and objects of still life. His colouring is bold, and nothing can be finer than the effect which he gave to the vases and other ornaments introduced into his pictures. He was employed by the king of Spain at the Escuriel, where he had for a coadjutor Luca Giordano, who esteemed him highly on account of his amiable qualities, and his merit as an artist. He died in 1732. Pilk. ABACZIT (Firmin), a French writer, was born at Uzes in 1679. At the age of two years he had the misfortune to lose his father; but his mother, who was of the reformed religion, attended with the greatest care to his education; and to prevent him from being brought up in the Romish faith, caused him, to be conveyed to Geneva; for which act of maternal solicitude she was confined in the castle of Somieres. On regaining her liberty at the expiration of two years, she joined her son at Geneva, where the small remains of her fortune were in a considerable degree expended upon his tuition. His progress, however, amply repaid this care; and in 1698 he visited Holland, where he obtained the friendship of the principal refugees who had been driven thither by the repeal of the edict of Nantes. From Rot terdam he crossed over to England, and being introduced to Sir Isaac Newton, that great man was so pleased with his conversation as to say, in reference to a controversy then pending, "You are a very fit person to judge between Leibnitz and me." King William wished much to retain Abauzit in this country, and made him some flattering offers to that purpose; but these were declined, and filial affection drew him back to Geneva, where, in 1726, he lost his mother, and the same year was appointed librarian to the city. In 1730 he published an improved edition of Spon's History of Geneva, with

dissertations and notes.

Abauzit was a man

of the Boyne. After the victory, Abbadie returned to London, and officiated for some time at the French church in the Savoy, till his promotion to the deanery of Killaloe. He died in the parish of Mary-le-bone in 1727. Dean Abbadie was universally esteemed for the excellence of his character, and greatly admired as a preacher. He was well versed in the languages, a good scripturist, and orthodox without bigotry. His works are1. Sermons sur divers Textes de l'Ecriture, 8vo. 1680. 2. Panegyrique de M. l'Electeur de Brandenbourg, 4to. 1684. 3. Traité de la Verité de la Religion Chrêtienne. 8vo. This excellent work, which has gone through many editions, has been translated into English, in 2 vols. 4. Reflexions sur la Presence réele du Corps de J. C. dans l'Euchariste, 12mo. 1685. 5. Traité de le Divinitie de notre Seignieur Jesus Christ, 8vo. 1689. This also has been translated into English. 6. L'Art de se connoitre soi-meme, ou la Recherche des Sources de le Morale, 1692, 12mo. 7. Defence de la Nation Britannique, 1692, 8vo. This was an answer to a tract by Bayle on the English Revolution. 8. Panegyrique de Marie Reine d'Angleterre, 1695, 4to. 9. Histoire de la Conspiration dernière d'Angleterre, 1698, 8vo. This very scarce book was written by cominand of William III., and contains all the particulars of what was called the Assassination Plot. 10. La Verité de la Religion Reformée, 2 vols. 8vo. 1718. 11. Le Triomphe de la Providence et de la Religion, 4 vols. 12mo. 1723. This is a commentary on the Revelation. Besides these works, he published some single sermons, and had a concern in the French translation of the English Liturgy. Biog. Hist.

of a retiring disposition, and though some-
what inclined to Socinianism, no way ardent
for the promulgation of his opinions. He
was consulted by Voltaire and Rousseau,
the latter of whom wrote a flattering enco
mum upon him as the only philosopher
of his age. He died at Geneva, in 1767.
The principal of his works is an Essay on the
Apocalypse, in which he questions the cano-
nical authority of that book; though it is but
jast to say he altered his opinion on the sub-
ject, after having sent the treatise to Dr.
Twells, and received his answer.-Dict. Hist.
ABRADIE (James),
a French protestant

ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomet, to whose

pretensions he was at first an enemy, but afterwards became his disciple, and one of his generals. He saved the life of his nephew at the battle of Honain, by recalling the fugitive Arabs; for which his memory is much revered by the mussulmans, who consider him as a saint. His son Abbas is also regarded among the ornaments of Islamism, and bears the title of Doctor of Doctors. The dynasty of caliphs called Abbassides de

scended from these two chiefs. -D'Herbelot.

ABBAS (Hali), the same with Ali Ebnol Abbas, who is also called Magus, as being

one of the followers of Zerdusht or Zoroaster. He was a Persian physician, and wrote a pompous book on medicine, called

divine, was born at Hay, in Berne, in the royal work, because it was composed at 1654, according to some accounts, and in the command of the son of the caliph Ada1658, to another authority. After complet- do'daula, about the year 980.

A Latin ver

ing his theological studies, and taking mis sion of it has been printed both at Venice doctor's degree at Sedan, he went to Hol- and Leyden. An Arabic MS. of it is in land, and from thence to Berlin, where he the Leyden library, in 4 folio volumes. became pastor of the French church.

At

the revolution he accompanied marshal

Schomberg to

England, and was present

Friend's Hist. Phys.

ABBATI (Nicolo), an Italian artist, was born at Modena in 1512. He was the scholar

when that gallant general fell at the battle of Antonio Beggarelli, an eminent sculptor,

3

but quitted that profession for painting in fresco. It is remarkable, however, that notwithstanding his excellence and the celebrity of the pictures which he executed in the gallery and apartments at Fontainbleau, where he was associated with his countryman, Primatticcio, his real name is lost; that of Nicolo del Abbati being given to him from his connection with the above artist, who was abbot of St. Martin, near Troyes. There are few of his pictures in existence; but a series on the history of Ulysses has been engraved by Theodore Van Tulden. - Pilkington.

ABBATISSA (Paul), a native of Messina, and one of the most celebrated poets of Sicily, flourished about the year 1570. He translated into Italian verse the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

ABBATIUS (Baldus Angelus), an Italian physician of the 16th century. He was a native of Eugubio, and wrote 1. De Admirabili Viperæ Naturà, et de mirificis ejusdem facultatibus; of which work there have been four editions from 1589 to 1660. 2. Discussæ Concertationes de Rebus, Verbis et Sententiis Controversis, 1594, 4to.Nouv. Dict. Hist.

to Rome, to appease Gregory V., who had
threatened to lay France under an interdict.
Abbo succeeded in obtaining all that he de-
sired of the Pope; but on his return lost his
life in a quarrel between the French and the
He wrote an epitome
Gascons, in 1004.

of the Lives of the Popes; the Life of St.
Edmund, King and Martyr, printed in Su-
rius's Lives of the Saints; Letters, and va-
rious pieces on ecclesiastical subjects.— Cave
Hist. Lit. Du Pin.

ABBOT (George), Archbishop of Canterbury, was the second son of a cloth-worker at Guildford, in Surrey, and born there in 1562. A foolish story is told of a presage of his future greatness, while his mother was pregnant, and that in consequence of it he was patronised by some persons of eminence. But that this could not be true is plain, because his elder brother Robert received a university education as well as himself. George, after passing through Guildford school, entered at Baliol-college, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1597 he was chosen master of University-college, and two years after was made dean of Winchester. He served the office of vice-chancellor, in which he displayed great zeal against the espousers of the Arminian doctrines, and was remarkably hostile to Dr. Laud, who never forgot this enmity when he rose into favour at court. On the death of the earl of Dorset, Dr. Abbot obtained the patronage of the earl of Dunbar, with whom he went to Scotland, and while at Edinburgh had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with the particulars of the Gowrie conspiracy, of which he printed an account ABBO, (Cernuus), a monk of St. Germain. in 1608. The next year he was consecrated des-Pres, was the author of an historical poem bishop of Lichfield; and within a month in Latin on the siege of Paris by the Normans, translated to London, from whence, in about in the 9th century. It is a miserable composi- a year, he was elevated to the archbishopric. tion, and only valuable as being an accurate His zeal for Calvinism now alarmed many detail of operations witnessed by the writer, of the best friends to the church, especially who was himself a native of Normandy. The when the king, at his instigation, wrote to poem is in the collection of Duchesne, and the States to eject Vorstius from his profeshas been reprinted in the Nouvelles Annales sorship at Leyden, and in other respects bude Paris, published by Duplessis in 1753, sied himself in the persecution of the remonThere is also a French translation.-strants, who sent Grotius over to clear them

ABBIATI (Filippo), an Italian painter, was born at Milan in 1640, and died in 1715. He was the disciple of Nouvolone, and attained great eminence in historical subjects. To a remarkable fertility of invention, he added such a freedom of hand and lightness of touch, as made him very expeditious in his works, which were both in fresco and oil. Pilkington.

4to. Ibril.

ARRO (Floriacensis), or Abbot of Fleuri, a Benedictine monk of the 10th century. He was a native of the territory of Orleans, and educated in the abbey of which he afterwards became monk and abbot. Such was his reputation for learning, that when Os. wald, Bishop of Worcester, in 985, applied to the abbey of Fleuri for a proper person to preside over his monastery at Ramsay, Abbo was sent to England, where he became a great favourite with King Ethelred. On his return home, he suffered much from the bishops with whom he had to contend about the rights of his society. Though his adversaries were powerful; yet Abbo overcame all difficulties, and having gained the good

selves from the charges brought against them.
The archbishop, however, remained inflexi-
ble, and treated Grotius as a mere pretender
to letters. His grace acted more becoming-
ly in opposing the divorce of the lady Fran-
ces Howard, daughter to the earl of Suffolk,
from her husband the earl of Essex, though
the king was in favour of the separation.
In 1616, the archbishop of Spalato came
to England as a convert from popery, and
was well received by our primate, who thus
obtained Father Paul's History of the Coun-
cil of Trent, which he caused to be translated
and published. In 1618 his grace resisted
the publication of the Book of Sports, and
the year following founded a hospital at
Guildford, with a liberal endowment. The

R

which embittered the rest of his days. Being in a declining state of health, he went into Hampshire for recreation, and while on a bunting-party in Lord Zouch's park, he accidentally shot that nobleman's keeper, instead of the deer, with a cross-bow. This affair made a great noise, and, for a short time, the archiepiscopal office was suspended, till a commission had decided upon the irregularity. By them the case was left to the king, who passed a pardon and dispensation under the great seal. At the beginning of the next reign, the archbishop was suspended for refusing to license a sermon preached by one Sibthorpe, till some exceptionable passages were deleted. He did not, however, remain long under suspension, as his presence was necessary in parliament; but he never regained the royal favour, and died at Croydon, at the age of 71, in 1633. His remains were interred in the church of the Holy Trinity at Guildford, where a handsome monument was erected over his grave. His works are 1. Six Latin Lectures on Divinity, at Oxford, 1598, 4to. 2. Exposition of the Prophet Jonah, 4to. 1600. 3. Answer to the Questions of the Citizens of London, concerning Cheapside-Cross, 4to. 1641. 4. Translation of Part of the New Testament in the present Version of the Bible. 5. Sermon at the Funeral of Thomas Earl of Dorset, 4to. 6. A Brief Description of the whole World, 12mo. 1634. 7. Treatise of the Perpetual Visibility and Succession of the True Church, 4to. 1624. 8. A Narrative of the true Cause of his Sequestration and Disgrace at Court, written in 1627. This is printed in Rushworth's Collections. 9. History of the Massacre in the Valtaline, printed in the third volume of Fox's Acts and Monuments. 10. Judgment of the Archbishop concerning bowing at the Name of Jesus, printed at Hamburgh in 1632, 8vo. Besides these pieces, many of his letters and speeches are to be found in various collections. Biog. Britannica.

professor of divinity at Oxford, in which
situation he distinguished himself by his
lectures in vindication of the royal power,
against Bellarmine and Suarez.
In 1615,
he was consecrated bishop of Salisbury,
where he exerted himself with great dili-
gence in repairing the cathedral, and im-
proving the diocese: but his constitution
being worn out by incessant study, he en-
joyed the see little more than two years,
dying at his palace, March 2. 1617. He
was twice married, and the last time, much to
the displeasure of his brother the archbishop.
The principal of his works are-1. Anti-
christi Demonstratio, 4to. 1603. 2. De-
fence of the Reformed Catholic of William
Perkins, against Dr. William Bishop, 4to.
1606, 1609. 3, The Old Way, a sermon,

4to. 1610.

The True Ancient Roman Ca

tholic, 4to. 1611. 4. Antilogia; adversus apologiam Andreæ Eudemon-Johannis Jesuitæ pro Henrico Garnetto, 4to. 1613. 5. De Gratiâ et Perseverentiâ Sanctorum, 4to. 1618. 6. De amissione et intercessione justificationis et gratiæ, 4to. 1618. 7. De Suprema Potestate Regia, 4to. 1619. -Ibid.

ABBOT (Maurice), the youngest brother of the archbishop, was bred to trade, and became an eminent merchant in London. He was one of the first directors of the EastIndia Company, and acquired great reputation as a commissioner for negociating an agreement between that establishment and the Dutch Company, relative to the commerce of the Molucca Islands. He was afterwards one of the farmers of the customs, and a member of the council for settling the the colony of Virginia. On the accession of Charles I., he received the honour of knighthood, and sat in the first parliament called in that reign. In 1627, he served the office of sheriff, and that of lord mayor He died in 1640. His son, in 1638. George Abbot, fellow of Merton-college, Oxford, was the author of a Paraphrase on ABBOT (Robert), elder brother of the pre- the Book of Job; a Vindication of the Sabceding, was born at Guildford in 1560. At bath; and Notes on the Psalms. He sided the age of 15, he was matriculated at Baliol- with the parliament in the civil wars, and college, Oxford, where he took his master's took up arms in that cause, but died at the degree in 1582, and became so popular as a age of forty-four, in 1648. One Robert preacher, that a sermon of his at Paul's Abbot, probably of the same family, was inCross procured him the benefice of Bing- corporated M. A. at Oxford, from Camham, in Nottinghamshire. In 1597, he took bridge, in 1607. He was put into the his doctor's degree, and at the beginning sequestered living of St. Augustine, Watof the reign of James I. was made chaplain ling-street, after the deprivation of Mr. in ordinary to his majesty, who did him the Ephraim Udall, by the reigning faction, and honour of publishing his book, De Anti- died possessed of it, in 1653. He printed Another divine of christo, with his own commentary on the four sermons in 1659. Apocalypse annexed. In 1609, he was the same period, was an excellent botanist, elected master of Baliol-college, and the and afforded assistance to Johnson in his ediIbid. Pulteney. year following, nominated one of the fel- tion of Gerhard's Herbal. lows of the royal college, founded by King ABBT (Thomas), a German writer, was James at Chelsea; the doctor being con- born at Ulm, in 1738. At the age of sidered one of the first polemical divines of thirteen, he published a dissertation, entitled the age. In 1612, he was appointed regius" Historia Vitæ Magistra," which, though

B 3

which embittered the rest of his days. Being in a declining state of health, he went into Hampshire for recreation, and while on a hunting-party in Lord Zouch's park, he accidentally shot that nobleman's keeper, instead of the deer, with a cross-bow. This affair made a great noise, and, for a short time, the archiepiscopal office was suspended, till a commission had decided upon the irregularity. By them the case was left to the king, who passed a pardon and dispensation under the great seal. At the beginning of the next reign, the archbishop was suspended for refusing to license a sermon preached by one Sibthorpe, till some exceptionable passages were deleted. He did not, however, remain long under suspension, as his presence was necessary in parliament; but he never regained the royal favour, and died at Croydon, at the age of 71, in 1633. His remains were interred in the church of the Holy Trinity at Guildford, where a handsome monument was erected over his grave. His works are-1. Six Latin Lectures on Divinity, at Oxford, 1598, 4to. 2. Exposition of the Prophet Jonah, 4to. 1600. 3. Answer to the Questions of the Citizens of London, concerning Cheapside-Cross, 4to. 4. Translation of Part of the New Testament in the present Version of the Bible. 5. Sermon at the Funeral of Thomas Earl

1641.

of Dorset, 4to. 6. A Brief Description of the whole World, 12mo. 1634. 7. Treatise of the Perpetual Visibility and Succession of the True Church, 4to. 1624. 8. A Narrative of the true Cause of his Sequestration and Disgrace at Court, written in 1627. This is printed in Rushworth's Collections. 9. History of the Massacre in the Valtaline, printed in the third volume of Fox's Acts and Monuments. 10. Judgment of the Archbishop concerning bowing at the Name of Jesus, printed at Hamburgh in 1632, 8T0. Besides these pieces, many of his letters and speeches are to be found in various collections. - Biog. Britannica.

professor of divinity at Oxford, in which situation he distinguished himself by his lectures in vindication of the royal power, against Bellarmine and Suarez. In 1615, he was consecrated bishop of Salisbury, where he exerted himself with great diligence in repairing the cathedral, and improving the diocese: but his constitution being worn out by incessant study, he enjoyed the see little more than two years, dying at his palace, March 2. 1617. He was twice married, and the last time, much to the displeasure of his brother the archbishop. The principal of his works are-1. Antichristi Demonstratio, 4to. 1603. 2. Defence of the Reformed Catholic of William Perkins, against Dr. William Bishop, 4to. 1606, 1609. 3. The Old Way, a sermon, 4to. 1610. The True Ancient Roman Catholic, 4to. 1611. 4. Antilogia; adversus apologiam Andreæ Eudemon-Johannis Jesuitæ pro Henrico Garnetto, 4to. 1613. 5. De Gratiâ et Perseverentiâ Sanctorum, 4to. 1618.

6. De amissione et interces

sione justificationis et gratiæ, 4to. 1618. 7. De Suprema Potestate Regia, 4to. 1619. -Ibid.

ABBOT (Maurice), the youngest brother of the archbishop, was bred to trade, and became an eminent merchant in London. He was one of the first directors of the EastIndia Company, and acquired great reputation as a commissioner for negociating an agreement between that establishment and the Dutch Company, relative to the commerce of the Molucca Islands. He was afterwards one of the farmers of the customs, and a member of the council for settling the the colony of Virginia. On the accession of Charles I., he received the honour of knighthood, and sat in the first parliament called in that reign. In 1627, he served the office of sheriff, and that of lord mayor in 1638. He died in 1640. His son, George Abbot, fellow of Merton-college, Oxford, was the author of a Paraphrase on ABBOT (Robert), elder brother of the pre- the Book of Job; a Vindication of the Sabeeding, was born at Guildford in 1560. At bath; and Notes on the Psalms. He sided the age of 15, he was matriculated at Baliol- with the parliament in the civil wars, and college, Oxford, where he took his master's took up arms in that cause, but died at the degree in 1582, and became so popular as a age of forty-four, in 1648. One Robert preacher, that a sermon of his at Paul's Abbot, probably of the same family, was inCross procured him the benefice of Bing- corporated M. A. at Oxford, from Camham, in Nottinghamshire. In 1597, he took bridge, in 1607. He was put into the his doctor's degree, and at the beginning sequestered living of St. Augustine, Watof the reign of James I. was made chaplain ling-street, after the deprivation of Mr. in ordinary to his majesty, who did him the Ephraim Udall, by the reigning faction, and honour of publishing his book, De Anti- died possessed of it, in 1653. He printed Another divine of christo, with his own commentary on the four sermons in 1659. Apocalypse annexed. In 1609, he was the same period, was an excellent botanist, elected master of Baliol-college, and the and afforded assistance to Johnson in his ediIbid. Pulteney. year following, nominated one of the fel- tion of Gerhard's Herbal. lows of the royal college, founded by King James at Chelsea; the doctor being considered one of the first polemical divines of the age. In 1612, he was appointed regius

of

ABBT (Thomas), a German writer, was born at Ulm, in 1738. At the age thirteen, he published a dissertation, entitled "Historia Vitæ Magistra," which, though

B 3