is there any preaching. [6] And, on the other hand, if men speak to other men that which they do not claim for truth, if they use their powers of persuasion or of entertainment to make other men listen to their speculations, or do their will, or applaud their cleverness, that is not preaching either. [7] The first lacks personality. [8] The second lacks truth. [9] Now preaching is the bringing of truth through personality. [10] It must have both elements.

-Phillips Brooks.

"Lectures on Preaching.”

STUDY OF EXPOSITION.-We have here first the definition [1]. This definition is repeated [2] to throw emphasis on its two points (a) truth and (b) personality. The writer turns then to consider the absence of either of these qualities. He denies [3] that truth without personality or personality without truth is preaching— obverse iteration. He repeats this denial [4] with respect to personality (b). He supports his statement in [4] by examples-exposition by exemplification [5], and repeats the denial [3] as respects personality (6). Turning to truth (a), he supports [6] in his denial [3] by examples. Then [7] states the element lacking in [5], and [8] the element lacking in [6]. The term thus cleared up by obverse iteration, is now defined as at first [9], and its two elements once more emphasized [10].

COMPOSITION I.-Define and illustrate what is meant by one of the following:-1. Gentleman. 2. Snob. 3. Statesman. 4. Hero. 5. Poet. 6. Philosopher.

COMPOSITION 2.-Explain the different meanings of one of the following words :—1. Bank. 2. Vessel. 3. Craft. 4. Print. 5. Humour. 6. Grace. 7. Air.

Consult a good dictionary for etymology and meanings.

LESSON LXXIII.

Exposition is not limited to the intellectual processes, but at times has associated with it all the arts of persuasion, (see pp. 213 ff). Exposition then draws us by its grace and suggestion or stimulates us by its high conceptions.

3. THEME: INDIAN SUMMER.

The halcyon period of our autumn will always in some way be associated with the Indian. It is red and yellow and dusky like him. The smoke of his campfire seems again in the air. The memory of him pervades the woods. His plumes and moccasins and blanket of skins form just the costume the season demands. It was doubtless his chosen period. The gods smiled upon him then, if ever. The time of the chase, the season of the buck and the doe, and of the ripening of all forest fruits; the time when all men are incipient hunters, when the first frosts have given pungency to the air, when to be abroad on the hills or in the woods is a delight both old and young feel,-if the red aborigine ever had his summer of fullness and contentment, it must have been at this season, and it fitly bears his name.

-John Burroughs. From "Autumn Tides."

STUDY OF EXPOSITION.-The theme is the propriety of the term Indian Summer. The first sentence gives the general explanation of the term-the association of the Indian and the season; then follow details of the connection of the two, and a suggestion in explanation of the term "summer"; the general conclusion re-states

the theme, as something demonstrated. Study the means by which the bare exposition is here enriched.

COMPOSITION. Explain one of the following:1. April Fools' Day. 2. Christmas. 3. Easter. 4. St. Valentine's Day. 5. Father Time. 6. El Dorado.

4. THEME: THE FLAG OF ONE'S COUNTRY. One must have been a soldier, one must have passed the frontier and marched on roads that are no longer those of one's own land; one must have been far from one's country, severed from every word of the tongue that one has spoken from infancy; one must have said to himself during days of fatigue that all that remains of the absent country is that shred of silk which flutters yonder, in the centre of the battalion; one must have had no other rallying point in the smoke of battle than that bit of torn stuff in order to understand, in order to feel all that that sacred thing that one calls the flag contains in its folds.

The flag, in very truth, put in a single word, rendered palpable in a single object, is all that was, all that is the life of each one of us: the hearth where you were born, the bit of land where you grew up, the mother who rocks you, the father who scolds you, the first year, the first tear, the hopes, the dreams, the fancies, the recollections; it is all these joys at once, all gathered into one name, the finest of all names: our Country.

-Jules Claretie. "The Flag."

STUDY OF EXPOSITION-The definition here is made by bringing forward the chief associations of the term. Study their nature so as to see the deep, true springs

of noble pathos in this passage. Make a list of these

associations.

COMPOSITION 1.-Define what the British Flag stands

for.

COMPOSITION 2.-Define what Home is.

COMPOSITION 3.-Define what the Cross symbolizes.

ADDITIONAL THEMES.

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COMPOSITION I. The Theory of Tides. 2. The Principle of the Barometer. 3. Good Nature. 4. The Pleasures of Country Life. 5. The Pleasures of City Life. 6. Commerce as a Factor in Uniting Mankind. 7. The Uses of Reading. 8. How to Read. 9. The term Dog Days." 10. Explain what a Novel is as compared with a Tale, a Story, a Romance. II. The Drama and the Novel. 12. The Kinds of Poetry: Epic, Lyric, Narrative, Dramatic. 13. Kinds of Governments: Monarchy, Despotism, Oligarchy, Republic. 14. The Literature of Power and the Literature of Facts (De Quincey). 15. Canada's Obligations to Great Britain. 16. Imperial Federation: What it is.

CHAPTER I.-PURE ARGUMENT.

LESSON LXXIV.

Discourse intended to convince one of the truth or falsity of a statement is ARGUMENT. To establish a new fact we proceed from particular instances to a conclusion. Observing the death of many human beings we conclude, All men are mortal. Noting that a large class of phenomena can be explained only on the assumption of the rotundity of the earth we conclude, The earth is round. This method of reasoning from particulars to a conclusion is induction.

But we may deduce a conclusion from facts already known-out of two statements deriving a third. (1) All men are mortal (major premise, general statement). (2) Socrates is a man (minor premise, particular statement). (3) Therefore Socrates is mortal (conclusion). This is deduction. This logical form of two premises and a conclusion is called a syllogism. In popular speech one premise is usually understood. We say simply, This novel is a failure because it lacks action and character; but the full syllogism would be, The novels that lack action and character are failures (major premise). This novel lacks action and character (minor premise). Therefore this novel is a failure (conclusion). In ordinary reasoning the inductive and deductive methods are usually employed side by side.

Erroneous reasoning in Induction arises when the nature of the facts does not warrant the conclusion drawn, or when the number of cases observed is in