marbles, vases of every sort, armor and implements of war; musical instruments; personal ornaments of gold and silver, trinkets of various materials; articles of domestic furniture; and cabinets replete with gems and medals. In another part of the building should be deposited exact models of all the temples and ancient structures worthy of notice throughout Greece; and finally, cedar presses, for the preservation of manuscripts, in a large room furnished as a library with shelves, which we may believe would soon exhibit many thousand printed books through the bounty of several European states, the bequests of opulent Greeks, and the donations of foreign travellers and students, who, it must be supposed, would frequent in multitudes this school of antiquarian science.

Had such an establishment, depending on the emancipation of Greece, existed in 1729, when, by desire of Louis XV, Monsieur Fourmont visited that country, the destruction of many interesting monuments would not have been perpetrated; for that French Abbé, actuated by the most insane kind of vanity, personal and national, was induced, as we learn from his own letters (now in the Bibliothêque du Roi), to obliterate many most valuable inscriptions, lest any future antiquary might have an opportunity of copying them-and Mr. Dodwell found among the ruins of Sparta, a few years ago, some fine slabs of marble from which the letters had been barbarously chiselled out and erased; and this operation his guide, besides other persons in the neighbourhood, attributed to a Frenchman, whom they dignified with the title usually bestowed on English travellers, milordos. (See Dodwell's Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece, Vol. ii. p. 405.) That this can have been no other than the Abbé Fourmont, is evident from his own letters above-mentioned; in which he particularly boasts of the havoc that he made at Sparta, not leaving one stone upon another; employing, for above a month, thirty, forty, or sixty worknien, who, says he, "abattent, detruisent, exterminent la ville de Sparte." "Imagine," he adds, "my delight at being employed in the final demolition of this place. I know not that any one has, since the restoration of letters, conceived the idea of thus overturning whole cities." And that himself or his country might possess an unique collection of drawings and copies of inscriptions, it appears that besides Sparta he dilapidated other cities of the Morea; Hermione, Trezene, Argos, Phliasia, &c. But it was of his Spartan exploits that he seems chiefly proud: "Je n'avois que ce moyen là pour rendre illustre mon voyage:" and he consequently adopts the title of Exaρtia

J

TIKOS! It is, however, some consolation to find that many of the most able judges do not consider Fourmont by any means guilty to the extent which he himself acknowleges; and they are content to regard bina rather as a liar and impostor, who probably defaced a few monuments that he might the better escape detection with respect to those inscriptions which he forged. "For it is worthy of remark," says Lord Aberdeen (see his letter in Mr. Walpole's Collection, Vol. ii. p. 500.) “ that the only inscriptions said to be destroyed (by Fourmont) are precisely those whose existence is most doubtful, and which it was most incumbent on him to produce." His lordship also remarks, that although many of the inscriptions in Fourmont's collection appear to have been accurately copied, the originals existing at this. day in different parts of Greece, yet these he never thought worthy of publication; while the pretended discoveries communicated by him to the French Academy seem founded chiefly on fabricated documents, and inscriptions of which he affirmed that the originals had been destroyed. Against the authenticity of these inscriptions, it is here unnecessary to state the decisive arguments adduced by that distinguished antiquary, Mr. Payne Knight, in his "Analysis of the Greek Alphabet."

There are, however, among the learned countrymen of Fourmont two very ingenious writers, M. Raoul Rochette, and M. Louis Petit Radel, who, it is said, have shown much ability in endeavouring to prove that his inscriptions. are genuine, and his Journal accurate. Whether they have availed themselves of any English traveller's testimony I know not; but the following passage in Dr. Perry's "View of the Levant," (Folio, London, 1743. Preface, p. xiv.) has often excited my borror and indignation. Having mentioned his design, of visiting Ephesus and Samos, and the reports concerning their uninteresting condition, and the paucity of their ruins, be adds, that on the subject of Delphos, Argos, and Sparta, nearly the same accounts were given. "Indeed," says he, last-mentioned did exhibit remains of antiquity sufficient to entertain the curious and the connoisseurs, till within a few years last past, consisting chiefly of pieces of pillars, and other fragments of marble, which were fraught with abundance of ancient Greek inscriptions, &c. But a certain French gentleman, travelling in those parte about ten years ago, by the order and at the expense of his Most Christian Majesty the King of France; and moreover being vested with extraordinary powers and privileges from the Porte of Constantinople to examine, transcribe, and carry away whatever he pleased-he (the said French gen

"the two

tleman) having copied off all the inscriptions, and taken a full account of every thing that he found there, did afterwards cause many of those precious remains to be broken and mutilated; and many others, which were not so easily disfigured, he caused to be turned with their faces downwards; i. e. with those sides or parts on which the inscriptions and other works of sculpture were, to the earth. We could not easily be prevailed on to credit this report, that a gentleman, and especially of so polite a nation as France, could be capable of such barbarous conduct: but one of our own retinue (not to mention several others who attested the same thing) averred to the truth of it; and said further, that he was one of above two hundred Greeks, whom this gentleman had hired to aid and assist him in copying off the inscriptions at Argos and Sparta."

P. D. V.

CAMBRIDGE EXAMINATION
FOR JUNIOR SOPHS:

(i. e. Examination of Students at the end of their First Year's residence.)

FIRST INSTITUTED IN LENT TERM, 1824.

EXAMINERS.

THOMAS SMART HUGHES, B. D. Emman.

JAMES SCHOLEFIELD, M. A. Trin.

EDWARD BUSHBY, M. A. St. John's.

WILLIAM GREENWOOD, M. A. Corpus Christi.

QUESTIONS ON ST. LUKE'S GOSPEL.

Ι. Επειδήπερ πολλοὶ ἐπεχείρησαν ἀνατάξασθαι διήγησιν περὶ τῶν πεπληροφορημένων ἐν ἡμῖν πραγμάτων, καθὼς παρέδοσαν ἡμῖν οἱ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς αὐτόπται καὶ ὑπηρέται γενόμενοι τοῦ λόγου· ἔδοξε καμοί, παρηκολουθηκότι ἄνωθεν πᾶσιν ἀκριβῶς, καθεξῆς σοι γράψαι, κράτιστε θεόφιλε, ἵνα ἐπιγνῶς περὶ ὧν κατηχήθης λόγων τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.

1. Translate this passage literally, and mention what hypothesis it has been brought forward to confirm with regard to the three first Gospels,

2. éπeidńπeρ wodλoì, &c. Do you suppose the narratives of these persons to have been fabulous and false, or only defective and inaccurate?

VOL. XXIX.

CI, JI.

NO. LVIII.

2

3. In what point of view has the passage from "dihynow” to 66 Tou λóyou" been considered by Bishop Marsh?

4. πεπληροφορημένων. How do you deduce the meaning given to this word in our translation?

5. avтóπтαι kaì vrηpéraι. Whom do you suppose that St. Luke alludes to by this expression?

6. Tou Móyou. What meaning do you ascribe to this expression? Give your reasons.

7. πapηkoλovOŋkór. Render this word accurately into English, and illustrate it by classical authority.

8. Deópide. Is this word used here as a general appellative, or as a proper name? Give your reasons.

9. Karnxew. What is the primary sense of this word? Is it here necessarily limited to that sense, or may it be used in a more general one?

II. In the absence of all direct evidence upon the subject, where is it most probable that St. Luke composed his Gospel, and about what time?

How does the preface just quoted appear to refute the opinion held by some, that he wrote it at the request and dictation of St. Paul?

What peculiarities are observable in his style, and to what other parts of the New Testament does it bear the greatest resemblance? How may the defect of chronological arrangement in the facts and narratives of St. Luke's Gospel be satisfactorily accounted for?

What mention is made of St. Luke in Scripture, and whom did he accompany in his travels?

What other book in the Sacred Canon is it probable he wrote ? State the grounds of this probability.

III. Who was Marcion, and what where his tenets? What liberty has he been thought to have taken with St. Luke's gospel? Upon what authority does this rest, and to what credit is it entitled? How did he contribute to establish the genuineness and authenticity of our canonical Scripture?

IV. Explain the primary meaning of the word Siahкn, and how it comes to signify a testament?

What is the derivation of evayyéλov? How was its meaning restricted during the first century at least, and to what was it afterwards extended?

V. Draw a map of Palestine, divided according to the tribes. VI. Chap. xiii. 1. Τῶν Γαλιλαίων, ὧν τὸ αἷμα Πιλάτος ἔμιξε μετὰ τῶν θυσιῶν αὐτῶν.

Chap. xxiii. 6. Πιλάτος δὲ ἀκούσας Γαλιλαίαν, ἐπηρώτησεν, εἰ ὁ ἄνθρωπος Γαλιλαῖος ἐστίν.

What was the peculiar character of the Galilæans? From whom do we learn it? and how does it illustrate the foregoing quotations?

Was there any peculiarity in their dialect? If so, give some illustration of it from Scripture.

What reason can you give for our Saviour's being called a Galilæan, Matt. xxvi. 69?

VII. Ἐν ἔτει δὲ πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ τῆς ἡγεμονίας Τιβερίου Καίσαρος —καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὡσεὶ ἐτῶν τριάκοντα ἀρχόμενος, ὢν, ὡς ἐνομíZero, viòs 'Iwon. What chronological difficulty seems to exist here, and how may it be obviated?

VIII. Chap. ii. 1, 2. Εγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις, ἐξῆλθε δόγμα παρὰ Καίσαρος Αὐγούστου, ἀπογράφεσθαι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην. Αὕτη ἡ ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο ἡγεμονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας Κυρηνίου. Translate this passage: state its apparent anachronism, and the different methods which have been proposed for rectifying it: which do you prefer?

Are the words ἀπογράφεσθαι and ἀπογραφὴ rightly translated in our Version? If not, how ought they to be rendered?

Πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην. How must this expression be limited here? Give an instance from the New Testament of a similar limitation of it, as well as one of a more extended sense.

IX. What was the difference between τελώνης and δημοσιώνης ? How do you account for the hatred which the Jews so constantly expressed against the former? which of the Evangelists was a τελώνης? what was the office of ἀρχιτελώνης held by Zacchaus (chap. xix. 2.)?

Explain the terms γραμματεῖς and φαρισαῖοι. Why are they so often coupled together in a bad sense in the New Testament?

X. Evdokéw. What is the classical meaning of this word? and in what senses is it used by the writers of the New Testament?

δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πολλὰ παθεῖν καὶ ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων. With what peculiar restriction is the expression ỏ viòs Tоv åvОρúrov always used in the Gospels? What is the original sense of ἀποδοκιμάζω, and how is it here used ? οἱ πρεσβύτεροι. What are the different significations of this term in the New Testament? and what is the meaning in this passage?

τὸ πτερύγιον τοῦ ἱεροῦ. Is there any authority for our version of πτερύγιον ? Hesychius explains it by the synonymous term άκρω Týplov: from hence, how would you translate it?

Δηνάριον, Σουδάριον, &c. What kind of words are these used by St. Luke? Is there any evidence that a similar mode of usage was adopted by classical authors of the apostolic age?

ὃν τρόπον ὄρνις τὴν ἑαυτῆς νοσσιάν (συνάγει) ὑπὸ τὰς πτέρυγας. How comes the word voooià to signify the young of a bird?

γεύεσθαι θανάτου. From what language is this idiom drawn ? Chap. iii. 14. Επηρώτων δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ στρατευόμενοι λέγοντες, &c. What is the difference between στρατευόμενοι and στρατιῶται? How has the very appropriate use of the former word in this passage been shown by Michaelis; and to what argument is it applicable?