πόλεως ὑποδέξασθαι), τά τε ἄλλα ὅσον δυνατὸν ἑτοιμάσασθαι, καὶ μὴ ἐπὶ ἑτέροις γίγνεσθαι, μάλιστα δὲ χρήματα αὐτόθεν ὡς πλεῖστα ἔχειν. τὰ δὲ παρ ̓ Εγεσταίων, ἃ λέγεται ἐκεῖ ἑτοῖμα, 23 νομίσατε καὶ λόγῳ ἂν μάλιστα ἑτοῖμα εἶναι. ἢν γὰρ αὐτοὶ ἔλθωμεν ἐνθένδε μὴ ἀντίπαλον μόνον παρασκευασάμενοι, πλήν γε πρὸς τὸ μάχιμον αὐτῶν τὸ ὁπλιτικόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπερβάλλοντες τοῖς πᾶσιν, μόλις οὕτως οἷοί τε ἐσόμεθα τῶν μὲν κρατ τεῖν τὰ δὲ καὶ διασώσαι. πόλιν τε νομίσαι χρὴ ἐν ἀλλοφύλοις καὶ πολεμίοις οἰκιοῦντας ἰέναι, οὓς πρέπει τῇ πρώτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἂν κατάσχωσιν εὐθὺς κρατεῖν τῆς γῆς, ἢ εἰδέναι ὅτι ἢν σφάλλωνται πάντα πολέμια ἕξουσιν. ὅπερ ἐγὼ φοβούμενος, καὶ εἰδὼς πολλὰ μὲν ἡμᾶς δέον βουλεύσασθαι, ἔτι δὲ πλείω εὐτυχ ῆσαι (χαλεπὸν δὲ ἀνθρώπους ὄντας), ὅτι ἐλάχιστα τῇ τύχῃ παραδοὺς ἐμαυτὸν βούλομαι ἐκπλεῖν, παρασκευῇ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν

ἐπὶ ἑτέροις γίγνεσθαι] cf. αἱ ἐπιχειρήσεις ἐπ ̓ ἐκείνοις εἰσιν, ‘are in their hands,

VII. 12.

καὶ λόγῳ] ‘in word also when it comes to the test, as well as now.'

ΧΧΙΙΙ. πλήν γε πρὸς τὸ μάχιμον] 'except at least with reference to their heavy troops.' The Athenians must have a force not merely equivalent to the Syracusans in every branch, but far surpassing them: to this, the only exception was the Athenian heavy troops, for owing to their extreme efficiency and excellence in this respect, a force, inferior in actual numbers to that of the Syracusans, might be permitted.

οἷοί τε ἐσόμεθα] cf. ch. 12, under olos. It is difficult to account for the presence of Te in this phrase, as also in two or three other words, such as ὥστε, ὅς τε (who). This superfluous use of τε is most observable in early Epic and Ionic writers, where it occurs perpetually. Can the following account be the true one? In the early stage of a language, relatives are not in use, but in their stead a multiplicity of separate clauses are employed; for instance, the later expression, 'I saw a man who told me,'

&c. would be εἶδόν τινα καὶ ὅs, or ὅs τε ἔλεξεν, (assuming that ös was a personal pronoun). Subsequently, when ös became a relative, the re of course became superfluous, and was discarded, but in the transition state of the language (the date of early Epic poetry) the use varied between the two expressions, and was retained in a few words (from whatever cause) even in the Attic dialect. So olos Te was a remnant from the older form τοιοῦτος ἦν, οἷός τε ἦν, ‘He was such a man, and such as to...'

τὰ δὲ καὶ διασῶσαι] ‘and others to secure lastingly (διά) as well as conquer (καί.)

κρατεῖν τῆς γῆς] Κρατεῖν with a genitive usually means 'to get possession of,' 'to get into one's power.' Cf. tŵv te Χίων νεῶν ἑκράτησαν, to get possession of the Chian ships, VIII. 23. This rule however is not always observed : cf. VIII. 25, ἀμφοτέρων τῶν Δωριέων κρατῆσαι; but the accusative here would be more

common.

ἀνθρώπους ὄντας] sc. πολλὰ εὐτυχῆσαι. ἐκπλεῖν] This change of tense from present to aorist is puzzling. Possibly ἐκπλεῖν, according to the usual force of

εἰκότων ασφαλὴς ἐκπλεῦσαι. ταῦτα γὰρ τῇ τε ξυμπάσῃ πόλει βεβαιότατα ἡγοῦμαι καὶ ἡμῖν τοῖς στρατευσομένοις σωτήρια. εἰ δέ τῳ ἄλλως δοκεῖ, παρίημι αὐτῷ τὴν ἀρχήν.”

CH. XXIV.-XXVI. Result of Nicias' speech: increased eagerness for the attempt on Sicily; the requisite supplies voted.

Ὁ μὲν Νικίας τοσαῦτα εἶπε νομίζων τοὺς Αθηναίους τῷ 24 πλήθει τῶν πραγμάτων ἢ ἀποτρέψειν, ἢ εἰ ἀναγκάζοιτο στρατεύεσθαι, μάλιστα οὕτως ἀσφαλῶς ἐκπλεῦσαι· οἱ δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐπιθυμοῦν τοῦ πλοῦ οὐκ ἐξηρέθησαν ὑπὸ τοῦ ὀχλώδους τῆς παρασκευῆς, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον ὥρμηντο, καὶ τοὐναντίον περιέστη αὐτῷ· εὖ τε γὰρ παραινέσαι ἔδοξε καὶ ἀσφάλεια νῦν δὴ καὶ πολλὴ ἔσεσθαι. καὶ ἔρως ἐνέπεσε τοῖς πᾶσιν ὁμοίως ἐκπλεῦσαι· τοῖς μὲν γὰρ πρεσβυτέροις ὡς ἢ καταστρεψομένοις ἐφ ̓ ἃ ἔπλεον ἢ οὐδὲν ἂν σφαλεῖσαν μεγάλην δύναμιν, τοῖς δ ̓ ἐν τῇ

the present, has reference to the whole expedition, continued from first to last; while ἐκπλεῦσαι looks only to the single act of sailing from Athens on that expedition. I would construe therefore, 'I wish to be engaged throughout the expedition (ἐκπλεῖν) with the least possible reliance on fortune; and, in point of equipment at starting, to weigh anchor from home,' &c.

XXIV. μάλιστα ἐκπλεῦσαι] Some propose to insert av: 'thinking that he would sail.' Construe rather 'so thinking to sail,' 'thinking that he will sail.' This usage is not uncommon after verbs of thinking, hoping, and the like. Cf. νομίζων αὐτοὺς ναυτικούς γεγενημένους μέγα προφέρειν ἐς τὸ κτήσασθαι δύναμιν, I. 93; cf. also νομίζοντες προχωρεῖν τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν Αθηναίων, I. 127. In all these cases the use of the present or Aorist without av, for the future, seems to arise from a looseness of expression, or colloquialism.

περιέστη] Περί in composition means generally, (r) round, περιαγγέλλειν, ‘to send orders round ; περιαιρεῖν, to take or destroy all round ; περιστῆναι, στο have gone round and stopped at an

opposite point: cf. περιτυχεῖν, to fall around, or upon, 'to light upon.' (2) over and above, περιγένεσθαι, περιεῖναι, 'to be over and above,' 'to survive,' to remain; περιδεδιέναι, to be over and above alarmed.

εὔτε γὰρ ἔδοξε] sc. εὔτε γὰρ (ὁ Νικίας) ἔδοξε παραινέσαι καὶ ἀσφάλεια νῦν δὴ καὶ πολλὴ ἔδοξε ἔσεσθαι: ‘now certainly seemed sure to be largely forthcoming.'

ἔρως ἐνέπεσε] The construction here is irregular, ἔρως ἐνέπεσε is equivalent to ἐπεθύμουν, and with reference to this the nominative εὐέλπιδες ὄντες is used : with ὁ δὲ πολὺς ὅμιλος, ἐπεθύμει is repeated, and οἴσειν is governed by εὔελπις ὤν repeated ; εὐέλπιδες ὄντες and πόθῳ correspond. The sentence therefore runs ἔρως ἐνέπεσε τοῖς μὲν πρεσβυτέροις... τοῖς δὲ ἐν τῇ ἡλικίᾳ, πόθῳ τῆς ὄψεως...καὶ θεωρίας... καὶ ἐπεθύμουν) εὐέλπιδες ὄντες ...ὁ δὲ ὅμιλος (ἐπεθύμει) εὔελπις ὢν οἴσειν. Cf. τοῖς μὲν κατάπληξις ἐγένετο ὁρῶντες : sc. κατεπλάγησαν ὁρῶντες, VII. 42: cf. also τῷ Νικίᾳ καὶ Δημοσθένει ἐδόκει πυρὰ καύσαντες... sc. ὁ Ν. καὶ Δ. ἐν νῷ εἶχον &c. VII. 80.

ὡς ἂν σφαλεῖσαν] An accusative absolute. This is not uncommon with ὡς:

ἡλικίᾳ τῆς τε ἀπούσης πόθῳ ὄψεως καὶ θεωρίας, καὶ εὐέλπιδες ὄντες σωθήσεσθαι· ὁ δὲ πολὺς ὅμιλος καὶ στρατιώτης ἔν τε τῷ παρόντι ἀργύριον οἴσειν καὶ προσκτήσασθαι δύναμιν ὅθεν αΐδιον μισθοφορὰν ὑπάρξειν. ὥστε διὰ τὴν ἄγαν τῶν πλειόνων ἐπιθυμίαν, εἴ τῳ ἄρα καὶ μὴ ἤρεσκεν, δεδιὼς μὴ ἀντιχειροτονῶν 25 κακόνους δόξειεν εἶναι τῇ πόλει ἡσυχίαν ἦγεν. καὶ τέλος παρελθών τις τῶν ̓Αθηναίων καὶ παρακαλέσας τὸν Νικίαν οὐκ ἔφη χρῆναι προφασίζεσθαι οὐδὲ διαμέλλειν, ἀλλ ̓ ἐναντίον ἁπάντων ἤδη λέγειν ἥντινα αὐτῷ παρασκευὴν ̓Αθηναῖοι ψηφί σωνται. ὁ δὲ ἄκων μὲν εἶπεν ὅτι καὶ μετὰ τῶν ξυναρχόντων καθ ̓ ἡσυχίαν μᾶλλον βουλεύσοιτο, ὅσα μέντοι ἤδη δοκεῖν αὐτῷ, τριήρεσι μὲν οὐκ ἔλασσον ἢ ἑκατὸν πλευστέα εἶναι (αὐτῶν δ ̓ Αθηναίων ἔσεσθαι ὁπλιταγωγοὺς ὅσαι ἂν δοκῶσιν, καὶ ἄλλας ἐκ τῶν ξυμμάχων μεταπεμπτέας εἶναι), ὁπλίταις δὲ τοῖς ξύμ πασιν ̓Αθηναίων καὶ τῶν ξυμμάχων πεντακισχιλίων μὲν οὐκ ἐλάσσοσιν, ἢν δέ τι δύνωνται, καὶ πλείοσιν· τὴν δὲ ἄλλην παρασκευὴν ὡς κατὰ λόγον καὶ τοξοτῶν τῶν αὐτόθεν καὶ ἐκ

cf. πέμπειν αὐτοὺς ἐκέλευεν ναῦς ὡς οὐχ ἱκανὰς οὔσας τὰς ἑαυτῶν &c. VII. 31 : cf. also ὡς ἄγον ὂν τὸ πεπραγμένον, Ι. 134. Below πόθῳ and εὐέλπιδες ὄντεs are corresponding clauses, constructed differently.

προσκτήσασθαι] 'to make new conquests, whence they hoped to obtain a never-ending fountain of pay. Υπάρξειν depends on εὔελπις ήν repeated from εὔελπις ὤν.

εἴ τῳ ἄρα καὶ μὴ ἤρεσκε] • if perchance any one did even disapprove of the plan;' for such apparently is the force of ei åpa; but see on ch. 33.

XXV. ἤδη λέγειν] 'to say at once. ψηφίσωνται] ‘they are to vote. This is called the deliberative conjunctive : cf. πόσου πρίωμαί σοι τὰ χοιρίδια, ‘what am I to give you for them.' Arist. Acharn. 812.

ἄκων μὲν εἶπεν] This seems to be, as Arnold suggests, a contracted form for ἄκων μέν, ὅμως δὲ εἶπεν.

βουλεύσοιτο] The future optative is only used in the oratio obliqua, where

in the oratio directa the future indicative would be used. For instance, Nicias said, μετὰ τῶν ξυναρχόντων βουλεύ σομαι, therefore in the oratio obliqua εἶπεν ὅτι βουλεύσοιτο, where the optative is not owing to the sense of ‘would, but to the narration of another's words. Cf. τὰ μὲν ὡς κτήσοιντο, c. 30, where the optative is used to express that such were the thoughts of the spectators.

ὅσα μέντοι ἤδη] ‘however, as far as his opinion just then went.'

ὅσα μέντοι] Relative sentences when accessory to an accusative and infinitive, are themselves often put in the same form, although strictly they ought to be in the optative.

πλευστέα] This use of the plural for the singular is very common : cf. τῆς θαλάσσης ἀνθεκτέα ἐστί, I. 93 ; also σαφῶς μὲν εὐρεῖν ἀδύνατα ἦν, Ι. Ι.

καὶ τοξοτῶν] Το this καί, the και before σφενδονητών corresponds ; the intervening και connects αὐτόθεν, and ἐκ Κρήτης.

Κρήτης, καὶ σφενδονητῶν, καὶ ἤν τι ἄλλο πρέπον δοκῇ εἶναι, ἑτοιμασάμενοι ἄξειν. ἀκούσαντες δ ̓ οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι ἐψηφίσαντο 26 εὐθὺς αὐτοκράτορας εἶναι καὶ περὶ στρατιὰς πλήθους καὶ περὶ τοῦ παντὸς πλοῦ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς πράσσειν ᾗ ἂν αὐτοῖς δοκῇ ἄριστα εἶναι ̓Αθηναίοις. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἡ παρασκευὴ ἐγί γνετο, καὶ ἔς τε τοὺς ξυμμάχους ἔπεμπον καὶ αὐτόθεν καταλό γους ἐποιοῦντο. ἄρτι δ' ἀνειλήφει ἡ πόλις ἑαυτὴν ἀπὸ τῆς νόσου καὶ τοῦ ξυνεχούς πολέμου ἔς τε ἡλικίας πλῆθος ἐπιγεγενημένης καὶ ἐς χρημάτων ἄθροισιν διὰ τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν, ὥστε ῥᾷον πάντα ἐπορίζετο. καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐν παρασκευῇ ἦσαν.

CH. XXVII. XXIX. Sudden mutilation of the Hermæ at Athens. Alcibiades implicated: his trial however is deferred.

ἘΝ δὲ τούτῳ, ὅσοι Ἑρμαῖ ἦσαν λίθινοι ἐν τῇ πόλει τῇ 27 Αθηναίων (εἰσὶ δὲ κατὰ τὸ ἐπιχώριον, ἡ τετράγωνος ἐργασία, πολλοὶ καὶ ἐν ἰδίοις προθύροις καὶ ἐν ἱεροῖς), μιᾷ νυκτὶ οἱ πλεῖστοι περιεκόπησαν τὰ πρόσωπα. καὶ τοὺς δράσαντας

ἑτοιμασάμενοι ἄξειν] He speaks of the generals as including himself, and therefore uses the nominative on the principle οἱ φημὶ αὐτὸς εἶναι.

XXVI. ἐγίγνετο] This and the following imperfects are used to denote the long-continued occupation of the Athenians; according to the notion of the tense mentioned in ch. 6. Another meaning derived from this is that of intention incomplete : cf. ἐν τῇ πόλει τὴν ξύλληψιν ἐποιοῦντο, were for making the arrest, were preparing to make it. I. 134.

ἔς τε πλῆθος] both as regards the number of their ἡλικία, which had grown up to replace the old, (ἐπί).

ὥστε ἐπορίζετο] Ὥστε with an indicative implies that the consequence spoken of did actually take place: 'the city had recovered, so that the preparations which took place were more easily effected.' "nore with an infinitive, as a rule, does not imply this, but denotes a consequence, merely put as a mental repre

sentation, not as an actual fact: ὥστε πορίζεσθαι would only imply that the recovery of the state produced a capability of providing, a fitness for it, without asserting that the preparations were actually made it would be a mental representation, but not put as an actual fact. A necessary consequence of this distinction is, that a negative sentence of the first description contains οὐ ; of the second, contains μή.

καὶ οἱ μέν] The corresponding δέ is in the next chapter, ἐν δὲ τούτῳ. XXVII. ἡ τετράγωνος ἐργασία] These words are in apposition to 'Epuaî, the nominative case to εἰσί, and the article is used because the nature of these busts was known to every one. 'And these (the well-known square figures) exist in great numbers, according to the fashion of the country.'

περιεκόπησαν] There are a few verbs in Greek which take irregularly an accusative, although they are in the passive or middle voice. For instance, the

ᾔδει οὐδείς, ἀλλὰ μεγάλοις μηνύτροις δημοσίᾳ οὗτοί τε έζητοῦντο, καὶ προσέτι ἐψηφίσαντο καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλο τι οἶδεν ἀσέβημα γεγενημένον, μηνύειν ἀδεῶς τὸν βουλόμενον καὶ ἀστῶν καὶ ξένων καὶ δούλων. καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα μειζόνως ἐλάμβανον· τοῦ τε γὰρ ἔκπλου οἰωνὸς ἐδόκει εἶναι, καὶ ἐπὶ ξυνωμοσίᾳ ἅμα 28 νεωτέρων πραγμάτων καὶ δήμου καταλύσεως γεγενῆσθαι. μηνύε ται οὖν ἀπὸ μετοίκων τέ τινων καὶ ἀκολούθων περὶ μὲν τῶν Ἑρμῶν οὐδέν, ἄλλων δὲ ἀγαλμάτων περικοπαί τινες πρότερον ὑπὸ νεωτέρων μετὰ παιδιᾶς καὶ οἴνου γεγενημέναι, καὶ τὰ μυστήρια ἅμα ὡς ποιεῖται ἐν οἰκίαις ἐφ ̓ ὕβρει· ὧν καὶ τὸν ̓Αλκιβιάδην ἐπῃτιῶντο. καὶ αὐτὰ ὑπολαμβάνοντες οἱ μάλιστα τῷ ̓Αλκι βιάδη ἀχθόμενοι ἐμποδὼν ὄντι σφίσι μὴ αὐτοῖς τοῦ δήμου βεβαίως προεστάναι, καὶ νομίσαντες, εἰ αὐτὸν ἐξελάσειαν, πρῶτ τοι ἂν εἶναι, ἐμεγάλυνον, καὶ ἐβόων ὡς ἐπὶ δήμου καταλύσει τά τε μυστικὰ καὶ ἡ τῶν Ἑρμῶν περικοπὴ γένοιτο, καὶ οὐδὲν εἴη αὐτῶν ὅ τι οὐ μετ ̓ ἐκείνου ἐπράχθη, ἐπιλέγοντες τεκμήρια

regular construction of ἐπιτρέπω in the active is ἐπιτρέπω σοι τὴν οἰκονομίαν, when turned by the passive form, this becomes, not in the regular method, ǹ οἰκονομία ἐπιτρέπεταί σοι, but the accusative is retained, and what should be the object of reference, becomes the subject the form accordingly becomes ἐπιτρέπει τὴν οἰκονομίαν, ‘you have the stewardship placed in your hands.' In a similar way, οἱ πλεῖστοι περιεκόπησαν τὰ πρόσωπα is an idiomatic turn for τὰ πρόσωπα περιεκόπη τοῖς πλείστοις. Similarly ἀποτάμνεσθαι, ἐκκόπτεσθαι, and others, are used: εἴθ ̓ ἐξεκόπην τὸν ὀφθαλ μόν, Arist. Nubes, 1. 24. So I explain τὸν πόλεμον καταλελυμένους, in ch. 36, and τὸ ἐπιθυμοῦν οὐκ ἐξῃρέθησαν, in ch. 24, seems constructed on a similar principle, although it might be explained differently.

ἐζητοῦντο] The imperfect is used of the continued act, the aorist of the single proceeding.

οἶδεν γεγενημένον] All verbs of perception (intellectual or physical), such ας οἶδα, πυνθάνομαι, ὁρῶ, and the like,

take participles instead of infinitives: and the participle is in the nominative case if it refers to the subject of the verb b; otherwise in the accusative or other case: olda v, 'I know that I am,' οἶδα σε ὄντα, ‘I know that you are.

ἐπὶ ξυνωμοσίᾳ] This use of ἐπί, ‘with a view to, should be noticed : cf. ἐφ' ὕβρει, ἐπὶ καταλύσει, below.

XXVIII. μηνύεται &c.] sc. μηνύεται οὐδὲν περὶ μὲν τῶν ̔Ερμῶν, μηνύονται δὲ περικοπαί τινες, καὶ ἅμα μηνύεται ὡς τὰ μυστήρια ποιεῖται.

καὶ ̓Αλκιβιάδην] • Alcibiades amongst others. Below ὑπολαμβάνοντες has the notion of 'taking up a man from underneath,' and hence catching up.'

ἐμποδὼν ὄντι μὴ προεστάναι] cf. ch. I, sub διείργεται.

ἐβόων ὡς γένοιτο] ' continually clamoured that it was done.' The optatives in this sentence arise from the use of the oratio obliqua, depending on ἐβόων. οὐδὲν ὅτι οὐ] ‘nihil non : cf. VII. 87

extr.

ἐπιλέγοντες] mentioning as proofs to confirm it.'