(2) From Winkelmann's History of Art.

* Org eres convince us, with respect to the form of man, that the character of nation, as well as ef mind, is visible in the countenance. As nature has separated large districts by mountains and waters, so has she, likewise, distinguished the inhabitants by pecularity of features. In countries far distant from each ether, the difference is, likewise, visible in other parts of the body, and in stature. Animals are not more varied, according to the properties of the countries they inhabit, than men are; and some have pretended to remark that animals even partake of the propensities of the men. The formation of the countenance is as various as languages, nay, indeed, as dialects, which are thus or thus various in consequence of the organs of speech. In cold countries, the fibres of the tongue must be less flexible, and rapid, than in warm. The natives of Greenland and certain tribes of America are observed to want some letters of the alphabet, which must originate in the same cause. Hence it happens that the northern languages have more monosyllables, and are more clogged with consonants, the connect

ing and pronouncing of which is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to other nations. A celebrated writer has endeavoured to account for the varieties of the Italian dialects, from the formation of the organs of speech, For this reason, says he, the people of Lombardy, inhabiting a cold country, have a more rough and concise pronunciation. The inhabitants of Florence and Rome speak in a more measured tone, and the Neapolitans, under a still warmer sky, pronounce the vowels more open, and speak with more fulness. Persons well acquainted with various nations can distinguish them as justly from the form of their countenance as from their speech. Therefore, since man has ever been the object of art and artists, the latter have constantly given the forms of face of their respective nations; and that art, among the ancients, gave a certain character to the human form and countenance, is proved by the same effect having taken place among the moderns. German, Dutch, or French artists, when they neither travel nor study foreign forms, may be known by their pictures as perfectly as Chinese or Tartarian. After residing many years in Italy, Rubens continued to draw his figures as if he had never left his native land."

Another Passage from Winkelmann.

“THE projecting mouths of the Negroes, which they have in common with their monkeys, is an excess of growth, a swelling, occasioned by the heat of the climate; like as our lips are swelled by heat or sharp saline moisture; and, also, in some men, by violent passion. The small eyes of the distant northern and eastern nations are in consequence of the imperfection of their growth. They are short and slender. Nature produces such forms the more she approaches extremes where she has to encounter heat or cold. In the one she is prompter and exhausted, and, in the other, crude, never arriving at maturity. The flower withers in excessive heat, and, deprived of sun, is deprived of colour. All plants degenerate in dark and confined places.

"Nature forms with greater regularity the more she approaches her centre, and in more moderate climates. Hence our and the Grecian ideas of beauty, being derived from more perfect symmetry, must be more accurate than the ideas of those in whom, to use the expression of a modern poet, the image of the Creator is half defaced."

(d) From the Recherches Philosophiques sur les Americains, by M. de Pauw.

"THE Americans are most remarkable because that many of them have no eyebrows, and none have beards; yet we must not infer that they are infeebled in the organs of generation, since the Tartars and Chinese have almost the same characteristics. They are far, however, from being very fruitful, or much addicted to love. True it is, the Chinese and the Tartars are not absolutely beardless. When they are about thirty, a small pencilled kind of whisker grows on the upper lip, and some scattered hairs are found at the end of the chin." Tome I. page 37.

"Exclusive of the Esquimaux, who differ in gait, form, features and manners, from other savages of North America, we may likewise call the Akansans a variety, whom the French have generally named the handsome men. They are tall and straight, have good features, without the least appearance of beard; regular eyelids, blue eyes, and fine fair hair; while the neighbouring people are low of stature, have abject countenances, black eyes, the hair of the head black as ebony, and of the body, thick and rough." Page 135.

"The Peruvians are not very tall; but, though thick set, they are tolerably well made. There are many, it is true, who, by being diminutive, are monstrous. Some are deaf, dumb, blind, and idiots; and others want a limb, when born. In all probability, the excessive labour to which they have been subjected, by the barbarity of the Spaniards, has produced such numbers of defective men. Tyranny has an influence even on the physical temperament of slaves. Their nose is aquiline; their forehead narrow; their hair black, strong, smooth, and plentiful; their complexion an olive red; the apple of the eye black, and the white not very clear. They never have any beard, for we cannot bestow that name on some short straggling hairs which sprout in old age; nor have either men or women the downy hair which generally appears after the age of puberty. In this they are distinguished from all people on earth, even from the Tartars and Chinese. As in eunuchs, it is the characteristic of their degeneracy." Page 144.

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Judging by the rage which the Americans have to mutilate and disfigure themselves, we should suppose they all were discontented with the proportions of their limbs and bodies. Not a single nation has been discovered in this fourth quarter of the