ests of the church. Notwithstanding this, he fell into some trouble on account of the strictness of his government in regard to the manners of the clergy, particularly for convening a synod in 1638, and passing some canons; the legality of which was called in question. The bishop, however, persevered in his course, and among other good works performed by him, was that of procuring the common-prayer and Bible to be translated into Irish. This last was several years afterwards printed at the expense of the excellent Mr. Boyle. When the rebellion broke out, the bishop was at first unmolested, but, at length, he was seized with his family, and thrown into the castle of Cloughbouter, where they remained three weeks, and then were removed to the house of Dennis Sheridan, an Irish minister, who was suffered to live quietly by the rebels out of respect to his family. Here the good bishop breathed his last on the 7th of Feb. 1641, and two days after his remains were interred in the church-yard of Kilmore, with no other ceremony than that of the Irish firing a volley over his grave, shouting at the same time, "Requiescat in pace ultimus Anglorum!" "May the last of the English rest in peace!" He wrote a large treatise against popery. – Life by Burnet.

BEDERIC (Henry), an Augustine monk of the 14th century, who is called de Bury, from his being born at St. Edmund's Bury. He studied at Paris, where he became a doctor of the Sorbonne, but returned to England and was celebrated as an eloquent preacher. He was chosen provincial of his order, and died about 1380. Several of his works are extant in manuscript. - Biog. Brit.

BEDFORD (John Duke of), the third son of Henry IV. king of England. In 1422 he commanded the English army in France; and the same year was named regent of that kingdom for Henry VI. whom he caused to be proclaimed at Paris. He defeated the French fleet near Southampton, made himself master of Cotoi, entered Paris with his troops, and beat the duke of Alençon; thus making himself master of France. He died at Rouen in 1435, where a handsome monument was erected to his memory, which when Charles VIII. was advised to destroy, he said, "Let him rest in peace, who, when living, made all the French tremble.”. Moreri.

BEDFORD (Arthur), a divine of the church of England, was born at Tiddenham in Gloucestershire in 1668. At the age of sixteen he became a commoner of Brazenosecollege, Oxford, where he took his master's degree in 1691. The year following he was presented to the vicarage of Temple Church, Bristol, from whence some years afterwards he removed to Newton St. Loe in Somersetshire; but in 1724 he was chosen chaplain to Haberdashers' Hospital,

London, where he died in 1745. His works are-1. Serious Reflections on the Abuse of the Stage, 8vo. This was followed by some other tracts on the same subject. 2. The Temple of Music, 8vo. 3. The great Abuse of Music, 8vo. 4. Essay on singing David's Psalms, 8vo. 5. Animadversions on Sir Isaac Newton's Chronology, 8vo. 1728. 6. A Sermon at St. Botolph's, Aldgate, against Stage-plays, 1730, 8vo. 7. Observations on a Sermon preached by the Rev. A. S. Catcott, before the Corporation of Bristol, 8vo. 1736. 8. An Examination of Mr. Hutchinson's Remarks, and Mr. Catcott's Answer to the Observations, &c. 8vo. 1738. 9. Scripture Chro nology, folio, 1741. 10. Eight Sermons on the Doctrine of the Trinity, at Lady Moyer's Lecture, 8vo. 1740. 11. The Doctrine of Justification by Faith stated, 8vo. 1741. 12. Hora Mathematicæ vacuæ, or a Treatise on the Golden and Ecliptic Numbers, 8vo. 1743. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

BEDFORD (Hilkiah), an English divine, was born in London in 1663, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, on the foundation of Mr. Plat, his maternal grandfather. He afterwards obtained a fellowship, took his degrees in arts, and, on taking orders, was presented to a living in Lincolnshire, of which he was deprived at the Revolution for refusing the oaths of allegiance. He then kept a boarding-house for the Westminster scholars, but in 1714 he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment and a heavy fine for publishing the Hereditary Right of the Crown of England asserted, the real author of which was George Harbin. Mr. Bedford translated an Answer to Fontenelle's History of Oracles, and Dr. Barwick's Life, into English. He died in 1724. -Ibid.

BEDFORD (Thomas), son of the above, was educated at Westminster-school, from whence he removed to St. John's College, Cambridge, but never took any degree on account of his attachment to the nonjurors, among whom he exercised the ministry at Compton in Derbyshire, where he died in 1773. He published, in 1732, Simeonis monachi Dunelmensis libellus de exordio atque procursu Dunelmensis ecclesiæ, 8vo. He also wrote an historical Catechisin, 8vo. 1742. — Ibid.

BEDLOE (Capt. William), an infamous character who pretended to give evidence respecting the murder of sir Edmundbury Godfrey, for which he was rewarded by the Commons with 500. He died at Bristol in 1680. In 1679 a play was published with his name, entitled "The Excommunicated Prince;" but Wood says the real author was Thomas Walter, M. A. — Biog. Dram.

BEDRASCHI, the rabbi Jedaia, called likewise Happenini Aubonet Abram, a Jew who flourished in Spain in the thirteenth century. He wrote "Bechinat Olam," the Valuation

of the World, printed at Mantua in 1476. Several versions in Latin of this work have been published. Dict. Hist. BEEKMAN (John Anthony), professor of philosophy at Gottingen, was born at Hoye in the electorate of Hanover in 1739, and died in 1811, having filled the chair near forty-five years. His works are-1. A History of Discoveries and Inventions, 5 vols. Svo. 2. History of the earliest Voyages made in modern times. 3. An edition of the treatise ascribed to Aristotle, entitled "De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus;" another of the wonderful histories of Antigonus Carystius; and also of Marbodius's treatise on Stones. Many of his papers are in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Gottingen.-Supplem. Encyclop. Brit.

BEGA, or BEGYN (Cornelius), a Dutch painter, was born at Haerlem in 1620, and died of the plague in 1664. He excelled in landscape, cattle, and conversations, and his pictures are held in great esteem. Habraken.

BEGER (Lawrence), a German writer, was born at Heidelberg in 1653, and died at Berlin in 1705. He wrote-1. Thesaurus en Thesauro Palatino selectus, seu Gemmæ, fia 2. Spicilegium Antiquitatis, folio. & Thesaurus, sive Gemma, Numismata, &c. 3 vols. folio; and several other learned works, one of which is in defence of Poly-Moreri.

BEGON (Michael), born at Blois in 1638. He became intendant of the French WestIndia islands, and died in 1710. He collaced a noble library, and a cabinet of ques and curiosities. He also caused to be engraved, portraits of the illustrious men of the 17th century. — Ibid.

BEGUILLET (Edmund), advocate in the parlament of Dijon, and correspondent of the Academy of Belles-Lettres, died in 1786. His works are-1. Des Principes de la Vegetation, et de l'Agriculture, 8vo. 2. Memoire sur les Avantages de la Mouture economique, et du Commerce des Farines en Detail, 8vo. 3. Oenologie, ou Traité de la Vigne et des Vins, 12mo. 4. Dissertation sur Ergot, ou Blé cornu, 4to. 5. Traité de la Connoisance general des Grains, 3 vols. 8vo. 6. Manuel de meunier et du charpentier des Moulins, 8vo. 7. Traité general des Substances, et des Grains, 6 vols. 8vo. Dict. Ho BEHAM (Hans), or John Sebald, a painter and engraver of Nuremberg, in the 16th century. He copied the manner of Aldegrever and Durer, engraving both on wood and copper. He also etched a few plates, but these are the most indifferent of his works. His pictures were held in conderable estimation by his contemporaries, and poems were published in their praise. His brother Bartholomew Beham, who lived Rome, was also a good engraver, and a

-

disciple of Marc Antonio, whose manner he copied. - Strutt's Dict.

BEHEM (Martin), or BEHAIM, an eminent geographer, and navigator, was born at Nuremberg. In 1459, he was employed by John I., king of Portugal, on a voyage of discovery, and the next year established a colony of Flemings, on the island of Fayal. In 1484, Behem is said to have discovered Brazil, and the Straits of Magellan: whence it has been inferred, that Columbus obtained information respecting the existence of a western continent, from Behem himself or some of his companions when he visited Madeira. The fact of Behem's previous discovery, however, seems to be put beyond doubt, by his letters in the archives of Nuremberg; the public records of that city, and the Latin chronicle of Hartman Schedl. King John conferred on him the honour of knighthood, made him governor of Fayal, and distinguished him by other marks of royal favour. He died at Lisbon, in 1506. A terrestrial globe of his construction is still preserved in the public library of Nuremberg.

American Philosophical Transactions.

BEHN (Aphra), an English writer, whose maiden name was Johnson: and her father was appointed lieutenant-general of Surinam, but died on his passage. The family, however, proceeded to that settlement, where Aphra became acquainted with Oroonoko, whose story she afterwards gave to the public. On her return to England she married Mr. Behn, a merchant of London. In 1666 she was at Antwerp, where she discovered the design of the Dutch to send a fleet up the Thames, which she communicated to the English court, but the intelligence was treated with contempt. Not long after this, she returned to London, and devoted herself to pleasure and the muses. She wrote several poems, plays, histories, and novels, which evince a lively imagination, but are marked by licentiousness. She died in 1689, and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster abbey.-Biog. Brit.

BEHRENS (Conrad Bertold), a physician, was born at Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, in 1660, and died in 1736. He was physician to the duke of Brunswick Lunenburgh, and published -1. De Constitutione Artis medicæ, 8vo. 2. The Legal Physician. 3. Selecta Medica de Medicine natura et certitudine. 4. Selecta Dietetica. His son and grandson were both physicians, and medical writers.-Dict. Hist.

BEIDHAVI, a Mahommedan writer, who was cadi or judge of Schiraz in Persia, from whence he removed to Zauris, where he died in 1291. He wrote a Commentary on the Koran. — D' Herbelot.

BEIER (Adrian), law professor at Jena, of which city he was a native, being born in 1634, and died in 1712. His works are1. Tyro prudentiæ juris Opificiali Præcur

sorum Emissarius, 4to. 2. Tractatus de jure prohibendi, quod competit opificibus in opifices, 4to. 3. Boethus, peregre redux conspectibus et judice conspicuus, 4to. Dict. Hist.

BEINASCHI (John Baptist), an historical painter, was a native of Piedmont, and studied at Rome under Lanfranc. He obtained the honour of knighthood, and died in 1638, aged 54. — Pilkington.

BEISCH OF BEICH (Joachim Francis), a painter, was born at Ravensburgh, in Suabia, in 1665, and died in 1748. He painted battle-pieces, and was employed at the court of Munich, by the elector Maximilian Emanuel. His landscapes are also very fine. — Ibid.

BEITHAR, OF EEN BEITHAR, an African botanist, who died in the 646th year of the hejira. He compiled a general History of Plants in Arabic, another work on the medicinal use of Herbs, and a defence of his opinions. D'Herbelot.

BEK OF BEC (Anthony), an English divine, who was advanced from the archdeaconry to the bishopric of Durham in 1283. He is said to have been the richest prelate that ever enjoyed that see; yet he lived splendidly, and kept up great state. He assisted Edward I. in his war against Baliol, and was sent by that monarch ambassador to the emperor of Germany. In 1305 the pope conferred on him the title of patriarch of Jerusalem, and about the same time the king gave him the principality of the Isle of Man. This bishop built a number of castles, founded a priory in Lincolnshire, and a collegiate church at Chester le Street.

He

died at his castle of Eltham in Kent, in 1310, and was buried in the cathedral of Durham. - Biog. Brit.

BEK or BECK (David) a painter, was born at Delft in 1621. He studied under Vandyke, and other celebrated masters, after which he visited England, where he was in great favour with Charles I., who appointed him drawing master to the two eldest princes, His manner of painting was so rapid, that the same king used to say, "He believed Beck could paint, while riding post." On leaving England, he entered into the service of Christina, queen of Sweden, who sent him to paint the portraits of the different sovereigns in Europe. He quitted the Swedish court abruptly, and died suddenly at the Hague in 1656. Once when Beck was travelling in Germany he was taken suddenly ill at an inn, and was laid out for dead. His two servants were much grieved for the loss of so good a master; and while sitting up to watch the corpse, with a bottle of brandy before them, one of them said, “ Our master was fond of a glass in his life-time; therefore, out of gratitude let us give him one now he is dead." This was assented to, and while one held up the head, the other endeavoured

BEKENSAU (John), an English writer, was born at Broadchalk, in Wiltshire, and educated at Wykeham's school, near Winchester, from whence he removed to Newcollege, Oxford, of which he was admitted perpetual fellow, in 1520. In 1526, he took his master's degree, at which time he was distinguished by his knowledge of Greek. In 1538, he resigned his fellowship, and married. During the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI., and queen Mary, he was in favour at court, but on the accession of Elizabeth, he retired in discontent, having become a zealous Romanist; and died at Sherbourne in Hampshire, in 1559. Notwithstanding his attachment to the church of Rome, he wrote a book against the papal supremacy, entitled, "De Supremo et absoluto Regis Imperio," dedicated to Henry VIII., and printed at London in 1546, 8vo. - Biog. Brit.

BEKKER (Balthasar), a Dutch writer, was born at Warthuisen, in the province of Groningen, in 1634. He studied with reputation at Groningen and Franeker, after which he was chosen minister at Oosterlingen, a village near the last-mentioned city. In 1665, he took his doctor's degree, and the year following was appointed one of the ministers of Franeker, where however he fell into trouble, on account of some objectionable positions, advanced by him in two parochial catechisms which he published. These were condemned in one synod, and excused in another; yet Bekker was so much harassed by the prosecution, that he first removed to Loenen; next to Wesop; and lastly to Amsterdam, where he raised another storm, by his book entitled, “The World bewitched," published in 1691. In this work he endeavours to overthrow the

doctrine of spiritual agency upon matter, but while opposing the superstitious notions of possessions, witchcraft, and enchantments, he pushes his principles to the extremity by denying the power, if not the existence of demons. Such a system could not well pass without contention, and the author met not only with a host of adversaries in print, but he was deposed from his pastoral charge. He died in 1698. His treatise has been translated into English, and answered by Beaumont. Moreri.

BEL (John James), counsellor of the parliament of Bourdeaux, where he was born in 1693. He received his education in the college of the Oratory, at Juilly, after which he studied the law; and in 1720 was

estate.

admitted an advocate. In 1781 he succeeded his father as treasurer of France, and in 1736 was chosen director of the academy of Bourdeaux, to which at his death, in 1738, be left his house, library, and an His works are-1. Apologie de M. Houdart de la Motte, de l'Academie Françoise, 8vo. 2 Dictionnaire Neologique. 3. A Criticism on the Mariamne of Voltaire, &c.-Dict. Hist.

BEL OF BELIUS (Mathias), an Hungarian writer, was born at Otsova in 1684, and studied at Halle, where he made a great proficiency in learning. On his return borne, he applied diligently to the study of the history of Hungary, on which he wrote many valuable works, as-1. De vetere Literatura Hunno-Scythica Exercitatio, 4to. 2 Hungariæ antiquæ et novæ Prodromus, folio. 3. De Peregrinatione Linguæ Hungarica in Europam. 4. Apparatus ad Historiam Hungariæ, folio. 5. Amplissinge historico criticæ Præfationes in Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum veteres ac genumos, 3 vols. fol. 6. Notitia Hungariæ Bore historico-geographica, 4 vols. folio.He died in 1749. His son Charles Andrew, was in 1741 appointed professor extraordinary of philosophy at Leipsic, also professor of poetry, and librarian to that university, with the title of Counsellor of State. He put an end to himself in 1782. He wrote "De vera Origine et Epocha Heanorum," 4to. ; and was the editor of the "Acta Eruditorum," from 1754 to 1781.. Dut. Hist.

BELCHIER (John), an English surgeon, born in 1706, at Kingston in Surrey. He was educated at Eton, and served his apprenticeship to Cheselden, under whom be made a great proficiency. In 1736 he became surgeon to Guy's Hospital, and fellow of the Royal Society, in whose Transactions are several of his communications. He died in 1785. - Europ. Mag. vol. vii. BELGRADO (James), an Italian Jesuit, was born in 1704 at Udina, and died at Bologna in 1789. He was an eminent mathematician and antiquary. His works in Latin and Italian are numerous. They are almost entirely on scientific subjects, but the principal is a geometrical demonstration of the existence of a deity, 4to. 1777.-Dict. Hist.

BELGRAVE (Richard), a writer of the 14th century, was born at a town of the same name in Leicestershire, and educated at Cambridge, where he took his degree of D. D. and entered into the society of Carmelite frars. He flourished in 1320, and wrote Theological Determinations, and works

Biog. Brit.

other

BRIIDOR (Bernard Forest de), a celetrated engineer, was born in Catalonia in 1697. He studied mathematics with such saccess, that, at an early age, he was appointed royal professor of the artillery school of La Fere. He also obtained the situation

of provincial commissary of the artillery; but was deprived of both places for communicating, without the knowledge of the master of the ordnance, a plan of economy in the article of powder to the prime minister. The prince of Conti, however, took him to Italy, gave him the cross of St. Louis, and thus made up for the loss which he had sustained. He was afterwards appointed inspector of the artillery, and died at Paris in 1761. His works are-1. Sommaire d'un cours de Architecture militaire, civil, et hydraulique, 12mo. 2. Nouveau cours de mathematique. 4to. 3. La Science des Ingenieurs, 4to. çoise, 4to. 5. Architecture hydraulique, 4 vols. 4to. 6. Dictionnaire portatif de l'Ingenieur, 8vo. 7. Traite des Fortifi8. La Science des Incations, 2 vols. 4to. genieurs dans la conduite des travaux les Fortifications, 4to. — Dict. Hist.

4. Le Bombardier Fran

BELING (Richard), an Irish writer, was born at Belingstown, in the county of Dublin, in 1613. He was concerned in the rebellion of 1641, and became an officer, and ambassador from the council of Kilkenny to the pope in 1645. On his return he went over to the marquis of Ormond, to whom he was of great service; and at the restoration recovered his estates. He died at Dublin in 1677. He wrote, in Latin, Vindiciarum Catholicorum Hiberniæ, &c. - Biog. Brit.

In

In

BELISARIUS, general of the armies of Justinian, and one of the greatest commanders of his age. In 529 he marched against Cabades, king of Persia, in which expedition he was very fortunate, but was recalled to conduct the war in Africa. 532, after concluding a peace with Persia, he returned to Constantinople, where he quelled a dangerous insurrection, and mainThe year tained Justinian on the throne. following he renewed the war in Africa, subdued Carthage, and defeated Gilimer, the usurper of the Vandalian throne. 535, being consul, he reduced Sicily, and the year following entered Rome, which he defended against Vitiges, whom he conquered and led captive to Constantinople in 540. The next year Belisarius went again into the east, where he spoiled Assyria; after which he returned to Italy, and defeated Totila, who had made himself master of Rome. Notwithstanding these services, he fell under the displeasure of Justinian, who confiscated his estates; but Belisarius recovered them and the royal favour, though a romantic account has obtained general circulation, that, after being deprived of his sight, he was reduced to the condition of a common beggar. He died in 565. Procopius de Bell. Goth. Gibbon's Roman Empire.

BELL (Beaupré), an English antiquary, was born of an ancient family in Norfolk, and educated at Westminster-school, from

whence he removed to Trinity-college, Cambridge in 1723. He did not long enjoy his patrimonial estate, dying of a consumption on the road to Bath in August, 1745. He left the reversion of his property after the death of his sister to Trinity-college, but the lady marrying the entail was cut off. Mr. Bell was a member of the Spalding Society of Antiquaries, and contributed much valuable assistance to learned writers, particularly Dr. Stukely. In 1734 he published proposals for a work entitled "Tabulæ Augustæ, sive Imperatorum Romanorum, Augustorum, Casarum, Tyrannorum, et illustrium virorum, à Cn. Pompeio magno ad Heracl. Aug. series Chronolo. gica;" but the design was never completed.

Nichols's Life of Bouyer.

BELL ( William), an English divine, who was educated at Magdalen-college, Cambridge, of which society he became fellow, and proceeded there to the degree of D. D. after having obtained several academical prizes, particularly one in 1756 for a dissertation on the causes which principally contribute to render a nation populous. This was published the same year, and gained for the author considerable applause. Dr. Bell was domestic chaplain and secretary to the princess Amelia, daughter of George II., and, in virtue of that connection, obtained a prebendal stall in Westminster-abbey, which he held to his death in 1816, aged 85. Before his demise he transferred 15,2002. in the three per cents. to the university of Cambridge, in trust for eight scholarships for the orphan sons of poor clergymen. His other charities were also considerable. Besides the tract already mentioned, he was the author of -1 An Inquiry into the divine Missions of John Baptist and Jesus Christ, 8vo. 1760; a second edition of this appeared in 1795. 2. A Sermon at the Consecration of Dr. Thomas, bishop of Rochester, 1774. 3. An Attempt to ascertain and illustrate the Authority, Nature, and Design of the Lord's Supper, 8vo. Of this volume, which was answered by bishop Bagot, he published an abridgment. The doctrine maintained in both is that of Hoadley. Dr. Bell published the last sentiments of father Courayer; and his own sermons have been since edited by the Rev. Mr. Allen.-Gent. Mag.

BELLA (Stefano de la), an engraver, was born at Florence in 1610. After following the manner of Callot for some time, he took an original turn, equally free and spirited. Cardinal Richelieu patronized him in France, and, on his return to Florence, he obtained a pension from the grand duke.

He died in 1664. - Strutt.

BELLAMY (Thomas) was born in 1745 at Kingston upon Thames, and brought up to the business of a hosier, in which line he set up for himself; but after carrying on trade twenty years in London, he relinquished it,

and devoted his attention to literary pursuits. He projected the "Monthly Mirror," a periodical publication; published also "Sadaski," a novel; "The Friends," a musical interlude; and "Lessons from Life," for young persons. He died in 1800. - Biog.

Dram.

BELLARMIN (Robert), a learned Jesuit and cardinal, was born in Tuscany in 1542. At the age of eighteen he was admitted a member of the order to which he proved so great an ornament; and, in 1569, was ordained priest at Ghent. Soon after this he taught divinity at Louvain, and after living some years in the Low Countries, he returned to Rome, where he read lectures in theology with so much applause, that pope Sixtus V. appointed him to attend his legate to France, where he continued about ten months. After this he obtained several offices, and, in 1599, was created a cardinal, to which was added the archbishopric of Capua; but this last he resigned in 1605. He was now employed in managing the affairs of the court of Rome till 1621, when, on account of his health, he retired to the college of Jesuits, where he died on the 7th of September the same year. He was held in such estimation by the people of Rome, that all ranks attended his funeral, and almost venerated his body as that of a saint, which is a proof of the excellence of his character. No man, except Baronius, ever renderød the church of Rome equal service with Bellarmin, whose controversial powers were felt and acknowledged by the number and weight of his protestant adversaries. Yet his treatise on the power of the pope was objected to by some of his own communion, and his works were prohibited in France as derogatory to the rights of the Gallican church. Though a Jesuit, he inclined pretty much to St. Augustine's opinions in the doctrine of grace and predestination. best edition of his books on Controversy is that of Cologne, 4 vols. fol. 1615.— Moreri.

The