St. Saire, was born in 1658, and educated at Juilli, under the fathers of the oratory. He died in 1722. His works are-1. A History of the Arabians, 12mo. 2. Memoires sur l'ancien Gouvernement de France, 3 vols. 12mo. 3. Histoire de France, 3 vols. 12mo. 4. L'Etat de la France, 6 vols. 12mo. 5. Memoire sur l'Administration des Finances, 2 vols. 12mo. 6. Histoire de la Pairie de France, 12mo. 7. Dissertations sur la Noblesse de France, 12mo. 8. Refutation des Erreurs de Benoit Spinosa, 12mo. This is a posthumous work, and of a most pernicious tendency, being a defence of Spinosism, under the pretext of a refutation. 9. Vie de Mahomet; French and English, Svo. This was printed in London. Dict. Hist.

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BOULANGER (John), a French engraver, who lived about the year 1657. He adopted and improved that dotted style which of late has been carried to such a high degree of perfection in England. He engraved many scriptural prints, and some portraits, particularly one of Charles II. of England. There was another artist of this name wher was a painter, born in 1606, and died in 1660. He was a pupil of Guido; and painted several pictures at Modena. — Strutt and Pilkington.

a

BOULANGER (Nicholas Anthony), French deist, was born at Paris in 1722, and died in 1759. He became engineer to the baron of Thiers, and afterwards superintendant of the highways and bridges. He wrote 1. Traité du Despotisme Orientale, 2 vols. 12mo. 2. L'Antiquité devoilé, par ses Usages, 3 vols. 12mo. 3. A Dissertation on Elisha and Enoch; and some articles in the Encyclopedie. - Dict. Hist.

BOULLONGNE (Louis de), a French painter, was born at Paris in 1609. He became painter to the king, and professor in the academy, and died in 1674, leaving two sons, Bon and Louis. The first was born at Paris in 1649, and died in 1717. He painted several fine pictures for Louis XIV. and the churches at Paris. He was also an engraver. Louis de Boullongne was born at Paris in 1654, and died in 1734. He was a member of the academy, and received from Louis XIV. the order of St. Michael. Two sisters of this family also distinguished themselves in the same line, and were members of the academy. - Pilkington.

BOULTER (Hugh), an exemplary prelate, was born in London in 1671, and educated at Merchant Taylors' school, from whence he removed to Christ-church, Oxford, and afterwards became fellow of Magdalen-college. About 1700 he obtained the living of St. Olave, Southwark, and the archdeaconry of Surrey. In 1719 he became chaplain to George I. and tutor to prince Frederic, for which he was rewarded with the Jeanry of Christ-church, and the same year consecrated bishop of Bristol. In 1724 he

was nominated to the see of Armagh in Ire land, which he accepted with reluctance. In this station he proved a blessing to that kingdom, by attending all public boards, promoting every measure of public utility, and distributing large sums in charity. By his management the scarcity of silver coin was remedied, and he more than once averted from Ireland both pestilence and famine. He maintained several sons of poor clergymen at the university, built and endowed hospitals, enlarged small livings, and procured a charter for the incorporated society for promoting the protestant schools in Ireland. He died in London in 1742, and was buried in Westminster-abbey. He assisted Ambrose Phillips, who was his secretary, in writing the Free Thinker; and a collection of his Letters was printed at Oxford in 1769, 2 vols. 8vo. — Biog. Brit.

BOULTON (Matthew), was born at Birmingham in 1728, and educated at a private school in the same town, after which he learnt drawing under Worlidge, and mathematics from one Cooper. Being brought up to business, he as early as 1745 had made several important inventions in the manufacture of steel. In 1762 he removed his works to Soho, in the county of Stafford, about two miles from Birmingham, and at that time a barren heath. This spot he by degrees made a complete school of mechanical genius, from whence proceeded various ornaments, which have found their way over the whole globe. In 1767 Mr. Boulton had recourse to the steam-engine for the furtherance of his designs; and two years afterwards he entered into partnership with Mr. James Watt, of Glasgow, who had made great improvements in that instrument of power. By this co-operation the steam-engine was carried to an astonishing height of perfection, particularly in coining; and the pieces struck at Soho possess a beauty and exactness which cannot be excelled by any medals, ancient or modern. About 1778 the art of copying pictures in oil colours by a mechanical process was invented at this manufactory, and to such a degree that the copies were taken for originals even by connoisseurs. Mr. Boulton was a fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and a member of several foreign institutions. He died at Soho in 1809; and was succeeded by his only son. - Memoirs published at Birmingham, 8vo.

BOUQUET (Dom Martin), a benedictine of St. Maur, was born in 1685 at Amiens, and died at Paris in 1754. He assisted Montfaucon in his compilations, and published himself a Collection of the Historians of France, in 9 vols. folio, since extended to sixteen volumes. - Dict. Hist.

BOURBON, or BORBONIUS (Nicholas), a modern Latin poet, was born in 1503 at Vandeuvre, near Langres. He was preceptor to Jane d'Albret de Navarre, mother

of Henry IV. and afterwards had a benefice at Conde, where he died about 1550. He left eight books of epigrams, and a didactic poem on the forge, entitled "Ferrarie," 8vo. 1539. He was also the author of a moral work for children," De puerorum moribus,' 1536, 4to. He often visited England, and was very intimate with archbishop Cranmer, sir Thomas More, and other great men. His nephew, Nicholas Bourbon, was much superior to him as a Greek and Latin poet. He became professor of rhetoric at the royal college, canon of Langres, and a member of the academy. He died in 1644, aged 70. His Latin poems were printed at Paris in 1651, 12mo. - - Moreri.

BOURCHIER (Sir John), lord Berners, was the son of sir Humphrey Bourchier, who fell on the side of Edward IV. at the battle of Barnet, his father, sir John Bourchier, lord Berners, being then living. The latter died in 1474, when the subject of this article was only seven years old. He was educated at Baliol-college, Oxford, and afterwards travelled for improvement. In 1495 he suppressed the rebels of Cornwall and Devon; and in 1513 acted as captain of the pioneers at the siege of Therouenne. The year following he was made chancellor of the exchequer, and attended the king's sister, lady Mary, to France, on her marriage with Louis XII. He was afterwards appointed lieutenant of Calais, where he died in 1532. He translated Froissart's Chronicle into English, 2 vols. folio, 1523; and his other works are, "The Life of Sir Arthur, an Armorican Knight;"" The famous exploits of Sir Hugh of Bourdeaux;""The Castle of Love;" a book " of the Duties of the Inhabitants of Calais ;" and a comedy entitled "Ite in Vineam."- Wood's Athen. Oron.

BOURCHIER (Thomas), archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of William Bourchier, earl of Ewe in Normandy, and a near relation of the preceding lord Berners. He was educated in Neville's-inn, at Oxford, of which university he became chancellor. In 1433 he was made bishop of Worcester, where he had not sat a year when he was elected to the see of Ely, from which he was translated to Canterbury in 1454. Ten years afterwards he was made cardinal, and in 1465 lord high-chancellor of England, which office he held but a short time. What renders this prelate's memory most deserving of respect, is the circumstance of his having introduced the art of printing into England in the year 1464, when presses were set up in the monasteries of Westminster, St. Alban's, Worcester, and Tavistock. He died at Knowle in 1486.- Biog. Brit.

BOURDALOUE (Louis), a French Jesuit, was born at Bourges in 1632. His talents for preaching made him so popular in the country that his superiors called him to Paris in 1669, to take the course in their church of St. Louis, which soon became crowded

with hearers of the highest distinction, and even Louis XIV. listened with attention and pleasure to this powerful orator. He was sent into Languedoc to convert the Protestants, and it is said that he had considerable success in this mission. In his own communion, however, the effects of his ministry were very great, and numbers chose him for their confessor. His piety appears to have been truly sincere, and he had a very liberal disposition towards those from whom he differed. He died in 1704. The best edition of his sermons is that of 1716, in 16 vols. 8vo. - Moreri.

BOURDEILLES (Peter de), better known by the name of Brantôme, of which he was abbot. He was also lord and baron of Richemont, a chevalier and gentleman of the bed-chamber to Charles IX. and Henry III. of France. He died in 1614, aged 87. His memoirs, printed in 15 vols. 12mo. 1741, and 8 vols. 8vo. 1787, are extremely curious, and give a lively picture of the French court under three reigns. His grand-nephew, Claude de Bourdeilles, comte de Montrésor, who died at Paris in 1663, wrote also his own memoirs, in 2 vols. 12mo.

Ibid.

BOURDELOT (John), a French critic, was of a good family at Sens, and an advocate in the parliament of Paris, where Mary de Medicis made him master of requests. He died in 1638. His edition of Heliodorus, published in 1619, 8vo. is much esteemed. He also edited Lucian at Paris in 1615, folio, with very learned notes; and his Petronius was published in 12mo. in 1618. - Ibid.

BOURDELOT (Peter Michon), nephew of the preceding, was a physician, and died at Paris in 1685, aged 76. He changed his name to Bourdelot, at the desire of his uncle, who left him his fortune. He wrote some books on "The Viper," "Mount Etna," "La Relation des appartemens de Versailles," &c. His sister's son, Peter Bonnet, who took the name of Bourdelot, in pursuance of his uncle's will, on inheriting his fortune, was also a physician. He wrote notes on the " Bibliotheque choisie de M. Colomiés," and some papers on music. He died in 1709. — Ibid.

BOURDON (Sebastian), a French painter, was born at Montpellier in 1616. He was for some time in the army, which he quitted at the age of eighteen, and went to Italy, where he became acquainted with Claude Lorrain, whose manner he imitated. After residing there three years he returned to France, and at the age of twenty-seven painted his famous picture of the crucifixion of St. Peter, for the church of Notre Dame at Paris. The civil wars interrupting the arts, he went to Sweden, and became first painter to the queen Christina, who gave him an unpacked collection of paintings, which had belonged to her father; but when Bourdon opened the cases he found some of

Corregio, on which he told her majesty, that they were a present fit only for a crowned head, and she accordingly retained them. This afterwards became the celebrated Orleans collection. Bourdon, on his return to France, increased in reputation by executing inany fine pictures. He died in 1671. He was also a good engraver, and his etchings are in a bold masterly style-Pilkington. D'Argenville.

BOURGELAT (Claude), a veterinary surgeon, was born at Lyons, and after studying the law, quitted that profession on being appointed chief of the riding-school of his native city. He now devoted himself to the improvement of horsemanship, and the veterinary art, which till then was in a wretched state. By his means a school for farriery was established at Lyons, and many pupils brought up under Bourgelat extended this branch of knowledge to different parts of the kingdom. He died in 1779, aged 67. His works are-1. Nouveau Newcastle ou traité de Cavalerie, 1747, 8vo. 2. Elemens d'hippiatrique, ou nouveaux principes sur la connoissance des chevaux, 3 vols. 8vo. 3. Matière medicale raisonnée à l'usage de l'ecole veterinaire, 8vo. 4. Cours theorique et pratique des bandages, 8vo. 5. Traité de la ferrure, 12mo. 6. L'Anatomie comparée de tous les animaux, 8vo. 7. Memoire sur les maladies contagieuses du betail, 4to. - Dict. Hist.

BOURGEOIS (Sir Francis), a painter, was born in Louden, of Swiss parents, in 1756. He was originally designed for the army, under the patronage of the renowned general Elliot, his father's friend, but his own inclination being to the fine arts, he was placed with Loutherbourg, by whose instructions he profited so well as to gain considerable reputation for his landscapes and sea pieces. In 1776 he travelled for improvement; and on his return obtained admission into the Royal Academy. In 1791 he was appointed painter to the king of Poland, who gave him the order of Merit, which: was confirmed by his late majesty, who in 1794 named him his landscape painter. Some time before his death the late Noel Desenfans, a celebrated picture-dealer, bequeathed to him his property, and a fine collection, which last sir Francis left to Dulwich-college, with 10,000l. for the purpose of keeping the gallery in order. He died in 1811. Gent. Mag. BOURGET (Dom John), an antiquary, was born in 1724 at Beaumains, near Falaise, in the diocese of Seez. He studied at Caen, and in 1745 became a benedictine, and after filling some conventual offices with great satisfaction to his order, was appointed abbot of Bec, from whence he removed to that of St. Stephen in Caen, where he died in 1776. He wrote the History of the Abbey of Bec; and of several other royal abbeys in Normandy. The former was translated into English by Dr. Ducarel. Dict. Hist.

BOURGUET (Louis), a French naturalist, was born of Protestant parents, at Nismes, in 1678. On the revocation of the edict of Nantz his family went and settled at Zurich, where they established manufactures of stockings, muslins, and silks. Young Bourguet was educated there, and afterwards settled at Neufchatel, as professor of philosophy and mathematics. He died in 1742. His works are-1. On the Formation of Salts and Crystals, 12mo. 2. La Bibliothèque Italique, 16 vols. 8vo. 3. Traité des petrifactions, 4to. —— Moreri.

BOURIGNON (Antoinette), a celebrated fanatic, was born in 1616 at Lisle. She was so much deformed at her birth, that it was even debated whether she should not be stifled. However, as she grew up, her mind appeared of a superior cast, and even at four years old gave indications of strong religious impressions. From observing the ill terms on which her parents lived, she conceived an aversion to matrimony; and this very much irritated her father, who had promised her to a friend, and a day for the nuptials was actually fixed, when the lady eloped, in the disguise of a hermit. Her sex being suspected in a village through which she passed, she was taken to the archbishop of Cambray, who sent her home; but on the renewal of the proposals of matrimony, she fled again, and obtained a licence from the archbishop to set up a religious society with some maidens of her own temper. This grant was afterwards withdrawn, and the community dissolved; on which she returned to Lisle, and passed some years in privacy and devotion, determined to renounce all temporal things.

This resolution she altered on coming into possession of her. patrimonial estate; but being much annoyed by some suitors who would even marry her in spite of her vows, she set up a convent at Lisle in 1658. Offence being taken at this institution, she retired to Ghent, and next to Amsterdam, where she made a convert of one De Cordt, who left her the whole of his fortune. While at Amsterdam she pub lished her book " Of the Light of the World," which, with her pretended sanctity and pro phecies, drew after her many followers. It 1671 she went to settle on an estate in Hol stein, which she enjoyed by the death a De Cordt, but the zeal of the Lutheran being raised against her she retired to Ham burgh, and next to Franeker, where sh died in 1680. Besides the treatise alread mentioned, she wrote several others of th same description; and it is said that til lately the Bourignists existed as a sect eve in Scotland. — Moreri. Mosheim.

BOURN (Samuel), a dissenting divin was born at Birmingham, and educated Glasgow. In 1742 he became pastor of congregation at Rivington in Lancashm from whence he removed to Norwich, assistant to Dr. John Taylor, and die

event he married, and had two children, but lost his wife in 1731. By the friendship of Speaker Onslow, he was appointed printer of the votes of the House of Commons; and in 1736 he was chosen a member of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1742 he published a translation of Trapp's Lectures on Poetry, and two years afterwards another of Bleterie's Life of Julian. In 1750 he favoured the world with an edition of Kuster" de vero usu verborum mediorum," illustrated with notes. He also edited other valuable works in a similar manner, as Bladen's translation of Cæsar, and Montesquieu on the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire. In 1751 he translated Rousseau's prize essay on the effects of the Arts and Sciences; and in 1753 he published a tract in vindication of the Jew Bill. On the death of Richardson in 1761 he was appointed printer to the Royal Society; and in 1763 he printed an excellent edition of the Greek testament, in 2 vols. 12mo. with conjectural emendations. Enlarged editions of these conjectures, without the text, have been repeatedly published. In 1766 Mr. Bowyer took his late apprentice, Mr. John Nichols, into partnership with him, which connection enabled him to withdraw from the laborious part of his business. The year following he was appointed printer of the Lords' journals, and the rolls of parliament, on which he removed his office from White-friars to Red Lion pas sage, Fleet-street. In 1771 he lost his second wife, by whom he had no issue; and the same year he printed an answer to Mr. Raper, on the value of the Greek and RoIn 1774 he published his "Essays on the origin of Printing;" of which a second and improved edition appeared two years afterwards. In 1777 he favoured the world with a new edition of Dr. Bentley's" Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris," with remarks. The same year he died, on the 18th of November, and was buried in the church of Low Layton, Essex. By his will, in which he bequeathed many legacies to esteemed friends, he left three thousand pounds to the Stationers' Company, the interest of which is to be divided for ever between three printers who have reached the age of sixty-three, for their respective lives. Besides this, he left one thousand pounds in the three per cents. reduced bank annuities, for the use of one journeyman compositor, who is a man of good life, and shall not have worked on a newspaper or magazine for four years before his nomination. He must also be able to read and construe Latin, and to read Greek with accents. The miscellaneous tracts of Mr. Bowyer were collected and published in one volume quarto, by his worthy successor, Mr. Nichols, who also compiled his Memoirs, of which three editions have been printed.

man money.

BOXHORN (Mark Zucrius), a learned

writer, was born at Bergen-op-Zoom in 1612, and died in 1653. His genius developed itself very early, and some of his greatest works were published before he had attained the age of twenty. In 1632 he was promoted to the professorship of eloquence at Leyden, and afterwards he succeeded Heinsius in the chair of politics and history. The principal of his numerous works are — 1. Poemata, 12mo. 1629. 2. Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores, 4 vols. 12mo. 3. Theatrum, sive descriptio comitatus et Urbium Hollandiæ, 4to. 4. Respublica Leodiensium, 12mo. 5. Apologia pro navigationibus Hollandorum, 8vo. 6. Emblemata politica, et Dissertationes politicæ, 12mo. 7. Monu

menta illustrium virorum, fol. 8. Historia obsidionis Bredanæ, fol. 9. De Typographicæ artis inventione et inventoribus, 4to. 10. Commentariolus de statu Fœderatarum Provinciarum Belgii. 11. Disquisitiones politica. 12. Dissertatio de Grace, Romana, et Germanica Linguarum harmonia. 13. Historia Universalis sacra et profana, 4to. 14. Originum Gallicarum, 4to. 15. Chronologia sacra et profana, fol. — Moreri..

BOYCE (William), a musician, was born in London in 1710, and bred up in St. Paul's cathedral, under Dr. Greene, who at his death bequeathed him his manuscripts In 1736 he was appointed organist and composer to the chapel royal. In 1749 he was honoured with the degree of doctor in music, by the university of Cambridge, at the installation of the duke of Newcastle as chancellor of that university. His fame now increased by his compositions for the stage, and places of public amusement; but his reputation rests chiefly upon his ecclesiastical music. He died in 1779, and was interred in St. Paul's cathedral. - Burney's History of Music.

BOYD (Hugh), a writer, whose real name was Macaulay, which he changed to Boyd, in compliance with the will of his maternal grandfather, a gentleman of Ballycastle in Ireland. He was educated at Trinity-college, Dublin, and intended for the bar; but having dissipated his own and his wife's fortune, he went to Madras, and died there in 1794. An attempt has been made to prove that he was the author of the Letters of Junius; but the perusal of his political tracts, which, though collected in two vols. 8vo. are now forgotten, will sufficiently refute his claim to those celebrated productions. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

Born (Mark Alexander), a Scotch writer, was born at Pinkill, in Ayrshire, in 1562. He was educated under the observation of his uncle, the archbishop of Glasgow, and afterwards went to France, where he led for some time a very irregular life; but having lost all his money by gaming, he resumed his studies with considerable advantage. 1587 he entered into the French service, and was wounded in a skirmish; after which he

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