. SENIORS: Church History, Homiletics, Pastoral Theology. General Exercises in Vocal Culture through the year. ELECTIVE COURSES, Alternate Years (Middle and Senior Classes): O. T. Introduction, O. T. Biblical Theology (1891-92), O. T. Exegesis (Kings, Chronicles, in connection with Assyrian and Babylonian Inscriptions; Jeremiah, 1891-92), N. T. Exegesis (Fourth Gospel, Romans, Apocalypse, 1891-92), N. T. Introduction (1891-92), The Life of Christ, Philosophy of Religion (1891-92), Christian Ethics, Social Economics (Social Evolution of Labor, Current Labor Questions, 1891-92), Optionals in Philosophy, German, Greek, Arabic, Aramaic, Hieroglyphs, etc. O. T. electives are open to Juniors who have upon entrance competent knowledge of Hebrew, and all elective and optional courses to members of the Advanced Class.

LIBRARIES AND MUSEUM. - The Theological Library contains upwards of 48.000 volumes, and is accessible to students for consultation and drawing of books several hours each week day. A full Reference Library is open from 8.30 A. M. to 9 P. M. The Museum contains a large relief model of Jerusalem, an extensive collection of Palestinian birds, animals, coins, industrial implements, and other objects illustrative of the Scriptures, or relating to missionary life and work.

For information respecting Conditions of Membership, Pastoral Scholarships for Evangelistic Work in Boston and other neighboring cities, Honorary Scholarships, Fellowships, Expenses, and Pecuniary Aid, apply to

EGBERT C. SMYTH, President of the Faculty.

Charles G. Finney.

By Prof. G. FREDERICK WRight.
Each, 16mo, gilt top, $1.25.

"These volumes on the leaders in the religious thought and life of America should be read by thoughtful persons of all churches."

RUDYARD KIPLING'S
Nautical Story.

For sale by all Booksellers. Sent, post-paid, A Disturber of Traffic

on receipt of price by the Publishers,

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. in the September Atlantic

11 East Seventeenth Street, New York.

C. STEDMAN HUTCHINSON.

AND

The Library of American Literature... HUOMION.

Highest authorities pronounce it the most valuable of recent publications. Should be in every American home and library. Illustrated specimen pages free. CHAS. L. WEBSTER & CO., 3 E. 14th St., NEW YORK.

FOR PEOPLE WHO THINK.

Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law.

By JOHN W. BURGESS, Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of History, Political Science, and International Law, Dean of the University Faculty of Political Science in Columbia College. Two vols. 8vo, cloth, 781 pages. By mail, post-paid, $5.00. Special terms for class use.

The first Part of the work is devoted to the general principles of political science. It is divided into three Books. The first Book treats of the nation as an ethnological concept; the second treats of the state, its idea, its origin, its forms, and its ends; the third shows the historical development of the four typical constitutions of the modern age, those of England, Germany, France, and the United States.

The second Part is devoted to a comparison of the provisions of these typical constitutions and a generalization from these provisions of some fundamental principles of constitutional law. The three Books treat, the first of sovereignty within the constitution, the second of civil liberty, and the third, which constitutes the SECOND VOLUME, of government, - legislative, executive, and judicial.

The London Times says: "America sends us this week a very learned, elaborate, and suggestive work on constitutional law, entitled Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law,' by John W. Burgess, Ph. D., LL. D. His work. is full of keen analysis and suggestive comment, and is a noteworthy contribution to the comparative study of political science and jurisprudence. . . . Dr. Burgess possesses a keen insight into essential political and constitutional fact, and his work may be confidently recommended to all serious students of comparative politics and jurisprudence."

Animal Life and Intelligence.

By C. LLOYD MORGAN, F. G. S., Professor in and Dean of University College, Bristol, England; author of “Animal Biology," etc. 8vo, cloth, xvi + 512 pages. Illustrated. Price by mail, $4.00.

The wide scope and thoroughgoing character of this work are indicated by the titles of the chapters: I. The Nature of Animal Life. II. The Process of Life. III. Reproduction and Development. IV. Variation and Natural Selection. V. Heredity and the Origin of Variations. VI. Organic Evolution. VII. The Senses of Animals. VIII. Mental Processes in Man. IX. Mental Processes in Animals: Their Powers of Perception and Intelligence. X. The Feelings of Animals: Their Appetences and Emotions. XI. Animal Activities: Habit and Instinct. XII. Mental Evolution.

As for the excellence of the treatment, A. R. WALLACE, the celebrated Naturalist, says in Nature: "The work will prove a boon to all who desire to obtain a general knowledge of the more interesting problems of modern biology and psychology by the perusal of a single compact, luminous, and very readable volume.'

Biological Lectures.

Delivered at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Wood's Holl, 1890. 12mo, cloth. Illustrated. vii+250 pages. By mail, $1.85.

1

The lectures and the authors are: I. Specialization and Organization, Companion Principles of All Progress. - The Most Important Need of American Biology. - Prof. C. O. WHITMAN, Clark University. II. The Naturalist's Occupation: 1. General Survey. 2. A Special Problem. - Prof. Ć. O. WHITMAN. III. Some Problems of Annelid Morphology. Prof. E. B. WILSON, Bryn Mawr College. IV. The Gastræa Theory and its Successors. Dr. J. P. MCMURRICH, Clark University. V. Weissmann and Maupas on the Origin of Death. -Dr. EDWARD G. Gardiner, Mass. Institute of Technology. VI. Evolution and Heredity. Prof. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Princeton College. VII. The Relationships of the_SeaSpiders. Dr. T. H. MORGAN, Johns Hopkins University. VIII. On Caryokinesis. - Dr. S. WATASE, Clark University. IX. The Ear of Man: Its Past, Present, and Future. — Dr. HOWARD AYERS, Lake Laboratory, Milwaukee. X. The Study of Ocean Temperatures and Currents. Prof. WILLIAM LIBBEY, Jr., Princeton College.

Mechanism and Personality.

By FRANCIS A. SHOUP, D. D., Professor of Analytical Physics, University of the South. 12mo, cloth, xvi + 341 pages. Price by mail, $1.30.

This book is an outline of Philosophy in the light of the latest scientific research. It deals candidly and simply with the "burning questions" of the day, the object being to help the general reader and students of Philosophy to find their way to something like definite standing-ground among the uncertainties of science and metaphysics. It begins with physiological psychology, treats of the development of the several modes of personality, passes on into metaphysics, and ends in ethics, following, in a general way, the thought of Lotze.

GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, Professor of Philosophy, Yale University: "I find Dr. Shoup's 'Mechanism and Personality' an interesting and stimulating little book.'

GINN & COMPANY, Publishers,

BOSTON, NEW YORK, CHICAGO, AND LONDON.

THE

ANDOVER REVIEW:

A RELIGIOUS AND THEOLOGICAL MONTHLY.

VOL. XVI.-SEPTEMBER, 1891.-No. XCIII.

CRITICISM VERSUS ECCLESIASTICISM.

I. CRITICISM.

It is obvious to any person who has studied the conditions of theological thought to-day, that there are two tendencies or modes of thought which are affecting in very different ways the most active and sensitive spirits of this generation. We have come to the parting of the ways. The old happy compromises with all their genialities and inconsistencies can no longer find a place in the flood of light which the last half century of historical and critical investigation has applied to the solution of the great historical and theological problems. Amid all the confusions of thought and various currents of influence which converge upon this life of ours, two distinct and mutually exclusive movements are manifest. Each is complete in itself, and between these two ways of regarding religious truth the future will be divided far more than along the lines of our existing religious differences. The opponents of each consider it a novelty; but viewed historically, one tendency may be regarded as the continuation and expansion of principles long since laid down, and the other a revival, under the stress of peculiar social and spiritual circumstances, of a mode of regarding man and religion long since rejected by the sturdiest and most robust intelligence of the world.

They represent certain spiritual attitudes and beliefs which express themselves in these very different forms. That either of them can be called a novelty, in any strict sense of the word, is impossible. They can be considered pretentious inventions only by him who knows nothing of the past, or whose philosophy of

history has not space in it for all the phenomena of life. In current phrase they are described as Criticism and Ecclesiasticism, and the language is ample and definite enough.

All modern theological thought has relations and affinities with these two dominant factors, for it is their peculiarity and their power that they are representative. They are the clear, definite, and unflinching statements of what the logic of history demands, and have swept away all the compromises and half-measures by which men have attempted to keep the peace with reason and tradition, or the formula of conservatism and the demands of modern life. In our own country the growth and spread of these movements has been so recent that their real significance has not been fully appreciated. Now, however, it is apparent to all that the old order has passed away; all things are tending to new directions. Old parties and schools are disappearing. The lines of a new conflict are clearly shaping themselves. New standards are flung to the breeze, new weapons flash in the sunlight, and new battlecries are heard floating across the field. Let us study these conditions in their historic development.

That which is called Modern Criticism, and which has caused so much debate and strife, is hardly, in any sense of the word, modern, except as we regard it as preeminently one of the great forces of modern thought. In reality it has relations with the whole history of Protestantism, and that great intellectual movement of which the Reformation forms a part.

The classic revival of the fifteenth century, commonly called the revival of learning, found the old church sunk in wealth, bigotry, and ignorance. Scholasticism had broken down and exploded in thin air, and the slowly awakening mind of Europe was filled with profound disgust and contempt for the scholarship and the methods of study which the schools and universities then represented.

In Italy the revolt was so passionate that religion itself was scorned, and a revival of paganism in thought and in learning began, which shows how ill-prepared the church was to deal with the new intellectual energies which had begun to display themselves. At first, and in Italy, this burst of zeal for knowledge confined itself almost entirely to the pagan world of antiquity; classical writers and classical studies, rather than Christian, absorbed all the attention of the scholars. Lorenzo Valla was the only Italian humanist who paid the slightest attention to any historical or theological subject connected with the Christian church.